Chapter 17: Microwave Devices

TRUE/FALSE 1. By convention, microwave frequencies are 1 GHz and above. ANS: T 2. Transmission line losses decrease at microwave frequencies. ANS: F 3. Semiconductor transit time can be ignored at microwave frequencies. ANS: F 4. Leads on semiconductor devices have significant inductance at microwave frequencies. ANS: T 5. Waveguides are essentially pipes through which electromagnetic fields propagate. ANS: T 6. Waveguides act as low-pass frequency filters for microwaves. ANS: F 7. Waveguides often have significant radiation loss. ANS: F 8. Waveguides do not have significant dielectric losses. ANS: T 9. Multimode propagation causes dispersion of a pulse as it travels through a waveguide. ANS: T 10. Usually, a waveguide should use only one mode of propagation. ANS: T 11. Single-mode propagation causes some dispersion of a pulse as it travels through a waveguide. ANS: T 12. Typically, waveguides carry TEM waves. ANS: F

13. In a rectangular waveguide, TE10 is the dominant mode. ANS: T 14. Circular waveguides are possible, but are not used in practice. ANS: F 15. The cutoff frequency for a rectangular waveguide depends on the longer dimension of its cross section. ANS: T 16. Group velocity is how fast a signal travels through a waveguide. ANS: T 17. Group velocity is significantly less than the speed of light. ANS: T 18. Phase velocity is another term for group velocity. ANS: F 19. Group velocity increases as the signal frequency increases. ANS: T 20. Guide wavelength is calculated using the phase velocity. ANS: T 21. Guide wavelength is always shorter than free-space wavelength. ANS: F 22. Phase velocity in a waveguide is always greater than the speed of light. ANS: T 23. Waveguide impedance is a function of frequency. ANS: T 24. Waveguide impedance is always equal to or less than 377 ohms. ANS: F 25. Impedance matching on a waveguide can be done with a brass screw. ANS: T

26. At microwave frequencies, a cavity in a piece of metal acts like an LC circuit. ANS: T 27. Resonant cavities cannot be tuned. ANS: F 28. An isolator uses multiple ports to separate signals. ANS: F 29. Circulators rely on the magnetic properties of ferrites. ANS: T 30. A Gunn device contains a P-N junction. ANS: F 31. A Gunn device uses its transit time to produce microwave oscillations. ANS: T 32. A Gunn device uses "negative resistance" to produce microwave oscillations. ANS: T 33. An IMPATT diode is often a 4-layer device. ANS: T 34. The frequency of oscillation of an IMPATT diode depends on its physical dimensions. ANS: T 35. The frequency of oscillation of an IMPATT diode depends on the resonant cavity it is in. ANS: T 36. A YIG oscillator cannot be tuned. ANS: F 37. A magnetron is actually a type of vacuum tube. ANS: T 38. A magnetron is a high-power fixed-frequency oscillator. ANS: T 39. A magnetron is easily tuned.

ANS: F 40. A klystron is a vacuum tube device used for high-stability amplification of microwave signals. ANS: T 41. Klystrons can produce power in the megawatt range. ANS: T 42. Traveling-wave tubes can oscillate, but not amplify. ANS: F 43. Traveling-wave tubes are distinguished by their wide bandwidths. ANS: T 44. A parabolic dish, like a dipole, is a type of antenna. ANS: F 45. A parabolic dish is commonly used with a "horn". ANS: T 46. A horn is a type of impedance matcher. ANS: T 47. A horn is a type of antenna. ANS: T 48. A piece of Teflon in front of a horn can act as a lens. ANS: T 49. All radar devices rely on the Doppler effect. ANS: F 50. Radar has a maximum range, but no minimum range. ANS: F 51. Radar can discriminate between two targets that are in the same "line-of-sight". ANS: T 52. Absorption and scattering by a target can reduce the effectiveness of radar.

ANS: T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The microwave frequency range is considered to start at: a. 100 MHz c. 10 GHz b. 1 GHz d. 100 GHz ANS: B 2. The UHF range is: a. below the microwave range b. inside the microwave range ANS: A 3. The dominant mode of a waveguide depends on: a. the shape of the waveguide c. the point of signal injection b. the power level of the signal d. none of the above ANS: A 4. The dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide is: a. TE 01 c. TE 10 b. TM 01 d. TM10 ANS: C 5. The dominant mode of a circular waveguide is: a. TE 01 c. TE 11 b. TM 01 d. TM11 ANS: C 6. Circular waveguides use TM 01 mode because: a. it is dominant c. it is the only mode possible b. of its circular symmetry d. it is more efficient ANS: B 7. The characteristic impedance of a waveguide: a. is fixed b. depends on the frequency it carries c. depends on the longer dimension of its cross section d. both b and c ANS: D 8. Power can be coupled into or out of a waveguide: a. with a magnetic field probe c. through a hole in the waveguide b. with an electric field probe d. all of the above ANS: D 9. Directional couplers for waveguides are characterized by: c. above the microwave range d. same as the microwave range

a. their insertion loss b. their coupling specification ANS: D 10. Striplines and microstrips are used to: a. couple sections of waveguide b. couple waveguides to antennas ANS: C 11. A resonant cavity is a type of: a. tuned circuit b. defect in a waveguide ANS: A 12. A TEE connector used with waveguides is: a. an H-plane TEE b. an E-plane TEE ANS: D 13. TWT stands for: a. Transverse Wave Transmission b. Transverse-Wave Tube ANS: C

c. their directivity d. all of the above

c. couple components on a circuit board d. none of the above

c. antenna d. none of the above

c. a "magic" TEE d. all of the above

c. Traveling-Wave Tube d. Traveling-Wave Transmission

14. An "isolator" is a device that: a. isolates frequencies in a waveguide b. allows a signal to pass in one direction only c. separates signals among various ports d. prevents microwaves from leaking out of a waveguide ANS: B 15. A "circulator" is a device that: a. rotates signal polarity in a waveguide b. allows a signal to pass in one direction only c. separates signals among various ports d. prevents microwaves from being "trapped" in a waveguide ANS: C 16. GaAs stands for: a. gallium arsenide b. gallium assembly ANS: A 17. IMPATT stands for: a. impact avalanche and transit time b. induced mobility at transmission time ANS: A c. implied power at transmission terminal d. none of the above c. gallium astenite d. none of the above

18. YIG stands for: a. Yttrium-Iron-Gallium b. Yttrium-Iron-Germanium ANS: C 19. A YIG can be tuned by applying: a. an electric field b. a magnetic field ANS: B

c. Yttrium-Iron-Garnet d. none of the above

c. mechanical pressure d. an "exciter" signal

20. The device commonly used in microwave ovens is the: a. TWT c. magnetron b. klystron d. YIG ANS: C 21. The device commonly used in satellite communications is the: a. TWT c. magnetron b. klystron d. YIG ANS: A 22. The device commonly used in UHF transmitters is the: a. TWT c. magnetron b. klystron d. YIG ANS: B 23. A microwave phased array is often made using: a. slots c. Fresnel lenses b. Yagis d. all of the above ANS: A 24. RADAR stands for: a. radio ranging b. radio depth and ranging ANS: C 25. RADAR uses: a. pulsed transmission b. continuous transmission ANS: D 26. The maximum effective range for pulsed radar: a. increases with increasing repetition rate c. decreases with increasing pulse period b. decreases with increasing repetition rate d. none of the above ANS: B 27. The minimum effective range for pulsed radar: a. increases with increasing pulse duration c. is always a tenth of the maximum range b. decreases with increasing pulse duration d. none of the above c. the Doppler effect d. all of the above c. radio detection and ranging d. remote detection and ranging

ANS: A COMPLETION 1. ____________________ is the effect of a pulse "spreading out" as it travels through a waveguide. ANS: Dispersion 2. The electric field is ____________________ along the walls of a rectangular waveguide. ANS: zero 3. The waveguide mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is the ____________________ mode. ANS: dominant 4. In TE10 mode, the ____________________ field peaks in the middle of the waveguide cross section. ANS: electric 5. In TE20 mode, the electric field has ____________________ peaks in the waveguide cross section. ANS: two 6. In a circular waveguide, ____________________ mode is used because of its circular symmetry. ANS: TM01 7. A waveguide acts as a ____________________-pass filter. ANS: high 8. In a waveguide, group velocity is always ____________________ than the speed of light. ANS: slower 9. In a waveguide, phase velocity is always ____________________ than the speed of light. ANS: faster 10. In a waveguide, impedance ____________________ as frequency increases. ANS: decreases 11. A ____________________ TEE is a combination of E-plane and H-plane TEES. ANS: hybrid 12. The Q of a resonant cavity is very ____________________ compared to lumped LC circuits.

ANS: high 13. A wavemeter is a resonant ____________________ with an adjustable plunger. ANS: cavity 14. A Gunn device oscillates because of its negative ____________________. ANS: resistance 15. Both magnetrons and TWTs are slow ____________________ tubes. ANS: wave 16. Both klystrons and TWTs are ____________________-beam tubes. ANS: linear 17. A ____________________ antenna is just a waveguide with a hole in it. ANS: slot 18. A ____________________ antenna is a flat piece of copper on an insulating substrate with a ground plane on the other side. ANS: patch 19. The radar cross section of a target is typically ____________________ than its actual size. ANS: smaller 20. The frequency of the returned signal will be ____________________ than the transmitted signal if the target is moving toward the radar antenna. ANS: higher SHORT ANSWER 1. Calculate the TE10 cutoff frequency for a rectangular waveguide if the longer dimension of its cross section is 5 cm. ANS: 3 GHz 2. Calculate the group velocity in a waveguide carrying a signal that is twice its cutoff frequency. ANS: 260 106 meters per second 3. Calculate the phase velocity in a waveguide carrying a signal that is twice its cutoff frequency. ANS:

346 106 meters per second 4. Calculate the wavelength of a 2-GHz signal in a waveguide with a 1-GHz cutoff frequency. ANS: 173 millimeters 5. Find the gain in dBi of a 10-GHz horn antenna with dE = dH= 60 mm. ANS: 14.8 6. Find the maximum unambiguous range for a pulsed radar sending 10k pulses per second. ANS: 15 km 7. Find the minimum unambiguous range for a pulsed radar sending 2- sec duration pulses. ANS: 300 meters