National Plumbing Code Section A Water Supplies

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SECTION A HOT AND COLO
WATER SUPPLIES
149
Page Number
Pipe Sizing
Assessment of probable demand
Assessment of required flow ralet
EQuivalent pipe lengths
Loading units
Loss of tJoad at point ol delivery.
L..oss of head Uuough belhtalves and stopvalves
Relative. discharging power (l( pipes
18bles
A1 Recommended minimum rates of llow o1 appliances or
fittings
A2
A3
A4
A5
"' A7
1>8
""
Loading units
Equivalent pipe length
Loss of hsad thmugh draw-off ISp5 expmssed lliS equivalent
pipe lengths
Loss of head through draw-of! taps (metres)
Loss of head through laps and equivalent pipe lengths
Flow rates at Hll .. 1
Number of outlets at 100% demand at lull flow conditions
Average water consumption of domestic and commercial
apptiances
Graphs
Al Pipe si:ting chart, copper tube to BS 2B71 Table X
J>.2 Pipe sizing graphs, heavy steel lubes to BS 1387
1<:3 Head loss through ballvalve ormces
M Head loss through stopva/ves
Hot Water Storage
Method of asses.stng recoveryJstoraga relationships for hot water storage
vessels
Figures
A1 Demand patlern histogram
A2. Storage make-up ratiO curve
Tablus
A10
A11
A12
Cold water slofags In bulk:llngs
Asse-ssment of hoi wator dQmand and :!l"klrage requirements
Peak hourly loads
Sizing of Primary and Secondary Circulations
Circulating pressure
Hot water distributing pipes
Maximum permissible lengths o1 uninsulated hot wal6r draw-off pipes
Primary drculadon pipes
Secondary circulation pipes
nmie
A13 Density d water
Pumped Hot Water Systems
Figure
Recommended pump positioning lor hot water clrculelions
Water Quality
Acoustic and vibration In plpeo.vork
OefOnised water
Distributed loads on stfii ]olsiS
Operation ot a base water &lftener
Softened water
Figure
A4 Re-circulation delonlsatron system
Tables
A14
A15
A16
Distributed loads on steel joists (I}
Distributed loads on st'lleljolsts (iO
Distributed loads for spans up to 3 metras
Outward Thrust In Pipelines Due to
lntermil Pressure
1/alues of K for various bends
...,,.
A17 Bearing capacity of soils
Groph
A5 External in pipelines.
260
1-6
1
1.
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
6
7-8
7
7
8
7
7
8
8-9
8
9

8
9
8
9
9
9-12
12
10
11
10
10
10
,
,
,
1213
12
13
13
Page Number
Acoustic and VIbration Control
Acoustic
kousUc bridge
Acoustic transmission
Asralion or water pipes
Float operated 118lve oscillation
Float operated valva water noiSe
Impact noise In sanitary fittings
Pump noise
Tap water OSCillation (valve bounC1)
Thennat movement noise
Water hammer Qnipulslve noise)
Water flow noise
Water terminal fittings
Water Hammer
Basic design principles
Shock pressure rise
Sizing Of hydro-pn'llumalic
System proteclioo
Ayures
I
A5 HydrO-pneumatic accur!MJititor
AS Accumulator sizing
Tables
A1B Pumutat.or sizing 0)
A 19 Accumulator sizing (IQ
A20 Flow rates !rom copper tubes
Graphs
A6 Velocity of shock wave/pipe wall thickness
A7 Hydro-pneumatic accun:1ulator selection chan
(s"1ngle units)
N3 Hydro-pneumatic accurnulator selection chart
(multiple units)
NJ Hydro-pneumatic accumulator selection Chat1
(5-SOmm pipe run)
Inspection and Testing of Water Mains.
and Water Supply Syst_ems
Cold water systems
HOt Water systems
Sterllizaton of cold water systems
Prevention of Contamination of Water by
Backslphonage or Croils Connection
Backflow Prevention Devices
Check valve .
Pipe interrUpter
"Jype A air gap
Type 6 air gap
Vacuum breaker
Upstands on supply and distributing pipes
Figures
A7-A12Examp/es of back1Jow p1'e\len1ion
A13 lWe A air gap
A14 "JYpeSairgap
A15 Spring loaded check valve
A1B Pipe Interrupter
A17 Vacuum breaker
A18-A19 Back11ow protectiOn by the use of upstands
Table&
A21 RequirameniS for backfi,_JW protection
A22. Required dimensions fot "fYpe A air I:JS.PS
Protection of Draw-off Taps, Hose
Connections, Bidets, Clothes and
Dishwashing and Cisterns
Acceptable methods ol backllow al points of use
or delivery of water
-
Draw-off lapt9
Primary healing circuits and 1eed C\Sierns
Secondary backl!ow protection
ShOwer hose connections
Storage cls1erns
Washing machines and dishwashQI'S
Figures
A20 Arrangement or a dome;lt"IC cold water ciSiern oomplying with
water Byelaw requlreme:nts for preventing conlamina.tloil of
stOfed water
13-15
13
15
15
15
14
.15
15
14
14
15
14
14
14
15-24
16
16
17
16
16
18
19
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
25
25
25
25-26
2&28
"'
27
27
"'
28
28
..
'Zl
"'
28
26
27
28
26
"'
28-32
30
29
28
30
30
29
29
29
30
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Page Number
A21 Secondary backllow pmtectron on a common aupply pipe
serving l'NO or more 31
A22 Secondary back!! ow protection on a common distributing pipe
serving two or more dwellings. 32
Tables
A23 Air gap dimensions 29
A24 Class 1 risk of contamination from a sub$lanca oontinuoll!lly
or frequently present 31
A25 Cle.ss 2 risk of contamination lrom a substance which may be
present 31
A26 Class 3 risk of contamination 31
Unvented Hot Water Systems
Application of Building Regulations
Application of Weier ByelaWs
Check valve
Discharge plpework from relief valves
Expansion relief valve
Expansion vessel
Inlet pressure reducinglllm1Ung valve
Una strainer
Stopva.lve
Temperature relief valva
Figures
Ai:!J Schematic layout Of an unvented domestle hot wator
installation
A24 Pressure reducing and limiting vaiV9s
A25 .E11panslon reUef valve
A26 Temperature and pressure relief valve
A2.7 Accommodation of expansion water in an expansion vessel;
installation
A2B Accommodation of expansion wal&r In a cistern
A29 Accommodation of axpam;lon water In an expansion vessel
A30 Example method Of providing sate disposal of hot water
discharge from safety dev!ces
Corrosion Causes, Effects and Preventative
Measures
Bacteria
Basic theory
Contact with dissimilar materials
DiH9rentlal aeration
Dissolved gases
Dissolved salts
Fla.v, erosioo. impingement and caVitation
ion concentration
Organic matter
pH
Solution potential
Stray curJent corrosion
Surface effects
Temperature
Figure
A31 Pourbalx diagram of Fe-H
2
0 systems
'll>ble
AZ7 Galvanic series of metals and alloys in naiufal waters
EffeCts of cOrrosive Environments
Aluminium and aluminium
Brasses
Bronzes
Cadmium
Cast iron
Copper
Copper.and copper alloys
Cupro nickel
lead
Magnesium
PlaS1ics and rubber components
Soft S01de111
Stainless S1e&ls
Steels
Zloo
Table
A2B Maximum roeommended water ve!ocitle'slor copper tube at
differentlempendures
Prevention of Corrosion
AsseS!ilng the COITtlsivity of the local environment
Chilled waler systems
Cleaning and descaling boJiers and associated pi' ant
Cooling waters
32-<35
34
33
33
34
"
"
32
32
32
33
32
33,34
33
33
34
34
34
34
35-GB
;g
35
;g
36
36
36
"'
36
38
36
35
36
36
35
38
37
39-41
36
39
39
38
38
38
38
4(J
40
"''
41
40
40
40
41
39
41-44
41
42,44
45
42,44
INDEX
Page Number
Corrosion control and prevention
External and Internal sys1ems
Potabfa (supply), hot and cold domestic wateB
PrJmary and secondal)' hN.tlng waJers
Steam raising plant
Tables
A29 Assessment of condition of systems from
analyllca.i data
A30 Recommended waier characterislics lor evaporative coof!n-g
A31
A32
A33
A34
towers
Recommended water for shell boilers
Recommended water lor water-tube boilers
Recommended water lor once-through boilers
Cleaning and de:scal!ng bol1e111
45
41,44
41,44
42,44
42,44
42
42
43
43
44
45
Welding/Brazing and Soft Soldering/Adhesive
Bonding 46-47
.Adhesive bonding 47
Brazing 46
Soft soldering 47
Welding 46.
'lllble
A35 Composition of soh solder-! 47
References 48
British Stendards and Codes', of Practice 48-49
SECTION B DOME$1T/C
CENTRAL HEATING ..
1 5071
Design Considerations
Fklw uf water In pipes
Heat emission from Insulated pipes
Heat emission from p!pes
Heat losses through building structures
Vertlc&l pipe$
Tables
BT Temperatunt and ventilation rates
82 Percentage of heat emission frOm vertical copper pipes as
compared with horizontal Jlipes
83 Heat emission from lnsulat8d copper pipes
84 Resistance to hot watir flow throu,gh copper pipes
85 Fleststance to hot waterflow at 0.61mJ& through fiHings
86 Heat transmittance coefficients'(\)
Graphs
81 Heal emission from painted singlE;! horizontal uninsulated
copper tubes to BS 2671
82 Heat emission from unpainted single hoclzontal unlnsulated
steel tUbes loBS 1387
Heating Controls
s"Mslng e1em8nts .
Timing controls
""""'
Systems of Control
Boiler air supply.
Extemal temperature-rompenssllng controls
Frosllhennostats
Fuel storage
Full control
Fully pumped systems .
Fully pumped system with 2-port control valve
Fully pumped system with S-port control wJ....a
Optimum Slart control systems
Partial control
Sealed systems
Ventllatbn of boiler compartment&
Ventilation of Jiving rooms
zone control
Figures
50-58
53
53
50
58
50
50
.,
53
53.
sa
58
51
52
59

59
59
60-65
65
62
63
as
60
so
63
61
63
60
63
65
65
62
Bl Programmer or lime switch cornrd 60
B2 Two-port motorlsedvalve added lcJ eystem 61
83 Fully pumped system wflh J.port ,'ralve control 61
64 Fully pumptjd system with 2port inotorla&d valves 62
B5 System with 8J!ternli! control 62
85 Three stages 01 operation ol an e{panalon vessel 63
261
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INDEX
Page Number
63
Page Numbor
87 Anangemenl of sealed system
'Collar Boss' system
Connections from washing machines
Depth ol trap seats
98- Connection dlrvct 1rom water supply pipe in accordance wllh

Tables
64
. B7 Capaclzles oi6Xpansion WISSelS 64
B8 Air opening sizes 65
89 Minimum free area of ventllallon to rooms where heating
appliances are fitted 65
810 Solid luel storage capacities 65
811 Reeommend!K:l minimum capacity of oij storage tanks 65
E;lectrlc Central Heating Storage Elollers
Assessing the existing system
Commissioning
Control Sequence
Converting the existing system
Design consideraiions
Dry core ballet
Dry core boiler capacity
Economy 7 tariH
Elec1rical supply
Existing pipeworl<
Heat loss calculations
lnstalla!lon-siting lha boiler
Plumbing considerations
Symem comrols-user
Water storage boiler
Figures
89 Cry core boiler
810 Typical e:dstlogsystem
811 System conversion with dry core bo!ler and Economy7
water heaUng
812 Total ayetem schematic
Domestic Electric Water Heating
Central storage sys1em
Cylinder Insulation
Cylinder size
Design principles
Economy 7 controller
Economy 7 cylinders and combination unlls
Economy 7 syslems '
Economy 7 tariff
Electric installation
Immersion heaters
lmmemlon heater arrangements
Figures
. 813 Domestic electrlc:lty tariff
814 heater arrangements
815 Ae<:ommEmded EconOmy 7 systems
816 Economy ?water heating controller
817 Electricity Council Specification for a direct cylindllr
eta Elaelrlclty Council speclficalion for an indirect cylinder
819 Economy 7 cylindrical combina!lon unlls
820 Economy 7 rectangular combination uniiS
821 lnstanlaneous wat11r heater
822 Undersink and overslnk water heaters
823 wan kettle
824 Wiring lnSiallatiOn rortwlnside eotryarrangemeniS
825 Wiring installation for dual element arrangement
lil.ble
812 Specification forimmersl?A heaters
Groph
B3 Profile of hot water for a size 7 (120 litfe) cylinder
References
British Standards and Codes of Practice
6669
66
or
or
67:
6S
6S
or
66
66
..,
66
"'
"
"
69
66
.6B
69
69
69-76
69
70
70
70
72
72
72
70
70'
72
70
70
71
72
T.J
T.J
74
74
74
74
74
70
75
75
75
71
76
77
Design o1 single branches and fittings.
Discharge piPe systems
Discharge pipes
Discharge units
l.alge branch connections
ModiDed single stack system
Prevention of cross flow
Single 5tack system
Sizing procedure tor discharge method
Small branch connections
S)ack otlsets
Stub stacks
Termination of dlschargo and stacks
ventilating pipes and stacks
Venlilated 5tack system
Vt!ntllated system
Waste d'ISPC)Sal uniiS
Waste traps and dJscharge pipes
Figures
C1 Ventilated system
C2 Ventilated stack system
C3 Single stack system
C4 MOOffied single 318.ck system
C5 Connection of waShing i,lppiJancas without_venllng
C6 Connection of washing ;appliances with wntlng
cr Restricted connect! on aiea on stack (i)
CB Examples of permitte'd c'.onnections
C9 Restricted connection aooa on staCk (U)
C10 ElCS.rnples or Connections (50mm parallel branCh)
C11 'Collar Boss' fitting '
Ct2 Length and !an of basin waste
C13 Air admittance valve
18bles
C1 Minimum Jmarnal diameter or traps
C2 Maximum capacitie5 ot /stacks flowing quarter lull
C3 Discharge units '
C4 Maximum number ol dls.dlarge units allowed oo branch
cftscharga pipes
C5 General, guide lor the sizing of ventilating pipes and stacks
CS Discharge stacJc
C1 Dischaf9e stack sizing (b)
CB Design of branch discha'f99 piP'IS
Grophs
Ct Probability graph
C2 Discharge units and rates
Kitchen andLaborato111 Drainage
Kitchen Dralnege
"""' Backflaw problems
Branch discharge pipes
Drainage (above ground)
Floor drainage
Grease traps
Materials
Pumped installadons
Specific requirements
Traps
l..abomtory Drainage
Dilution
Distribution
lncompatfb!e wastes
Radioactive wasta
Replacement
Materials tor Above Gniund Drainage Systems
Selection
-yypes ol materials
. SECTION C. SANITARY
PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE
7811Jt1'? Inspection and Testing:of Discharge Pipes
IJU Airiest
Design of Sanitary Plpework Systems
Admission ot: rainwater into discharge slacks
Air admittance valves
Bands and branches at base of stacks
Branch to staek connections
Capacities of stacks
262
Commercial or publ!c buildings
DweJ!Ings
Parlormance cf tasting
78-89 Tables
84
82
"" B8
""
C9 Number of appliances to_ be discharged simultanrously for
testing stability of trap se.els-<!Welllngs
Number of appliances 10; be discharged simultaneously for
testing stablJity of trap ee_als-commerclal or publ!c buildings
Copyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:56:47 2001
61
eo
eo
82
78
80
B4
" 79
" 79
86
"
"
79
63
63
78
78
eo
80
78
78
79
79
80
"
81
B1
81
62
82
82
63
81
84
86
66
66
88
66
89
65
"'
90-91
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
92-93
92
"'
93
92
92
93
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Vacuum System
Methods of Waste Collection
Sanitary Accommodation
Sanitary accommodation lor disabled people
Scale of.provision ol sanitary appliances
Tables
Scale of provision ol appliances:

93
93.
93-100
100
94
011 Office bulldingS and shops 94
012 Dwellings 95
C13 Accommodation lor elderly people 95
014 Residential hOmes lor elderly people 96
015 Factories 96
016 Schools and higher educational establishments 97
017 Cinemas, concert halls, theatres etc 9B
018 Hotels 98
019 Restaurants and canteens 99
C20 Swimming pools 99
021 Art galleries, libraries, museums. places of public assembly 99
022 New public houses 100
C23 Marinas and yacht harbours 100
-he Design of Drainage Systems 100-109
programs I 101
Discharge unils 103
Gravity flow pipe design charts 104
Hand calculations 102
Model Watar Byelaws 103
Percentage gradients 102
Rational Lloyd-Davies Method 101
Theory 104
'ryplcal computer program 101
Figure
C14" Typical computer program 102
Table
C24 Average water consumption lor varying households
Graphs
C3 Design chart, 100mm pipe {i<s .. 0.6)
C4 Design chart, 100mm pipe (K, "' 1.5)
CS Design chart. 150mm pipe {K, "' 0.6}
C6 Design chart. 150mm pipe (Ks = 1 .5)
c:! Design chart, 250mm pipe (K, :c 1.5)
Sewage Pumping Systems
Designing pipework Systems tO resist seismic disturbances
Drainage charts for obtaining the HMO
Drainage definitions
Drainage formulae
Dipework suspension
"!!cautionary conSiderations
....ystem Integrity-
Ventilation of pumping Chambers
Figures
Cts Pipework suspension, co-axial
C16 Con_crete duct (radioactive protection)
C17 Spring hammer
CTB sway brace
Table
C25 Proportional areas and depths ar. HMD's
Below Ground Drain Renovation
Cast iron drainage
. Closed circuit television
High pressure jetting
Renovation
Renovation or Renewal?
Methods of Pipe Renovation
Cement groutingwith pistons
Dtain liners
lnsltu liners
Uquid resin grouting
Pipe bursting
Prerormed pipes
Sleeved uPVC pipes : .
Small nian entry 'eg!il and barrel' shaped sewers
Special grouting to individual joints and cf"l!lcks
Spraying
1Wo-part grouting
103
105
106
107
108
109
110-115
112
112
111
111
113
113
113
110
112
113
113
114
112
114-116
115
118
115
114
114
116-118
116
117
117
116
116
116
118
118
110
118
118
INDEX
uPVC spiral relining
Figures
C19 Cement and rosin groul!ng
CZO lnsenlon ol lnsltu liner
C21 Curing !nsltu Rner
C22 'Permallne' liner
C23 'Renoline' sleeve
Rainwater Systems
Calculation mcamples
MethodS ol design
Gutter outleiS
PrevenUon of Ice on roofs
Rainfall inlensity tables
Sizing charts
Sources ol data.
Use of gutter tizing charts
Figures
C24 Flow chart showing calculation
C2s UK mcip. key to rainfall tables
026 'lce-li!Op' seH regulating heating sysl<lm
labkls
C26{a-g} Rainfall tablas
CZ7 Estimated eapacilles of outlots for fiat roofs
C2B categories of r!Sk
C29 Flow rates, square/rectangular ungra_tad gunerouUets
C30 Flow rates, circular ungrated gutter ou!lets
Graphs
CB Gutter siZing nomogram
C9 Vertical ralnwaler pipe sizing chart
CtO AeC1angu1ar box guitar sizing chart
Ctl ll"apezoldal gutter si:zlng chart, 11o 1 side slope
C12 Trapezoidal gutter sizing chart. 11o 1 . .5 side slope
C13 Trapezoidal gutter sizing chart, 1 to 2. side slope
Solid Waste Refuse Disposal
Design consideraUons
On-sita lreatment
PipeUne sys1ems
Refuse collection
Scope
References
British Standards and Codes oU Practice
SECTION D PUMPS
AND PUMPING
Definitions and Descriptions
Absolute pressure
A!mospheric pressure
Capacity
cavitation
Efllcierlcy
Friction head
Gauge prsssure
Net positive- suction head (NPSH)
,.,..,
Power and efficiency
Se!l-priming
Static delivarv.head
Static head
Suction head {negative)
head (positive).
Total delivery head
Total head on pump
Total suction head (positive)
Total suction lift (negmiva)
Vacuum
Vapour pressure
Velocity head
Figure
01 Pumping dellnitions
Pump Types
Applications
Cenuifugat pump
Page Number
117
118
117
117
117
117
.118-133
119
118
126
133
123
128
118
124
119
122
133
12:.
124
124
126
126
-125
128
129
130
131
132
136-134
133
134
134
133
133
135
135-136
137142
137-138
137
137.
137
137
137
137
137
137
137
137
137
137
138
138
138.
138
"'
138
138
138
138
138
138
139
139
139
263
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INDEX
Page Number
Positlvti displacement pump 139
Layout
Page Number
156
156
153
. 155
Graph
Main pressura reduction
Pump assisted circulation
01 Typical characterisfiCCurves 139
Systems 139-141
Ettecls ol pump on system 140
Packaged systems 139
Unpaekaged component systems 139
Figures
02(a) Open circuli 140
D2(b) Open circuit pressure diagram 140
03(a) aosed circuit 140
Closed circuit pressure dlagmms lor variOus pump
poslUons 140
GraPh
02 Pump graph 141
Pump Selection 141
Noise 141
Pump Installation 142
Discharge non-return valve 142
Electric motors 142
Foot varve 142
LocatiOn 142
Piping 142
Relief valve 142
Suction strainer 142
Switch gear 142
British Standards 142
SECTION E PIPED 143169
GAS SERVICES
Natuml Gas 143-146
.Factors affecllng pressure loss 143

Gas flow tables 143
Meter house dimensions 145
Pipe sll:lng tables 144
Pipe labiGS 145
Tables
Et Pipe sizing, horfzonlal copper tube
E2 Pipe sizing, horizontal steel pipe
E3 Pipe sizing, elfect of elbows, tees or bends
E4 Pipe support5, Iron/steel pipes
E5 Pipe suppo/1$, copper pipes
E6 tnduatrialga.s meter sizes
E7 lYPicaJ equipment gas consumption figures
144
144
144
145
. 145
145
146
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 146-152
Building control and planning permission 146
General properties ' 146
LPG bulk tank location and safely distances 147
LPG storage- in cylinders 150
Pipe sizing 151
Pipe sizing tables 152
tanks fittings 149
Figures
E1 Small bulk vessel adjacent to a building 149
E2 Small bulk '-'8SSel at domestic premisus 149
E3 Storage tank dimensions 150
E4 Cylinder storag11 150
Tal:lles
E8 Minimum recommended safety distances lor LPG storage
vessels 147
E9 Cylinder sizes t50
E10 Guide to pips slzss lor appliances 151
E11(a-d) Pipe sizing tables 151
Compressed Air 153-161
Closed cycle cooling 154
Compressing cooling 153
. Compressing the air 153
Cooling the air 154
OIJ'ers 156
264
Receivers
Removing
Aolary compressors
Separators
Sizing compressed air mains
Thermo-syphon circulallon
Figure
ES . 'JYpicaiiB\'t)UI of a oompr&SSed air plant
Tables
154
154
156
156
153
161
,Et2 Final temperature ol sdlabalic compression from free air 153
Et3 Effect of altitude on 110lurrHJtriC efficiency 153
E14 Cooling tank capaclt\es 154
E15 RatiO of compression 157
E16 Resistance of pipe tlttings 157
E17 Fonnula for converting volume of compressed air to volume of
m
EtB Relative discharging
1
capacities of steel tubes to BS 1387 157
E19 Discharge of air lhroiJ9l orifices 158
E20 Receivers lor compritssed air systems 159
E21 Vapour chart 159
E22 Equivalent volume ol' complessed air at common pressure 160
E23 \K)fume of air carried by rnedum grade steel
pipes 160
E24 Typical equipment consumption of compressed air 160
Graphs
E1 Moisture cantent of air 155
E2 Compressed air sizlr,1g nomogram 158
E3 Compressed air- fajJoratorles 160
.Vacuum 161-167
Bench outlets
High vacuum systems
Hospital systems
Laboratory systems
Pipelines
Pipeslziog
Pipe sizing lor ll'ldlvidual chamber work
Pumping unit&
Siting of pumps
Table
E25 Comparative vacuum scale
Graphs
E4 Pump sizing
E5 Vacuum pipe sizing
Medical Gases
References
British Standards aooCodesof Pmctlce
SE(Jf/ON F FIRE
PROTECTION SERVICES
Principal Causes of !.'Ire in Buildings
Figure
F1 Fire triangle
Classification of Fire, Risks
Table
F1 Classification of fire risks
Insurance Companie!', Role and Influence
Sprinkler lnstallation.s
Alarms
Area covat&d by sprinklers
Automatic sprinklers; design principles
Classas of system
Combined high velocity systems
Coverage ot a sprinkler system
Duplicate water supplies
Are brigade Inlets
General i:lescrlptlon, .
Grading of
164
164
162
163
163
165
165
164
163
162
165
167
166
168
168-169
170-188
170
170
170
170
170
17118'1
180
176
172
172
160
176
174
176
171
173
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J
Hlgh velocity water spray systam
Medium wloclly systams
Olher installa!lons using water drenchers
Prassure and flOW requirements
Pressure tank
Principal components
Projactors
Proving atwater supplies
Risk categories
Siting ot sprinkler haads
Superior water supprtes
Systems using sleam
"JYpes of water spray systems
Water spray proiector systems
Water supplies
Figures
Page Number
179
180
177
175
174
171
179
"' 172
176
17.l
180
179
176
173
INDEX
Carbon Dioxide Systems
Application
Location application
Non-conductivity
Safety precautions
Storage
Testing and maintenance
Total flooding
."JYpes of system
Uses and limi1aUons
Halogenated Extinguishing l,lgent Systems
Private Hydrants
Pa,ge Number
185-186
185
185
185
186
186
186
186
186
185
F2 Typical sprinkler installation
F3 Pressure lank and town main with back pressure valves
171
175
176
176
177
177
176
179
179
179
180
By-pass valves
Connections
Markings
Outlets
187
187
1B7
167
1B7
1B7
F4 Diagrammatic layout of the pipework or a sprinkler system
F5 Multiple control system
F6(a) Automatic control
F6(b) Open sprayer
F7 Typical drencher
FB Types of drencher
F9 High velocity water spray proiectors
FlO Water spray projector systems
Ftt Arrangement of projectors to protect a transformer
Tubles
F2 Fire OHicers' Committee rl_sk categ.or_ies
F3 'Working air pressure for pressure tanks
F4 Pressure and IIOW requirements
Fs Maxlmu'!l area covered by a sprinkler
Hose Reel Installations
Automatic 'on and manual off
JoJ.Jtomatic 'on and otf
Ara protection discharge from jets
Pipework
Pos!lioning of hose re-els
Special provisionwater supplies
Slalutory regulations
Tasting and approval
Types ol hose reels
Water supplies
Agora
FT2 "JYpical of hose reel system
Table !I
F6 Height ol jets
F7 Discharge from jets
Dry Risers
Inlets
Installation
Outlets
Size and positioning of risers
Statutory regulations
Testing and approva)
Figure
F13 Typical arrangement ol a dry riser
Wet Risers
1 Installation
OuUets
Pumping equipnlenr
Size and posiftOnlng
Slatutory regulations
Testing and approval
Water supplies
Figure
F14 Typical arrangement of a wet riser
Foam Systems
Application
Types ol system; Design data
Fixed foam uni!s
Foam branch pipes
Foam Inlets
High expansion foam
Mobile foam units
Portable axtlngu_ishers
172
175
175
,.
181-183
183
183
181
182
181
182
181
'183
181
1B:l
182
181
182
183-184
183
180
183.
183
183
184
183
184
184
IS'!
184
184
184
184
184
185
184-185
References
British Standards and Code& of Practice
SECTIONG
SUPPLIES
Steam
Condensate
Design considerations
Expansion of a steam pipeline
Pipeline velocity In staem mains
Separators
Strainers
Tablos
Tmps
Trap checking
Figures
Gt Ofagrammaticsteammain
G2 CondEmsate removal from distribution main
G3 Alr venting on distribution line
G4 Condensa\19 removal from braocflllnes
G5 Float trap with the('TI"'IS,talic air valVe
GS Inverted bucket trap
G7 Operation ol tlmetal steam trap
GB Strainer
G9 S!eam trap checking equipment.
Gto Expansion bop
G11 Alternative loop
G12 Expansion bertows
G13 Sliding joint
Table-;.
G1 Steam tablas
G2 factors for pipe sizing
G3 PipeUne capacity and pressure drop factors
G4 Flow of water In plpos
GS Flow of water ln heavy steel pipe_s
G6 Expansion of pipes
G7 Heal emission from pipes
GB Pipeline capaciUas at specific velocities
Graph
G1 Sensible, latent an:ttoral heat in steam
British Standards and Codes oi Practice
.SECTION H PIPEWIORK
EXPANSION
187
187
189-200
189-200
193
189
197
193
196
198
189
104
196
189
193
193
193
194
196
196
196
196
197
197
197
197
190
191
192
194
195
197
198
199
189
200
201207
185
185 Considerations lor Design and Installation 201-207
185 Anchor design 202
185 Cold draw 202
185 Expansion b&llows 2W
185 Flanged units 2o:2
185 Guides along the remaining pipe run 2CJ7
185 Guides neareS1lhe beHows 208
Pipe guides and supports 205
Plastic soil and waste pi pea 2<Jl

265
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INDEX
-Screwed end units
Welded end units
Figures
Hl TypiCal anchor posi1!ons
H2 Expansion loop
H3 Expansion bellows
H4 Flanged unit cold drciw
HS 'Nelded 8fld unit cold draw
H6 Anchor lor copper pipework (light load)
H7 Anchor for steel plpework {Dghl toad)
Ha Ugh! to medium load anchor
H9 duct application
HIO Typical riser appliealion
HII Altemative light to medium load anchor
H12 Application using angle v.oelded to pipe
H13 Typical hea>.y load anchor
. H14 Typical service walkway appllcalion
HtS{a) Friction coefficient- poinl CQntact
HIS(b) Friction coefficient- edge contact
HlS(c) Frielion coefficient- nne contact
H15(d) Friel ion .coefflelenl ., face 10 race conlact
H16 Pipeline I allure may occur without pipe guides
H17(a) Bellows positioned centrally in an axlallnstaUation
H17(b) Bellows positioned at end o! line in an aJCiatlnslahation
H1B Strap-type guide
H19 Strap-type guide with tube roller
H20 Strap-type guide With roller and chair
H21 Guide using angle on box section
H22 - Strap-fyJ:Se guide us!ng angle rnllers on box 5E!Ction
H23 Tee support with angle guide
H24 Tee support with raRer and angle guide
H25 Guides for large bore and.tlr high pressure pipes
H26 Tub1-type guide
H27 Tube-type guide With rodS
H28 Slip-on flange type guide
H29 Guides near bellows
H30 lr\Stallatlon of additional guides
Table
H1 Coefficients of linear eMPansion
British Standards and Codes of Pmctice
SECTION I DESIGNING
FOR THE DISABLED
Introduction
Approaches to Buildings
Automatic entrancedoors
Dropped kerbs
Entmncedoors
Handrails
Levelframped access
Parking spaces
Stepped access
Figures
11 QlsaQled logo
12 Hendtail dimensions
Inside Bldldings
Door handles
Double swing doors

Glass doors and other glasS areas
Hazards
Internal circulation areas
Internal doors
Kick plates
Level changes
Passage ways
Sllding doors
Spring closers
Switches
Thresholds
Figure
13 Dimensions - lntemal doors and adjacent areas
WC Compartments in Public Buildings
Acooss thro1.1gh lobbies
Page Number
2il2
202
201
202
202
202
202
202
203.
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
204
204
204
-204.
205
205
205
205
205
205
206
2d6
206
20!1
206
206
208
'""
206
2rrl
201
207
208-216
208
208
206
'"
208
208
'"
208
208
208
208
208209
209
lOa
209
208
209
209
208
208
209
209
2C8
208
2<19
200
209
209
209
to we Companinents
Commercial buildings
Entertainment 'laciRties
Points to consider for WC's
Travel facilit'1es
Facilities for Wheelchai" Disabled
Additional faCilities
Dimensions
OOOIS
Hand dryel'$
Hand rinse basin
Mirrcrs
Restricted space
SupPOrt rails
Toilels
Toilet paper holder
wq macerating bolCe:J and we pans
INC seats
Figure
14 Diniensions ol we compartments and facilities
WC Facilities for Ambulant Disabled
Washbasin Fittings
WC Levels in Private Fa!lilities
Considerations
Selection of raised toilet seats
Page Number
209
209
209.
209
209
21().211
211
210
210
210
210
211
211
210
210
210
211
211
210
211
211
211
211
211
Facilities for Private USE> and Nursing Homes 212214
Bathing
Baths and accessories
Bath Inserts
Bath lilts
Baths with builtin seats
Bathroom layout
Bidets .
of incontinenCl:l and sanftar,y towels
Door$
Drainage
Fittings
Flooring
Grabralls
HeaUng
Showering
Space
Urinals
Advanced WC Cubicle [leslgn for
Wheelchair Disabled
Central Healing for the IJisabled
Automatic controls
Boilers
Design criteria
Gas.billlred
Heat emitters
OH-peak electric storage
References
British Standards and <:;odes of Pmctice
SECTION J LEGIIONNAIRES'
DISEASE
Engineering Implications
ApProVed materials
Cold water storage sys1erns and tanks
Cooling towers
Continuous chlorination plant
Domesf1C hot water caloriflers
Duties of the mainlenance departmenl
Humldirlers
Oulbreak, control
Slagnant wa1er positions -occupied
Stagnanl water positions- unoccupied
Thorough le$t!ng ol all outlets
\Vater softening and hoi water storage systems
212
213
213
213
213
212
214
214
212
214
212
212
212.214
212
213
212
214
214
214-215
215
215
214
215
215
215
216
216
217-220
217
219
217
219
218
219
217
219
217
218
219
218
218
-----------------------------------------------
266
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Page Number
Figure
J1 HOI water wamtng nat lee 217
References

SECTION K . FOUNTAIN AND 221224
WATER DISPLAY TECHNIQUES
Design Considerations 221-223
Construction principles
Fountain installations
Ten lmponant rules
Types of fountains and water displf!.YS
Watercourse Installations
Figures
K1 A simple lountain unit using a submer!lible pump
K2 Fountain lnstallil.Uon tncorporatlrig a dry mounted centrifugal
pump
1<3 Fountain Installation with an open underground reservoir
.oe Art of Water Display
cascades
and maintenance
Important aspects of waterfall design
Smalllountains
water sculptures
Waterfall arrangements
AIRFLOW
221
223
221
221
223
222
222
223
224
224.
224
224
224
224
224
SECTION L
IN DUCTS 225231
Duct Sizing
Duct fittirigs r!lsistance.
EX'tracl ventilation
Ideal system
,. ...
225-229
225
225
229
L 1 VanUlation head resiSiance !aetas (K) for bathroom end we
ventilation ducts 225
Graphs
L1 Relationship ol capacity of rectangular and circular ducts 226
l2 Relationship oil(, V and head loss for duct fittings resistances 227
l3 Sizing- chan -ventilation ducts lor bathrooms and WC's 228
"=ans
229-231
.<iatllow fan 230
Centrifugal len 229
Propeller !an 2:30
AegulEnlons and reQuirements 231
FigUre$
ll Centrilugallan 229
l2 Paddle blade 229
l3 Forward curved blade 229
L4 Backward curved blade 229
LS Propeller len 230
L6(a) -Axial.flow tan 230
L6(b) Axial llow fan mounf!ng, non guide "ana type 230
L6(c) Axial !low fan with guide vanes 230
L7 Root moun red supply duct w!lh recirculating damper o:munt 231
La Roof mounted eKlract lan - natural inlet 231
L9 Recommended proportions tor a plain canopy hood 231
l10 Combined supply and extract system wllh propeller fans 231
L1t public rooms 231
.British Standards and Codes of Practice 231
SECTION M ELECTRIG'.AL
EARTHING AND BONDlWG
IN WATER INSTALLATIONS
Introduction
Bonding
Drainage systems
New regulations
Plumbers' responsibilities
Problems With plastics
Protective muHiple earthing
Supplementary bonding
Figures .
232-235
Page Number
232-233
232
233
233
233
232
232
233
M1 Protective multiple earthing, meUlod o_l bonding 232
M2 Protective niultip!e earthing, area aleotricity bOard's
requirements for malo bonding 232
M3 Requirements for bonding in snuations 234
M4 Sockets and fixed equipment outsid9 main equipotenl!al zone 235
SECTION N CONVERSION
FACTORS AND .
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
Conversion Factors
lbbles
Nf Imperial to SJ metrlrJSI metric 10 imperial
N2 Pressure
Miscellaneous Data
"Tables
N3 Multiples and sub-mulliples of units
N4 Standard wire gauge thickness
N5 English zinc gauge thickness
Identification of Pipelines.
'lltbles
236-259
. 236
238
238-239
238
238
239
239-240
N6 Basic ldentilication of colours 239
N7 Colour re!erar.a1s 239
NB Qpllonat colour COde indications 1or g1mera1 building services 240
Building Drawings
Lln&s
Sequence of dimensioning
Tables
N9 Scales lor use with metriC and 1m systems
N10 Piping symbols
N11 Graphical symbols and representation
Maximum Spacing of Pipe Supp,orts
llobles
N12 Hot and cold wa!er pipes and gas pi pEls
N13 Soil and was\e'pipes
Spacing of Pipes
lllble
241-242
241
241
241
241
241
242-243
242
243
243
N14 Maximum distance allowable belwoaen centra lines ol screwed
s\eel and copper pipes 243
Head and Pressure of Water
lllble
N15 Head and pressure of water
Hydrostatic "lllbles
Relation of Services to Each otl)er
Thble
Nt6 Relation to other &ervices
244
244
245
245
, .. !
d .....
------------------------------------------
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INDEX
Page !'lumber
Approximate Weight of Lead Required for
Caulked Lead Joints . 245
Tables
N17 Cast Iron soil pipes to BS 416 245
N1B Cast 1roo pipes for water, gas and sWiage to BS 4822 and
spun pipes to BS 1211 245
Corrosion of Metals 246
1llbles
N19 , The electro-che!Tilcal aeries
Coefficients of Llne11r Expansion and
Melting Points
'Ribles
N20 MeWs and glass
N21 Plastics
246
246
246
246
Definitions of Plumbing Terms
Cold water supply
Hot wat<lr supply
Sanitation
Drainage
Useful. Addresses
Page Number
247-252
2<7
248
249
251
252-259
Employers' lrade associations 252
Manufacturers' and othertl'a..de a1tsoclafions 253
Prole6&1onal bodies 254
Research and advisory bodies 255
Regional Water Authorities and Water Ccmpanies in England and Walea 256
Fuel and energy ln!entsts 257
Govttmment departments 257
Training bodies 258
li'ade unions 258
Salety oryanlsatlons 258
Overseas 258
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ENG .. NERING SERVICES DESIGN GUIDE

Corrigendum
Page No.
3
3&4
35
.43
51
52
75
80&81
as
too
104
"119"
120
12-1"
124
125
132
137
143
148
"158
205
228
236
246
Reference
GraphA1
Graphs At &A2
Column2
TableA3.1
Greph81
GraphB2
TableB12
C5 & C6
TableC3
TableC22
Column 2, Step 1 (a)
AgureC24
Column 1, step 5, Line 6
Column 2, Step 5, Una 6
Column 2, Line 40
TableC28
. GraphCS
GraphC13
Column 2, Line 30
Column 2, Line 33
Column 1, Table of
natural gaS properties
Column 1, Pole Formula
(lmpunlts) .
Column2,Une42
Compressed Air equations
Figure Ht6
Graphl3
TebleNt
Colunm2
Delails
It should be noted that a design velOCity of 4m/s rnay re!sult In noise within \he plpeworl<.
2000 Loading Unill! on AH axis should read 3000.
"Salt' in the first equation should read Na,S0
4
Below heading 'Boiler Wate(, 'Total hardness;mglllri,terms of CaC0
3
max' should be
shown as 'non-<fetectable" and a rule drawn tosaparal:efrom lhallgureglvan ror.
sodium phosphate.
Add note adjacent to the graph lndlcatingthatltshould, be transposed with
Graph 82 on psge 52. The existing graph heading Is correct
Add note adjacenttothe graph indicating that It shou1<1 be transposed with" .
Graph B 1 on page 51. The existing graph heading Is "'1rrect. . .
For maximum watts substitute; 8.5W/cm
2
1 OW/cm
2
* and 1 OW/cm
2
.
Delete 'Running trap'; substitute 'Tubular trap'.
(1) In spaca follcwlng Basin spray bop etc,lnoert in appllceble columns;
'Washing bowl, a IHra {domestic) 12002'.
(2) Application of both 80 litre sinks should read
Delete 'minimum' In Table heading; substitute 'optimum'.
Pips roughness should read Ks- 1.5.
Step 2 should read;
'To select category and determine return period, relerto Table C28' .
Table number should read C26(d).
Table number should read C26(f).
Delete Tables (a) to (g);substltutaTeblas (e) and (f).
Insert a C Factor of 1 (or 'Pitched roof with external eayes gutters',
Add nolelldjacerittothe graph Indicating thatlt should l'le transPosed wtih
Graph Ct3on page 132. The existing graph heading li correct
Add note adjacent to the graph lndlcatlngthatllohoulcl be transposed wtih
Graph CS on page 125. The existing graph headiog ls:correct.
Amend to read: 1 Newlon= 1 kgx9.8t.
F.orrnula shouJd.read:

CV units should read Btu/H
3
and MJ/m
3
WobbnumbershouldreadWobbenumber.
K factor is 2340
(0.0071 lor Sl units)
Amandllnetoraad:
'The reslstanoetothaearthshould not exceed 1 x 10
5
,ohms.
TheJ>ressure drop(psl) equation together with the explanatlonofV shOuld be
reposiHonad at lha botto., of column t and raplacad with the Pressure drop (bar)
equ1Hon.
Delete 'Bowling lorce';subsutute 'Bowing force'.
Units for Airflow rate should be cubic mtsec.
Metrlc to lmperlaJ column: 1 tonne should read ton.
Column heading should read:
'Coefficients or Linear Expansion and Melting Points'.
!'Jovember 191!9

The Institute of Plumbing
64 Station lane. Hcmchun::h, Essex RM12 6NB Telephone: 04024 72791.
JW
: Copyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:09 2001
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Section A Hot and Cold Water
Supplies
Pages
1-49
Pipe sizing; hot water storage; sizing of primary end secondary
circulations; pumped hot water systems; water quality; outward
thrust in pipelines due to internal pressure; acoustic and vibration
control: water hammer; inspection and testing of water mains and
water supply systems: prevention of contamination of water by
backsiphonage or cross connection; backflow prevention devices;
protection ol draw-off taps, hose connections, bidats, clothes and
dishwashlng machines end cisterns; un'lented hot water systems;
corrosion causes, and preventative measures; effects of
corrosive .environments; prevention of corrOsion; welding,
brazing, soft soldering and adhesive bonding; references; Brttish
Standards and of Practice.
Section B Domestic Central Heating 50-77
Design considerations; heating controls; systems of control;
lectric central heating storage bcilers; domestic electric water
. :eating; r.eferences; British ?tandards and Codes of Practice.
Section C Sanitary Plumbing
and Drainage
78-136
Design of sanitary pipework systems; kitchen and laboratory
drainage; materials for above ground drainage systems;
inspection and testing of discharge pipes; vacuum systems;
methods of waste collection; sanitary accommodation; the cJesjgn
of drainage systems; sewage pumpirig systems; below ground
drain renovation; methods of pipe renovation; rainwater systems;
solid waste refuse disposal; references; British Slandards and
Codes of Practice.
Section D Pumps and Pumping
"137-142
Definitions and descriptions; pump types; syslems; pump
selection; noise; pump installation; British Standards.
Section E Piped Gas Services
143-169
I . .
Naturaigas; liquefied pe!roleum gas installations; c:Ornpressed
Jr; vacuum; medicaJ gases; references; British Standards and
L:odes of Practice.
Section F Fire Protection Services 170-188
'Principcil causeS of fires in buiidin9s: classification of fire risks
sprinkler installations: automatic sprinklers; risk categories;
system; water supplies; grading systems; pressure and
tloo.y requrre'!lents; proving water supplies; fire brigade inlets;
slz1ng ol spnnkler heads; area covered tJi sprinklers; multiple
controls; other Installations using water; systems using steam;
hose reel dry risers; water risers; foam systems;
carbon. dklx1de systems; total flOOding systems; halogenated
agents systems; priVate hydrants; references;
Bnt1sh Standards end Codes of Practice.
. CONTENTS.
Section G Steam Supplies
I
189-200
Steam; condensate; steam traps ; and separators; British
Standards and Codes of Practica
Section H Pipework Expa,nsion 201-207
' .
Considerations for design and installation; cold draw; anchor
design; pipe\rork systems 1\<lfklng UJ/der test condn!ons; pipe
guides and supPO<ts; expansion plastic eoil and waste
pipes; British Standards and Codes ofl Practice.
Section I Designing for"
the Disabled 208-216
Approaches to buildings; inside buikfl\tgs; we cOmpartments in
public buildings; access through 1\lbbii!S; WC faciiHies lor
wheelchair diSabled; we facilities lor ambulant disabled; facilities
for private use and nursing homes; WC cubicle design
for wheelchair disabled; central hej>ting; references: British
Stantlerds alid"Codesof Practica
Section J Legionnaires D,isease 217-220,
Engineering Implications; oulbreek a\ntroi; cold water storag.i
:cisterns and tanks; continuous chlorinlttion plant; testing outlats;
water softening and hot water storage; s'ystems; stagnant water
positions; domestic hot water caJOrifiern; cooling ta.vers;
humidHiers; references.
Section K Fountain and Water
Display Techniques 221-224
Design considerations; types of and.waterdlsplay; the art
of water display; construction and mair)tenance; cascades.
Section L Airflow in Ducts 225-231
Duct sizing; duct fittings resistance; ideal system; fans; Brhlsh
Standards and Codes of Practice.
Section M Electrical Earthing and
Bonding in Water lnstallatic,ms 232-235
Protective multiple bending( problems with plastics;
supplementary bonding; drainage systems; new regulations;
plumber's responsibility;_ Blitish Standa_rds.
Section N Conversion Factors and
Miscellaneous Data 236-259
Conversion Identification of building drawings;
symbcls; max1mum Spacing of pipe supports; spacing of pipes;
head end proosure or water; hydrostatic tables; relation to seJVices
to. each olher: approximate weight of 1i1ed required for caulked
JOrnts;. corrosion of metals; coefficients of linear exparislon
delinition or plumbing terms; useful addresses.
"l
.I
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-.,...-------------------------------
PIPE SIZING
Assessment of Required Flow Rate
. The minimum recommended rates of ncr.v at various appliances
and fittings are set out In Table A1. Except under very special
circumstances, these are rates which are found to be
generally acceptable to consumers and the design of a system
should provide for thesa delivery rates.
Outlet fittinQ
wp flushing cistern; float operated valve
we flushing trough, lloat operated valve
Spray tap or spray mixer tap
Bath tap nominal size
Bath tap nominal size 1in
Rate oflcr.Y
(lltreslsecond)
0.10
0.15 poj(WC eeNed
O.IJ4 per tap
0.15 hot or cold
D.3o hot or cold
nsohot or cold
SECTION A
Hot and Cold Water Supplies
appropriate loading untt numb<< and adding the resultant totals
together, the recommended flow rate can be read from A1
or Graph A2.
1ible A2 LDBd/llg uni!s
Appliance
Loading units
lu
WC Hushing cls1ern (911tresl
@
Wash basin domestic use
1'h
Wash basln public use
2
Wash basin concentrated use
3
Bath tap nominal size 3f4in .
/1o\
.
Bath tap nominal size 11n 22
Shower
;_:...3 .
Sink tap nominal size thin 3
Sink tap nominal size %in 10 .
Spray tap
"'
Notes
Shower head 0.10 hot or cold
====----------- 1: cisterns wfth single or dual flush contml haliB th,e
Sink tap nominal size lhin 0.20 hot or cold same loading unit.
Sink tap nominal size 0.30 hot or cold 2. The wash basin loading unft ls for pillar taps, and the larger unit
is appliCable tosituaffons such tis schools and those offices wham
________ them is a peak perlod,of usa Where spray IBps am installed, an
Urinal ftushlng dstems SOlVed equivalent conffnuousdemand (}/ a04 !Map should be assumed.

Notes
1. The draw-df rate from mixer fittings is nonnally IBSS than that
'from two separate taps. The difference may oo disregarried when
pipe sizing.
2. The now rata ol shower heads can VBI}' depending upon the
manufacturer. Refer to supplier When in doubt.
3. Wh""' the trequencyo! usage otWCs is likBiy to be more than
at 60 second inlfwals, flushing troughs am advised. Urinal
demand is vel}' low and Is normally disrBf!Brr/ed.
4. Water demand for industrial and process should
m designed for their full how rate. The domosffc flow tilts obtsiniid
by using loading units should, whene appropriate. be added to the
required Industrial flow.
Assessment of Probable Demand!
Equivalent Pipe Lengths for Copper, Plastics
and Stainless Steel Piipework
The diameter of pipe necessSri, to. give a required flow rate will
depend upon the head avellable',lhe smoothness oflhe pipe used
o.a. 1ype of matelial) and the effl""ive length of pipe run.
To the loss of head In the actuall,ength of pipe must be adclo>cllhat
caused by pipe fittings s!JCh es e,lbows. mos. etc. For conveniellCEI,
the latter is usually expressed as the loss In an equivalent length
of pipe as set out in Table 1>:3.
Pipe slze {00) copper
mm
15
ElboN
m
0.5
Tee
m
0.6
In hot and cold water installations, H rarely happens that alllhe

__
. appUances Installed are jn simultaneous use. 28
0.6 1.0
. For economic reasons His the usual design praclice to provide tor '
35
__
a simultaneous usage less than the maximum' possible..
1.0 1.5
1.4 2.0
Loading Units
In most installations, the simultaneous demand can be deter-
mined with an adequate degree of accuracy by using the loading
unH concept.
Althou9h flow rates hot and cold water draw-off points may
not be 1denUcal, for practical purposes, the same loading units can
be applied to both 1ypes of dr8W.off.
In certain Industrial situations where peak usage is possible, the
. judgement of the designer must prevail and a flow rate demand
provided in excess of thai Which, in a dOmestic environment
would be Considered an adequate simUltaneous flaw rate. '
Thbie A2 sets out the 'loading unH' rating for venous appliances. A
loading unh has no precise value in terms otlitres per second. By
muHiplying the total number of each 1ype of appliance by the
42
1.7
2.5
54
2.3 3.5
66.5
3.0 4.5
75
3.4 5.6
108
4.5 B. I).
Notes
1. The losses through tees si!OU/d oo assumed to occur at
changes or direction only.
2. In major hot water systems, special finings with
significant head losses are oflen used. For JntonmaNon cin tflese
reference sh()(Jid be made to m::.nufitcturers'liteiature. '
Copyrightby the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:11 2001
--
-------------------------
- --
SECTION A.
Hot and Cdld Water Supplies
PIPES/ZING
Fitting {BS 11l10)

Equivalent length of of
tap:fully open same as tap (m61res)
us Copper Galvanlse<l
"nin (15mm nominal)
blbtap or pillar tap 0.20 2.70 4.00
:Y.in {20mm nominal)
blbtap or pillar tap 0.30 a .so 5.75
1in (25mm nominal)
o.ao bib tap or pillar tap 20.00 13.00
patented draw-off tap's have a loss of head much higher than BS
1010 fittings.
Loss of Head at Plllnt of Delivery
In calculating the diamete( or a pipe to supply an lndMdual fitting,
the loss or head through the draw-off or deiM1ry wive should be
taken into account. A tabla or head losses through draw-ofltaps Is
given in Table AS. Foreas)rcalculation, a table of the loss of head
through draw-off taps exjnessed as equivalent pipe lengths Is
given in Table A4.
Loss of Head through Bailvalves
and Stopvalves
The loss of head through ballvalves, which can be very high, and
stopvalves vanes with the r;ateot now, It is usually IIJOie convqrien!
therelore to deduct the less or head through these fittings from the
avaJiable head. The loss I of head through ballwive orifices of
various sizes Is gM1n by Graph"" and that through stopvalves by
Graph A4. .
Tlrbte AS LDu of held thm(1gh d-mpr (meiJesJ
FittillllS (llS 1010) . Discharge rare in Vs
0.075 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.30 0.35 0.47 0.55 0.60
'!.lin bibrap 0.185 0.365 0.52 0.75 1.1 1.8
'Ain blbtap 0.21 0.33 0.45 0.75 1.1 1.4
tin blblap 0.45 0.70 0.90 1.2 1.5
hln pillar lap 0.24 0.40 0.52 0.70 0.80
l'ln pillar laP 0.24 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.70
Tap Aaw rate Loss a! Equivaont pipe
head length
V:; m m
'
86541213
Nominal size lf.zin 0:16. 1.0 7.0
Nominal :y.dn o:32 1.0 13.5
Head loss for. staled flow r:etes are typieal and may vary with taps
of different manufacture. .
Relative Dischargirng Power of Pipes
From the pipe sizing graph i1 can be seen that at HIL 1, the How
rates shown in Table A7 occur.
llrble AT Flow 11m II HA. := 1
Pipe size (OD) copper
mm
15
22
2
Flow,a,es
Vs
0.44
1.40
!ible AT F1ow 11t.ut /IlL= 1eoot'd
_28
3S
42
54
76
2.70
4.90
8.00
16.00
. 45.00
as a ratio of tha 15mm draw-off rate we Obtain the
following tabulations:
Jib/1M Number rrtoullellat 100% Amllnd It fuN Wow CGIIIMicnl
Pipe sile (00) Fla.v rare Ratio No.of oullets
mm Vs to oosupplied
15 0.44 1.0
22 1.40 3.18 3
28 2.70 6.13 . 6
----
35 4.90 11.13 11
42 8.00 18.18 18
54 16.00 36.36 36
76 45.00 102.27 100
Jibls All A-11t1frJr coMUmpllon of tiomBdic and lllNiliiMICJal
app/laroca .
Appliance
we {normaJ RUSil)
Wash basin
Bath
Shower
Clothes washing me.chlne
Dishwashing maChine
Domestic waste disposal unit
Bidet
Installations
Jt.oerage water COilSt1!TIln
(hot and cold) rrtrestoperation
9
6
80-00
4per inlnute
60-180
1Q-15 per minute
6 !
Domestic Jitreslday/person serwd
we nushin:.g __________ as ______ _
PersonaJ Washing and bath"1ng 25
Laundry 13
-'----'------
Washing up 10
Car washing and garden use 3
Drinking, k>Od preparation and cooking 20
Offices
we woroen - nonnal flush 12
we women - dual flush 9
we men - urinals provkfed 5
Urinal flushing: 3 flushes/hour- 24 hour day 14
Urin}l] flushing:. 3 flushe&lhour- 8 hour d:::"Y.:____s _____ _
Sanitary tovrel disposal by macerator . 2
Hand waMr.ng: nonnaJ taps 11
Hand washing: spray taps 5
SECTION A
Gt1ph

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70
50
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f/\
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Copyright by_ the IP, Wed Aug 22 2001
--------- .. .
---------u
SECTION A
Hot and Co>ld Water Supplies
GlPh A2 Pipe slzlllfl Dfal!h, Ileal')' galnnlud !18611ub1Js Ia 8S 13117
200
150
100
BO
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70
50
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0.10 -
0.20 0.30 0.50
Head loss in metres per metre run .
.-.

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Glap/J A3 H88d toss through baltnMI Olll/$e8
. 10.0
I
BS 1212 Standard ballvalves .
Size/pressure Orifice size (mm)-
lh"/OW 9.5
8.0
'h" med (1) 6.0
6. 0
'h" med (2) 5.0
v. high 3.0
3A"IoW 13.0
. 'A" high.

4 D 1" low 16,0
1" high 13.0
For larger sizes Setl manutaoturnrs' information
.. . . SECTION A
Hot and ColdVVater Supplies
i
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2.0
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loss of head in metres
'
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L . Copyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:12 2001
'
5
'
SECTION _A . - -
1J1 Hot and Cold Water Supplies
. . . .
cf--=.:r.::JI::r::. :c. J:::.::_,'J
1-----c-, --1-Hi__ , .. --- . -+ : -1 , -- ..... r
1--i-++- 1--l---'---'-! . . . . L_[__j__ I_ 1- ...- '
I I + . I i ' ' I ' ...<" I
m- .1 __ __ .11""'- , __ - I , __
i I ! II ! I i i Y: 1
2.0 I :--, I . 7LJ__ .
[ i " j :7 . I i ,/ vi:
1.0
i \ '+A I ! /l./1 . I L,.
, , _. ... 1 , . _ .v _, . '/'
. I/ r-ri I io'>#/ . . . /' ---
8 ! . Y I : .... I ; . ,1 / - -- l
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8 : r---t--1 -- -- +--.L...,...
[o.s/ '. ;-[
I /.... l /I .I / I : v I .A I'
1
o.4 ' - _ .v _ . , ....... - --+- 1-+-J
_ v , 1/ ,_ v..,. ..
i )#'/ I !
v I ;..kf : . j . _ /; ! ; , ! i /y ,-.______,--t--J
, I /j_ 1. f/ , 1 I 1 1 / _-I 1
1
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0.2 i I , - . I.
)
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--j--i-f--,--!'-i---1-+- ---'----+-+' --1
1-J..-1---+.,.jo""q"_--f-. ---1---- +!
,....,., I i ;I
o.04 ....L..-+--,-+-II-1-!H __--+--+--+---L---'--
00 /' I I I I jj__._.__ll -1--1--1 i ---'--1...1..-JI 1--1
0.05 0.10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
of head in metres
6
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u
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,
L
HOT WATER S1DRAGE
Except In cases of special hot water demand, the requirements for
the storage of hotwatermaybe assessed from Tables A tO and A11.
lilblo A10 Cold wa/er tfllrllflll in buHdlng1
Type of building
1
Dwelling up to 4 bedrooms
D'M!IIing more than 4 bedrooms
Storage (!Ires)
120 per bedroom
100 per bedroom
Hostel
____________ soper bed space
Hotel 135 per bed space

Office premises wnh canteen facilities. 45 per empklyee
Office premises without canteen facilities 40 per employee
Restaurant 7 per meal

Day School Nursery J
Primary
15 per pupil
Secondary
Grammar
Comprehensive .
Technical
20 per pupil
. SECTIONAM
Hot and Cold Supplies
Method of Assessing Recovery/Storage
Relationships for Hot Water Storage Vessels
When sizing hot water storage generators, n is lll)po<1Bnt to
determine not only the cotrect size but also the correct relationship
between l1lCOVefy and storage "' enable the most efliclen!
selection of plant to be made. If :too high a storage volume is
selected and the recovery rate determined as a time function of the
volume, then not only Is the vessel, and heat exchanger oversized
but likewise the primary generating plant, pumps,. pipework and
controls.
The effect of oversizing will wry deP.,nding on the degree and
type of building, but wherethedon]estic hot water load repnesents
a substantial proportion of the total heating load, unnecessary
expenditure, both in capnal and running costs, Is ln110/ved.
Where Inadequate storage and ..iciJvery ere provided, then the
sy.;tem will not meet the user with the result that 1
costly modifications may be necessary when the building Is
occupied and the engineering serVices In daUy use.
Whatever the building under a pattsrn of hot water
can be the actual1usage being largely a function
of the building population and the type of ectMty that takes place
within. In determining the patterr) of usage, ft is important to
Boarding School
Children's Home or Residential Nursery
Nurses Home
90
per pupil differentiate between the maximum dally demand and the
_.:.,._...:.._.:..__-' ... average daily demand, so that thellmplications 01 the system not
135 per bed space meeting the demands made Upon!it can be recognised, and the
120 per bed space
maximum requirements designed for where necessary.
To project the demand pattern over the operating period an hour
:.:Ho:::m::::...__ _____ 1:.:3.:.5.::pe:::r.:bed.::.:_:::pac:.::::::.: by hour analysis of hot water should be made. Taklng'lnto
account the building popuiO!ion, the taw/ end type of actiuUy and
all other factors which affect hot; water demand, a quantitive :
assessment of hourly usage shoulol be tabulated for every hour of
the operating period.
Table A11 Atseum .. t of hoi water dlmlnd and sfllrii!IB tequirements
. (baltid"" d/11' of-tltfmand dtllfnl -1
Tl'P' cr1 . Max. daily demand Storage .
per person reQuirement
per person
Colleges and schools litres litres
Boarding 114
23
Day 14 4.5
Dwelling houses
Low rental 114 see nota
below
Medium rental 114
45
High rental 138 45
Flato (blocks)
Low rental BS 23
Medium rental 114 32
High rental 138 32
Factories 14.
4.5
Hoaplblls'
General 138 27
Infectious
225 45
lnffrmari$S
68 23
lntirmaMe:i (wHh iaundrtes)
90 27
Maternity
225
32
Mental
90 23
Nurs_es' 138
45
Hoatela
114 32
Hotela
First class
138 45
Average
114
38
offices
14 4.5
Spol"b pavilions
(with spray-type showers
36 36
Restaurant.
Per meal
6111ros
storclge normaJiy a minimum 1141ltres with a 4-hour heat-up period.
1
Aeter also to relevant Hospital Building Notes (DHSS) HMSO..
-
For offices and schools, a conffnupus 12 hour operating period
may be sufficient, but for other buildings such as hospitals and
factories a 24 hour operating pefiod may be necessary. The
projected demand pa/fem should 'p. recorded in the form of a
histogram profile as Illustrated in Rgure Al.
Flgum At Oe1111nd Jllnem hlriiJQiam
3500
3000
2500
ll2000
1500
1000
=' -

'
'

.
!M...L:I-
o\::c=4LU.UjjjlllilWL=
0 6 12
500
'18 24
Hours
From the histogram, a series of "!'<lUentlal peak loads
should be calculated fer groups of hours, from 1 hour through to
the maximum number of hootS In tlie operating period. The total
hounyloadsshoutd be recorded as !n the
average hourly load fer each group 9f hours under consideration.
On completion of lllble A12, a graph should be drawn using
Column 3 co-<Jrdlna1es as the 'y' axii; arid Column 2 eo-ordinates
as the 'x' axis as In Figure A2. Unking the CO<>rdlnates for each
' '
7
G Copyright by th IP W d
e , e Aug 22 12:-55:13 2001
.. ' SECTION A
. \fl.'-< ..
.Pl.. .
. Hot and Gold Water Supplies .
..
HOT WATERI. S1lJRAGE
group of hours will prod!JCE! a curve, any point of which establishes
a specific relationship .Of recovery to storage which satisfies the
system requirements, ! assuming of course these have been
predicted with sufficierit accuracy in the demand profile.
T<lb/e A12 Peak hourly loads
2 3 2 3
Peak lit res . lilres Peak Utres LH..s
hours used , per hour hours used per hour
3400 3400 13 27000 2130
2 6600 J300 14 26300 2021
3 9600 3200 15 29900 1920
4 11600. 2900 16 28900 1806
5 13300 2660 17 29000 1705
6 t6300 2716 18 29100 1616
-----
7 19300 2757 19 29200 1536
8 . 22000 2760 20 '29300 1465
9
24000 2666 21 29400 1400
10 25600 2560 Z2 29500 1340
t 1 26400 2400 23 29600 t286
12 27200 . 2266 24 29700 1237
Figu"' A2 Storage maAe-up rallo t:UFYe
500

Storage-Hires
it should be noted that for groups of buildings in which similar
types of activity take Jllace and which have the same operating
period, the shape of the curves will be closely-related; the-only
variable being the quantitive values of the storage and recovery
co-ordinates. It also be noted that the storage volumes
represent net usable Volumes to which an allOWBfJCe should be
added to compensate: for stratification and heat losses.
The method described is suitable for calculating all types of hot
water storage vessels; including off-peak electric heated vessels.
The method Is not hovrever. applicable to non..storage generators
because the maximum performance of these is determined by the
peak system requtrenient per minute not per hour.
8
SIZING OF PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY CIRCULATIONS
Tabt& A13 O&ns/ly afllllllllr
Temperature Density Density
'C kg/m
3
"C kg/m'
0
999 .. 8
6Z
. 982.1 .

1000.0 64 981.1
iQ
999.7 66 979.9
'12 999.4 68 978.9
'14 999.2 70 977.7
'16 998.9 72 976.6
'18 998.6 74 975.4
20 9962 76 974.3
!22 997.7 78 973.1
997.2 80 971.8
996.7 82 970.6
:28 996.2 84 .969.3
:30 995.6 88 968.0
:32 995.0 88 966.7
:!4 994.3 90 965.3
:l6 993.6 92 984.0
38 993.0 94 962.7
40 992.2 96 961.2
12 991.4 98 959.8
44 990.6 )00 958.3
------
46 989.8 102 956.9
48 988.9 104 955,5
00 988.0 106 954.0
52 987.2 108 952.6
S4 986.2
11,0
951.0
!)6
985.2 120 943.1
ne 984.3 130 934.8
llO 983.2 140 926.1
Circulating Pressure
In a 9ravlty heating circuit it Is necessary to calculate the
circulating pressure in the system in order to determine the
allowable frictioo loss per metre run of effective pipe length.
For any system, this is obtained as follows:
CP in Nim
2
= 9.81 (D,- Du x circulating height in metres
where D, =density water in return pipe
and D1 =density of water in flow pipe.
As low pressures are usually expressed In millibars and 1mfbar =
100N/m
2
, the expression becomes: .
Cp I )
.::
9.8.::1:_(,;::0.!..,
(m Jar =
100
Ex:ample
Deterr!Jine the circulating pres In a system for a
temperature of 8_200 ana a return temperature of eooc if the
head ls.5m.
CP = 9.81 (963.2- 970.6).x 5 = 9.61 x 12.8 x 5
100 100
CP = I> 18 mbar = 61800 Pa.
Primary Circulation Pipes
When the primary circuit to a hot water supply system operates by
natural circulation, the of primary. circulatl.on pipe$ Is
carriecf out In the same manner as that used for sizing gravity
heating circuits. The circulating head is the vertical dislance
r 1

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SECTION A
Hot-and Cold Water Supplies
between the centre of the boiler and the centre of the hot water
vessel.
beanngs having no seals to replace. These units will normallx give
years of trouble free service.
Normally. the temperature or the stored water should not exceed
ssc and the temperature drop between the primary How and
return pipes shoutd not exceed 22"0. For any indirect system with
a pump assisted circulation, the temperature drop should not
exceed 11C.
Secondary Circulation Pipes
Secondary circuits may be designed for pumped or natural
circulation, but where practicable they should be designed for
natural circulation. Circulation depends upon the heat loss from
the circuit, the circulation pressure available and the frictional
resistance of the circuit.
Owing to their form of construction, this type of pump can be
refitted into the existing main purrlp housing when a replacement
motor and rotating element is required.
The power output of these pumps varies betWeen 40W- 120W,
and with a running current of 0.40 to 1.9Amp.
The recommended poSition lor a s6condary H W circulating pump
Is shown in Rgure /J.3..
Rguro A3 Recommended pump /Hll,utlon/ng ilr hot water cln:uiB/Ians
The f\QIN pipe of a secondary circuli Is also the hot water
distributing pipe and should be sized accordingly. The return pipe
should be sized so that the temperature drop on the ci.rcuit is not . Cold feed cistern
less than SOC and not more than dependent upon the
HW draw-offs
I
temperature required at the draw.off points.
Hot Water Distributing Pipes
Dead legs to hot water draw-off points should be as short as
possible and in no case must they exceed those given beiOYJ.
Maximum Permissible Lengths of
Unins.ulated Hot Water Draw-off Pipes
BS 6700 gives the following restrictions on the lengths of pipe
supplying a hot water draw-off tap, measured along axis of the
pipe from the cylinder or tank or from a secondary circuit. These
are:
Largest Internal diameter of copper pipe:
(.1) Not exceeding 12mm 20.0m length
{2) Over 12mm, up to and including 22mm 12.0m length
(3) Over 22mm, up to and including 28mm B.Om length
(4) Exceeding 2Bmm 3.0m length
In the case of a compound pipe of differing diameters the largest
diameter Is to be taken.
PUMPED HOT WATER SYS1'EMS
In order to allow for a rapld response to user demands, many large
hot water lristaOatrons Include a circulating pump within the
secondary circuit.
. Owing to the large amount of alrthat is present in the systems, care
should be taken with the pump positioning.
The pump should not be fitted in the lowest point of ths secondary
circulation plpework because sediment builds up and When
passed through the pump could easily damage the beartngs and
also cause the pump to sei:ze.
To ensure quiet runnlflg, th8 plpework should ba Qeiierously srzed
to reduce friction losses af1d, the pump head kept to a minimum.
Adequate spac;e to permit free ventilation arOund the pump Should
be allowed. This will also facilitate servicing shouk:J this be
necessary.
lb render servicing of the pump easier, isolating valvoo should be
tltted on both the Inlet and delivery sicfe. so that the pump can be
inspected Without the need to drain down the system.
To prevent to the pump body the pipework on either
should be adequately supponed and care takf!n to line up with the
inlet and delivery connectors.
The type of pump most sulled to this work Is of canned rotor,
bronze or steel with water lubricaied
and
Isolating valves
WATER QUALITY .
I
Secondary cin::uit
The quality of water Is defined by chemical and bacterial analysis
and where the end usage is directly or indirectly for human
consumption. It should comply \with recognisad standards to
ensure freedom from hannful acute and long term toxic
.substances and In addition, the water should be clear, odourless,
iasteless and wholesome.
The 'International Standards lor Drinking Water' produced by the
World Heallh Organisation deline the .toxic limits for substances
frequently found in water supplies. In the UK, the Ministry of
Housing Report No. 71 (4th edtlion 1969), recommends the
bacterial purity standards for supplied bY public water
authorities In addition to estabflshing procedures to be followed In
obraining sampres .
Waters which satisfy the quallly standards for human
consumption are not alwayssuitai,rle for certain medical, industrial
and commercial uses. They may contain levels of trace elements,
high total dissolved solids contents, non-pathogenic bacteria,
gases and suspended matter which necessitate some form of
'"trea.tme"nfbefore the water can be used in activlttes such as foOd
and pharmaceutical brewing, research, medicine
and in many areas where heat gerleratlon and transfer take P.lace.
Chsmically pure water has no free Ions; Its hydrogen ion
concentration, usually known SS' pH value, is equivalent to the
hydroxyl ion coni:entratlon and the pH scale has a value of 7
which represents neutrafrty. . This figure Indicates the
concentration of hydrogen ions In a litre of solution and tor pure
water the concentration for both of ions being equalat 107
7
gram molecules per litre.
9
SECTION A

WATER QUALITY
1
The pH value usually being expressed as pH log -
. H+
where H+ is the hydrogen ion concentration, hence
. 1
the pH of pure water IS log
10
- = 7
10-
7
WaJer having a hyd'!J9erl ion concentrallon in of 10-
7
gram molecules per iltre Will have a pH of less than 7 and will
therefore tend to acidity !and conversely, watem with a pH of
greaier than 7 will tend to idkalinity. From the above that
pure water having no fi'9EJ ions has poor CQnductivily aoo high
resistence to electrical culnmt. The conductivity, or roclprocal
resistivity, of a sample of 1water is a gOOd measure of its purity
Where this is concemed with dissolved ionisable solids or gasas,
which Is l"'ll"IY the case in resean:h end laboretol)' applications ..
Deionised Water
\iVhere water Is required Icc a higher biological and chemical purity
than that supplied by the local water Authority, single or mixed bed
deionlseiS are capable of producing pure and ultra pure water
approaching theoretical Jtl
2
0. _Purity is usually measured by a
conductivity monttor which measures the conductivity In
microsiemens.
The operation of is bascid on Using twin bed or riiixed
bed columns.of positive a:ncl negative charged ionised resins so
that the incoming water dlii&SSOCiales into positively charged ioos
such as magnesium and calcium which exchange. with the
hydrogen loos <if the acidic resins.
Ukswlse, the negative io'ns of sulphate and bicarbonates are
exchanged wtth the hydi'Oxyl ioos of the alkaline 1'99ins, the
resultant hydrogen end: hydroxyl ions combining to form
theoretical H
2
0. The exhausted resins are periodically replaced
or regenerated with acid end alkaline regenerates.
/'s the name of the procesS Implies, onlylonlsable dissolved solids
and gases con be ren1oved and the treated water Is no1
necessarily pura or sterile.
1
!Centralised recirculating s-jStems, boa\
units, and both in com :nation where terminal poflshing is
requited, can produce water up to 18 megohms at 250Cwhich is
close to theoretical maxirrium.
F!Qure A4 shows a two bed rocin:ulation system suttable tor
Figure M llllclroulaiiiM doionJatloll syotsm
10
Lo
-to.
service
Rng main return
1. Hand- wive
2. Break tank lor lliW water
3. l.<M' leYet noa1 soitch
4. Deliwiy pump
5. Pump motor startar
20
5

''
12
6. Non mum valw
7. l'ooSSIIr"'llefval;o
8. lllt1ifj<lllng wat meter".
9. Rat> of""' meter
10. 1Wo bod automalic delonlser
providir!l;l 3 M
3
1HR of deionlsed water up to microsiemen
quality.
lnstellaii<lrls should comply with local Water Authority
requiremeniS to prevent backflow oootaminatlon.
Softe,ned Water
Water Sl>ftening in large quantities tor commercial use end
distribution Is usually carried out using one or more ol the lime or
limelsodi! processes For domestic application hoNever, the base
exchange system o1 softening is more commonly used and only
this method lsdescriled. Base exohangesoltenlng operates on a
similarpuincipleto the ion exchange described in Oelonlsed Water
end functions by the process of axchanging sodium salts lor those
of calcium.
The action ol softening can be expressed chemically as follows:
SOOIUM CALCIUM CALCIUM soDIUM
+ eldlanges to
+
ZEOLilE !'ARBONME ZEOLITE !'ARBONAfE
and that of re-generation:
CALCIUM SODIUM SODIUM CALCIUM
+
+
ZEOliTE GHUJAIDE ZEOLITE GHI.OAIDE
Because1 the base eD(Change system produces water of zero
it is allen only necessary to soften partofthetatal water
requirement and blend the rew_and softened water togetha'
Operation of a Base Exchange Water Softener
The raw/hard water supply Is connected into the to pol the softener
tank end llows downwants uooer pressure through the bed of
softenln{l mineral (zooltte) where the hardness Is removed by .the
process t::lf 'ion EDO::hange'. At the same time, sediment In the water
Is filtered out and retained by the minerel bed. Clear soft water.
leaves tha bottom of the tank into the waler dlstr'.butlon sysiem.
The softening mineral eventually beComes saturated with
hartlnes:; and no longer softens the wale' Re-generation of the
mineral Is then necessary and the three stege process
is as follclWS:
10
Plant b'/pass
9 a
11. SoilriOid """
12. Brealillllk lor reciiCUiation \Wier
13: Reoi'ctCitlon pump
14. DeixllserC)inder
15. lmcell

2
.1
Aaiv
wal.er il
copyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:14 2001
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(a) Backwash
Reverse the wstar flow through the mioeml bed to remove
accumulabad sediment and wash ID drain. A backwash controller
is necessary to limH the waler flow and thus Jli8"<lnt washing out
the mineral bed.
(b) Brine Rinse
Ordinary salt {so<iium chloride) has the ability to lu!ly restore the
softening capacity of the mineral. A measured amcunt of saJt.
brine Is drawn from the brine tank through the brine injector and is
rinsed slowly down through the minerai bed 1o namove the
hardness which is rinsed to drain.
(c) Flushing
The water flow is again reversed to the minerai bed end
any trace of sediment not rBillCNed ill' the backwash Is flushed to
drain. The softener can new be returned tc normal Mrvlce.
Distributed Loads on Steel Joists
w per Unit run= w K41
R,= 1----- .:.L ____ -+1
(1) Bending mcment
WL
8
(2) Bending moment stress x section modulus
=fxz
G. Load distributed (kg) - 134.55 X zJm
c

,,
i\1.
L/
i.,!
libM AlB
Nominal
Slll!(mm)
iliH!
Mass (kg/m)
203)<102
25.33kglm
78x102
21.54kofm

17.61lkglm

13.35kglm
102x&i
9.65i<g/m
71lx5_1

-
0/stn!JutBd loads lor lpaDB up hJ 3 lllillrlo
Section
Modulus
em'
.,.
1.25 1.50
225.8
170.9
. 115.6 1tl370
74.94 IIOOl 6720
42.84 5764 3640
21.67 2916 2330
-
SECTION A
WL.
Equating 8 = f X Z
and when f = 1S5N/mm
I = 1 metre
W = 8 >< 165 X Z m
1
320.zlm
m
13200 X Z
Wkg sa
1
x m 13455.zim
Distributed loads In kg which c8n be carried ill' some Standard
beams as RSJs are shown in Tables A 14 end A 15.
TlbleAU
Beam lqj/m Sodion modulus (z)
mm em'
(1) 203 )( 102 25.33 225.8
(2) 178 X 102 21.54" 170.9
(3) 152x 89 17.69 115.6
(4) 127x 76 13.36 74.94
(5) 102 X 64 9.'i5
42.84
(6) 76x 51 6.trl 21.67

Calctl-s
W(kofm)
'
(1) 134.55 X 225.8 30381.39!
(2) 134.55 X 170.9
22994.59
(3) 134.55 X 115.6 15553.98
{4) 134.55 X 74.94 10083.10
(5) 134.55 X 42.64 5764.00
(S) 134.55 X 21.67 2915.69
Refer to Table A16 for loads at spans, 1-3 metres:
Distributed Loads In Kllogrammes
Clear Spans in Metres
1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
15190 13500 )2150 11050 10130
11470 10197 9180 8340
7650.
8890 7780 6910 6225
5760
. 5040
11
SECTION A

. .. ..
WATER QUALITY
The nominal sizes of pipes and fittings used for and cold water
installations in buildings are noomally decided on the baels ol two
main criteria:
(a) that the resistance o1 the pipeworl< Is loW enough to give the
required outflow at the various draw-offs within the pressure head
available.
(b) thstlheflow116locities:arek&pllow enough as far as
is possible, that the system does not generate excessive noise
whan the appliances are being supplied with water.
Anolher factor, which in special cases, must be borne in mind is
the elf9c:t of erosion (due io cavilalion) and corrosion In pipeworl<
whether external or interrial.
carried out at BRE some }'OS1S ago Indicated that
acceptable noise levels Would be when flow velocities reached
about 3mls.
The noise which arose when water was trilvelllng along the
pipeworl< was affected, to some a>rtent, by the plpeworl<
configuration; i.e. whethe'r sharp pattern elbows were used or
large bends.
It would appear from the BRE expertments that the time taken for
the sound 19\/el to be reduced to acceptsble ""'els was affecled by
the melhpd of pipe fixing and the degree of absorbence olthe wall
surface finish.
Very high water velocities creaie noise when c:avitatlon Is
occurring, g<111erally at abrupt changes of direction. Cavilation is a
artslng whi>n pockets of vapour in the water suddenly
collapse and the in-rush pressure causes a distinct noise to
emanate from the pipewcirk.
Cavitation is also well known to hydraulic engineers as a
destructive agent which c'auses severe erosion and pitting of the
material in contact whh Wi!t&r where cavitation is occuning.
n would appear ihat llmliing the water ve!ooities to about. 3miS,
placing the plpeworl< on brackets which kaep the pipewor1< out o1
contact witr"l the wall surfa'ce and using sound absorbent finishes
to the wall surfaces whorever possible are Important design
considerations. A srnoot11 waterway through even small elbows
also reduces substantiallY the degree ol noise created at these
sharp changes of direction.
OUTWARD TIIRUST IN PIPELINES
DUE TO INTEfllNAL PRESSURE
When water under pressure flews round any form ol bend there is
an outward thrust at the bt,ond. Theloroewhich exists Is crealed by
the static pressure and the dynamic force. created by a
change in direction of 1he flowing waler.
For most nonnal vetocilles as used In water supply the dynamic
force Is small and can be
1
disregarded.
All pipelines subject to Internal pressure must therefore be
provided with ffnn anchorage at any change of direction and be
restrained from movement at any blanked off ends.
The P Is given by u,e basic expression
P p.A.2 Sin
whare
P ihrust (Newtons)
p Internal pressure (bar) = 10' N/m
2
A .. <'ross sectional area of pipe (m')
6 " ngle of bend (degrees)
For ready applicatioo to most practical problems the basic
expression given can be simplified down to:
p ;B.to-
2
.K.d'(mm)
where
K (90) 1.42
K (45) 0.765
K (22'12) 0.390
.K(11Y.o
0
) = 0.100
K (blank end) = 1.00
.Example
Estimate the thrust which be transmittecl1o an anchor block
restralnttl!a 90" bend Uthebore olthe pipeline is 100mm and the
water pressure is 1 bar ..
p = 8.1o-
2
X 1.42 l< 100"
=8:< 1.42x 10'
P = t136 Newtons z 1.t36kN
The thrust for various bores and angle of bend at a
pressure of 1 bar can be read from Graph 1>5 based on the
simplified formula.
For higher pressures, multiply by the system pressure In bars.
Where terSt pressures are in excess of system worl<inQ preSsures
the greatest pressure must be used in the calculation.
of K for Various Bends
90"
2 Sin = 2 x Sin 45 = K- 2 x 0.7071 1.414 = 1.42
45
450
2 Sin --
2
- =- 2 x Sin 22Y2 = K = 2 >c 0.3827 >= 0.7854
22Vz
0
2 Sin --
2
- = 2"x Sin 11Y
0
= K = 2 x 0.1951 = Q3902
11V4 . . .
2Sin --
2
--= 2 x Sm 5Vs
0
-= K2x
K = (Blank End) = t.O

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Graph A5 &tomll thrusts developJ In plpe/IJIB$
350
25
-
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il
17
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ti"
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50 100 sop 1000 5000 10.000 2.10'
Thrusts In Newtons - (lnternal1 bar}
The size and shape of thrust bkx:l<s (concrete} will be determined
bv the load bearing capacity of the ground where the thrust takes
place. The following lnformallon Is given es a guide, but on- site
checks should be made, and if nacessary, an analysis of the
ground condition should be.oblained.
Jllbls A17 BMdng capaclly Ill 11lf11
SoH type
Soft clay
Sand
Sandstone and QraVet
Sand and graver with clay
Shale
Safe liearing
kNfm
24
48
72
240
Pipes should be run so that air is expelled through iennlnal fittings;
balrvatves and space heating elements or vent pipe connections.
Pipes must be to pllM!I)tsagging and the formation of
'iiigh polnls which will collect al[ This Is particularly 1or
plpework where the circulation Is by gravity.
Pipes should be fitied clear of tln.>ber joists, floorboanls and all
building componenls. Where this;, not posslble, pads rasislant to
damage by insects and vermin-should be fitied between the pipe
and structure to minimise noise. ' _
Protective saddles to prevent d"Jl1age by nails when laying floor
boards and carpets should be inst!llled around &!I pipes located in
positions where they might be subject to damsge.
Acoustic
The plpework should be installed and secured In such a manner
whCh will prevent contact with eleCtric cables.
Plpework should not be buried in solid concrete. Where
unavoidable, only short lengths of Jiipe should be Installed in solid
concrete-floors or in walls without using dLJCts or Chases. Then, the
ACOU
C'T'II'l A o pipes must be. installed to comply wtth Water Byelaws and British
QIICI II, Standard Codes. of Practice.
VIBRATION CONTROL. The minimum acceptable requirements for pipes installed with
1
solid and concrete floors are:
All pipes should bo securely fixed to rigid structures lidher than to (1} The pipe must be In a continUCIUS length without jointS aion9
lightweight flexible panels. When pipes are rigidly fixed to flexlblo the whole length of the embedded: pipe.
structures wtth expansion joints, the pipe must be provided with (2} The pipea must be adequately p-.:ted from damage and
movement joints. To reduce plumbing noises to a minimum, the corrosion oy a specifically designed and manufactured piSsticS
pipes should be irislalled in subslaotial and reasonably airtight .
ducts or enclosures, and adequately supported clear of the e-
encloslng Wails. The pipes should never touch the st1-ucture. (3) The pipe must be edeqUaiely thermally insulated to meet the

13
SECTION A
ACOUSTIC AND .
VIBRATION Ci(JNTROL
requlremel11s of Water Byelaws and British Standard Codes of
Practice.
(4) The pipe must be frE!<l to mOYe along ils entire embedded
length to allow thermal movementwtthoutdamageto ltsellorother
. members or property and must not cause, create, emrt or transmit
an audible noise.
(5) Pipes passing through brickwork, masonary, concr8te, or
other building componenls must not be 'built-in' but be provided
with a neatly drilled hole or sleeve of suitable diameter and
material.
(6) Pipe fixings and supports must be fined at Intervals n01
exceeding 1.8 metres and where the pipes are fixed to skirtings or
in othenulnerable posttions, the int81Val must not exceed 1.2
metres. All pipes should be supported to allow free movement for
expansion and contraction. The support brackets should be of the
screw fixing type with the prtlllision of suitable plugs for masonary
locations.
Water Flow Noise
Noise from pipework is caused when th_e pipe
are set into vibration ancUor oscillation by "the action o1 the water
Hewing throoght the syst?m. water flow noises do not become
significant below a watervetoclty of 3mk!.
Cavitation will greatly imfrease noise. Although Cavita11on can
occur in outlet fittings, it is not common in pipework because
normal pressures, an average velocity of 7m/s to Bm/s is needed
to produce cavltation In an elbow fining. Reduced pressures at the
upper parts of water incorporating long drop pipes can
causa cavitation to begin'
1
et lower How rates and such pipework
should be avoided if possible. It Is essential that cavttation is
prevented for noise revers: to be kept within acceptable limits.
Water Terminal fittings
The sudden changes of direction and minimal downstream
. pressures that occur at the
1
seating of an outlstfittlng, such as a tap
orfloat operated vatve,cml create cavitation. This phenomenon is
the major cause of in such fittings, whicH are the main
sources of flow noise In water systems. Gavltation can be reduced
by lowering the pressure at the point of inception and by reducing
the water velocity. In termfnal fittings, the pressure at the point of
may be Increased by restricting the outlet .
Tho water velocity al the ""ating, the usual location of cavnation
Inception, may be neduced by design changes or by lowering the
supply pressure. When suit:h a pressure reductiOn resufts in a tap
being opened further to m!llntain the rate of flow, the water velocity
through the clearance will be further reduced
allowing tho tap to operate mqre quielly. Similarty, a float operated
. valve will operate more qui1BIIy at a lcwer supply pressure, with the
delivery rate maintained bY fitting a larger diameter seat.
Water Hammer (Impulsive noise)
Stopvalve Operation
When a tap or valve is cloeed lllpidly, the operation is S<lmetimes
accompanied by a backing noise like that of a hammer blow.
Possible prevention and alleviation of 'water hammer' may be
achieved by preventing the sudden closing of the valves, by
absorbing the pressure peeks; by increasing the attenuation of
pressure waves when transmitted through the plpeworf<; by
designing the pipeworf< to B'IOid long straight pipe runs and by
restricting the water velocities.
Solenoid-operated valves taps are frequent! the ..
cause of 'water hammer' noise. When fittings of this type are
non-concussive, types should be used and property
14
maintained to ensure continuance of their non.aoncusslve
qualitiea.
An air vessel may be used to absorb the pressure wave at a point
close or adjacent to ils fonnation.
It may be> possible to reduce lhe pressure peak wave as it travels
along th<> pipe. One solution Is a bellows.type vibration ISOlator to
reduce pressure peak waves. another and more elfective being a
rubber hcJSe.type isolator. By analogy the sound transmission
snuation, the use of 'plastic' pipes may be expected to prtlllide
increased attenuation of the pressure pulse but with some
materiallii, mcposure to excessiVe pressure surges should be
avoided. Reference to British Standard CP312: Pert 2 gives
guidancE regarding the pennlssible limits ol pressure surges in
unplasticized PVC plpework.
The sizing of system pipework to limft water velocities to a
maxlmurn of 3m/swill not necessarily prevent the ocourrence of
'water hammer' but will be helpful in limiting the magnnude of the
pressure peek waves produced.
Float Operated Valve Oscillation
In the oVE>nt of an operating ann and float of a float operated valve
being SE>t intO oscillation, the consequent rapidly repeated
dpeni"'lllnd closing of the valve usually causes a loud and violent
noise in the system which can shear the operating arm. There are
many for this oscillation, the most common being the'
folmatlon of waves on the walar surface In the water storage
cistemttank. This wave system is maintained by the intermittent
entry of water through the float operated wive. Because of the
extended duration of the 'water hammer' noise caused in this way,
compared with that o1 hammer noise resuHing from vaJve closure,
tt constitutes a very serious risk of damage to pipework and fittings
should this oscillation Continue.
When thl! float operated valve is correctly, maintained,
and Is sultableforthesupply pressure, the prevention of oscillation
is obtained by Installing a damping plate immersed in the water of
the storatiB cistern/tank in such a position as w!IJ give the greatest
resistanC1! to vertical motion. This plate should easily be fitted to
the fl0a1 ()f' arm.
An attematlve solution is to fil baffle Plates In the water storage .
cistern/tank to Prevent the surface waves affecting the float.
. Surface waves can also be magnified when the length of the
cistern tank Is In sympathy with the wave length end this can be
eliminated by fixing baffle plates across the width of the storage
structure.
Tap WElsher Olicillation (Valve bounce)
RenewinH the washer normally cures the problem bui In obstinate
cases, c:hange of washer matertal may be necessary. For float
operated valves, proper maintenance of tho tap mechanism will
reduC!! lhe tendency to oscillate (valve bounce).
Pump Noise
A correctly designed pumping system uaed under the correct
condttlonu should not generate excessive noise. When the flow is
much greater than the rated flovi or the static pressure on the
pump is Insufficient, there is a risk of cavitation and turbulence,
which could resuh In noise and vibration.
Noise transmission from pumps and pumping se1s can be
reduced by using rubber vibration iS<llators between the pump and
the main pipework. Suitable isolatOrs can restriCt transmissiOn of
weter.OOnte noise and vibration of the pipes. The pipeworf< should
be isolate;j from the building structure by using resilient Inserts In
the pipe brackets. In severe cases of noise transmission. a
hydr8ulil:.acoustic filter, tuned to the unwanted frequency, should
be used and at this point the advice of a specialist acoustic
englfle_er should be obtained.
Copyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:1.6 2001

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Acoustic liansmisslon
In practice, the transmission process from lhe noise source lo lhe
hearer is complex ln110lvlng muttlpletmnsmlsslon paihs, including
possible direct airborne transmission; transmission thrqugh the
plpework; transmission through the building structure and
possible various combinations. To minimize audible noise from
fmlngs neceS$8ry 10 lake all possible lmnsmisslon paths inlo
considl:fraUon.
Sound Is transmil1ad along metal pipes with lillie loss, and outlet
filling noise can be mistakenly diagnosed as pipe flow noise.
Plastics pipes attenvate noise. appreciably. The reduction Js not
linear proportionally to the pipe length. BS 6700 gives lengths
between Sm and 20m generating the mnge t Odb/n1 lo 2.5dblm,
depending the pipe material and walllhickness, and states lhat
insertion of the metal-beUows type of vibration isolator in a metal
pipe run can reduce the noise transmission by Sdb to 15db, but a
reinforced rubber hose type of vibration isolator can usually give
better attenuation values.
Structure-borne noise should be reduced al source. The weight of
the structure an'd the stiffness of the pipe ar:e major lactom In
eliminating the noise. A t5mm diameter copper pipe llm1ly fiXed 1o
a 230mm thick solid brick wall will not induce any appreciable
vibrations in it . while a 25mm diameter nominal bore
gafvanised steel pipe due to Its stiffer structure, can generate
vibration and so transmit. noise. Lightweight stnJcllures are
relatively easy to set into vibration and readily transmit structure.
borne noise. When pipes haw to be seournd to lighlwelghl
. SECTION A
Impact Noise in Sanitary fittings
Taps can generate noise by the impact ollhe discharging water
stream wfth the surlaces ollhe sanilaiY fitting appliance. The use
of floW aeralom is helpful in rnducing such noise as lhe
most disturbance from this type of noise can occur whh mstal
sinks and similar appliances.
The undamide of stainless steel bowls and draining boards
. complyingwnh BS;t244 be treated lo minill]izsyibr.jllonand
noise transmission. This treatment could be applied lo oihertypee
of llghlweighl appliance when Impact noise is a problem,
.. and. in some ir}Stances, additional t.reatment of stainless
appliances could be worthwhile. n is good praclice 1o isolate
lighlwelghl appliances from lightweighl !'ructuml elements.
Thermal Movement Noise
Noise caused by the thermal movement of pipes can be disturbing
by generating creaks, squeaks am:( banging which can
occur after the water has been dmwn off. Slgnlllcanl thermal
movement occurs In hot water pipeS as a result of temperature
changes. Expanding pipes when inStalled correctly Wnh proper
expansion allowances do not creata noise. The use of resilient
pipe clips or brackels, or resilient pad.s belween pipes and fixings,
win, In many cases, Introduce sufficient flexibility lo lake up
thermal movements. Where very long Sllaighl runs of pipe are
I!Mlivad, expansion loops or joints mi!Y be needed. In such cases.
refer topipe thrust section of this Guk:le.
'
structures, lhe use of flexible and vlbrallon-isolallng clips or Aeration of Water Pipes
brackets are required. Where a design choice exists,.,the use of .
1
smalldlametercopperorplaslicsralherlhansteelplpesshouldbe Bubblesirrlhewatercancauseaslgnllloanl ncreaseinwalerflow
sfe noise which normally cx::curs in the .hot water system and arises
used to reducelhelran r of sound energy from fl1e plpework to from poor design or operation of.lhe !;'Stem. Bubbles fonming In or
the structure. I . . passing into water heaters of hot cylinders are particularly
Where noise Is likely to betransmitted to large surtaces such as noisy. Domestic hot water systenls must be desJgned. al1d
storage cisterns and tanks which rest directly on ceiling joists, operated so as to avoid generaJ and/or localized boinng, with the
thereby giving a direct acoustic coupling wllh the air in lhe whole !;'Stem being designed to removal of air during
habitable rooms, Isolation of lhe structure from lhe plumbing filling of the !;'Stem after maintenance.
component is essential. mountings can be helpful in
Isolating a water Slorage cistern/tank from tts supporting structure Acoustic Bridge
and the advice of the manufacturer of the mOuntings should be
sought to ensure the correct type are selected for the specific In addition, noise generated by the water service installation may
application. intr:oduce problems by acting as .a noise transmission. path
bridging structural sound For sensitive habitat areas
Flow noise originating In outlet fittings and transmitting to the pipe such as recording studios, the insertion of flexible vitiration
runs can be reduced by running lhe pipes In closed duets when isclatOJB in pipe runs may be necessary and should provide the
soond radiation from the pipework Is a polenlial problem. desired degree of acoustic Isolation.
Float Operated Valve Water Noise
When the stream of water Issuing from a f1oal opernrtad valve
Strikes the water surface In the water storage cistemltnnk or the
cistern/tank itself, the resufting noise can causa ; serious
dlslurbence lo lhe occupants of lhe building. Previously ft was
common practice to supty water from a float operated vatve at a
level belOW' the normal water surface by attaching a 'silencing
tube' to the valve outlet. Due to difficulty in rneetlng the
backsiphonage protection requirements of BS 1212 when
silencing tubes are fitted, this practice is no longer used.
Backsiphonage protection Is usually achieved by the float
operated valve discharging above lhe surlace of the water in the
water storage cistern/tank with silencers available for some types
of BS 12'12 valves. These reduce flow noise generation at the seat
and. alsc control lhe emergent water stream 1o rndw:e splash
n01se.
AOal operated valves using collapsible silencer rubes in
conjunction with built-In anti""'aCuum devices are available and are
listed by the Uniled Kingdom Water Research Centre (WRc)
Fittings Scheme which comply 1o the byelaws but do not comply
with es t212. The isolation at Slorage cisterns from the building
structure is essential" and this is necessary to reduce noises
caused by splashing.
WATER.HAMMER
Water hammer is a pulsating type of noise which may, on
occasion, be heard emanating from a pipework installation. The
noise Is caused mainly by shock waves which are sal up when
water. which Is flowing at high velocily, is suddenly arresled ..
The practical condnlons which can create lhls adveiBB effect are
the too rapid closure of manual valves, or the virtual instantaneous
closure of automatic control valves.
Pumped piped water s4ppf105 are also liable lo water hammer If
provision is not made at lhe design stage. Plunger type pumps tor
example give a pulsating type at discharge which may require
dampingout. .
Cases have occumed of water hammer damage although little
audible scund was present. Premature failure of valves, joints and
the loosening oi supports and clips aie common exar,nples of such
damage, . 1
Gravity water Installations Po not as a rule give rise to the problem
15
by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:16 2001
,.
,'
'
'
SECTION A
WATER HAMMER
but wMn waler"velocltles :.Xceed 3m/s, water hammer condttions
may exist.
The increasing_ use of pressurized domestic water systems In the
UK could well lead to a'n Increase in the incidence of water
hammer !I proper precautions are not taken a! the design stage.
System Protection
Sheck pressures In piPB")''rk supplied at high pressure can be
reduced to acceptable liinits by lncorpoJaling hydro-pneumatic
accumulators or water hammer anestors In the pipeline at suitable
points.
The form of water hammer absorber was the simple air
vessei or air bottle. In service, these usually became water-logged
arid Ineffective unless means were available to renew the air
cushion.
Modem hydro-pneumatic accumulators Incorporate a pre-
charged flexiple gas bag in their design which is filled with air or
nftrogen gas(see Figure As). Lossofalrorgas in service is thereby
prevented. Consequently; their continuing efficiency in service is
satisfactory and reliable.
When used for this application, hydro-pneumatic accumulators
absorb the kinetic energy of the moving water and much of the
initial shock pressure; this oocuring when the nitrogen gas is
compressed in the flexible bag.
Basic Design Principles
The shook pressure waves which may be generated In pipes,
travel al a velocfty V which is affe<:ted both bv the comprosslbilfty
of the water and the elasticity of the pipe walls.
It can be shown mathenialicallythatthe velocftyofthe shockwave
Is close to 1he velocity of $ound under the conditions.
The time interval, in seconds, for a shock pressure wave to fOITTI at
the back of a valve or oth" arrest point Is given by:
t = :!x length of pipe"
va'.ccjty of sound
t = 2 x"L
v,-
l'rote<tlve C8j) protects llf'<l\arge YIWe against
domaoe and dirt.
Sch""" type non-retum YIWe backo<l "' will\
o rinll sea1"" 10011> saalnJI.
Naml!lllatB, colour coded IJr different "''0no

pressUres.
Sl>ei slrell. No lml1S. - or PJinls. lk7,<1s
ilpproo.od and Ill Home Office spocification 'S'.
Separalrx bag, f1jy or-and aYailabla In a
\OIIety rlnt;il!rlals (til<! bag quickly
r>placeable).
The shells treated Ill PIMnl corrosion.
Poppet vatvo. p18Yerrts bag
P.xtruslon.
m. !of quick and controlled ll!mtNai of
ill- or 11uid.
l1uid pofl; maximum possiJie flow ''" alaMng
1.11gt1 flow r.rta Easiy "'"""""'for bag
Ill placement.
The vaiO<:Ity of sound is 1450nils under perlact conditions. In the
case 1;hock pressure waves, this is usUally reduced by the
conditioons prevailing which must be taken into account.
Example
Calcula!EI the time required for a shock wa"e to fonm at a rapid
closing v.atve in a pipe 14.5 metres long.
V 1450m/s
t .2L
1-150
t. 2x14.5
1450
t = seconds
Solenoid wives of the type frequently filled to automatic washing
mach etc, have closure times Of a few milliseconds i.e, 511000
or 2/200 t;econds. This type of vatve can therefore be regarded as
tap:id and liable, In some circumstances, to cause shook
waves to be sat up when In operation, when they are
installed in high pressure water ln.'llallations.
It can be ''hewn that, If the time taken to close a valve Is less than
that ,for the pressure wave to travel the 1en9th of the pipe, the
pressure wave produced Is equal to that if tile valve was closed
instantafli:JOUS!y.
Shock Pressure Rise
'#hen considering water hammer problems, lt is necessary to take
into account the initial water velocities, the pipe material and the
disposition of the pipe runs.
ape,.til311J . .
T.he accuroulator Is fi..t charged with nitrogen at a prodetennlned
P"""'""' !Auld from the pump enters through the Huld port,
compreosing the gas In the rubber bag, the bag 11oeling ""'-n
gas and fluid in equlllbrlum. TM gas rnaliltalns pressure In ltlo
accumu1at.or and forcM out the syst&m flued under pressure
when the 1::ircu1t mqulres it.
1. Accunl!iilllr neillleriQ$SIX/gtd""' c:lwped
2. Acam!dator,..._with fPS.
a Gas ., 1>111 """fli8SS8d bt #uld trom pump.
4. Big.,.,...,. aner w.
' '

16
Copyright lby the IP, Wed Aug22 12:55:16 2001

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Giaph M shows that the velpcif oi the sound wave is affected by __ .
the nialn conditions: .
(Q The material, I.e. value of 'E'.
Qi) The dlamatsJtwall thickness ralio.
(iii) The bulk modulus of water oJ 'K'.
These variables are taken Into account In the basic formula below:
= / P(k
where:
V = velocity of sound pressure waws (m/s)
p' = density of water in (kg/m')
K = bulk modulus of water = 2.()7 GNim'
E = modulus of elasliclty of the pipe material
E =lor steel= 200GN/m
2
E = for cast lron -= 100 GN/m
2
E =for copper= 110GN/m
2
= pipe diameter/wall thickness ratio Qndependent of. the
t units) . . .
Graph M is based on the above formula
Theshockpressurerise In a pipe can be shown to be given by the
product of the initial water and the sound pressure wave
velocity from which:
.Pr=V
5
.V.kN/m
2
where V = initial water velocity in mls
P, =pressure rise
Example 1
Galct!late the shock pressure rise when water Is flowing through a
150mm nominal bore copper pipe at 3 mJs when the water is
suddenly arrested by the closure of a valve.
For 150 mm pipe a 80 (see Graph N!J)
From Graph N!J V, 92Sm/s.V = 3m/s
Pressure rise
Pr = 925x3
P a 2775kNhn
2

Gaiculate the shock pressure rise when water is flowing throogh a
15mm nominal bore copper pipe at 3mls when the water is
suddenly arre!'led by the clooure of a valve.
For 15mm pipe = 2011) (see Graph A6)
From Graph A6 V, = 122Smls.V 3m/s
P, = 122S"x 3
P = 3675kNim
2
It will be seen from these twO examples that thinner wall pip"!'
reduce the pressure rise more than rigid thick wall pipes.
Sizing qf Hydro-Pneumatic Accumt:ilators
In addition to the shock pressure rise, the plumbing dEJSignermust
also calculate or otherwise evaluate, the kinetic ener'gy released
by the moving water when it is brought to rest.
In a hydro-pneumatic accumulaiOr, the ldnetlc energy Is absorbed
in doing work by. compressing nitrogen gas.
Hot and Cold Wate
kinetic en9f911 destroyed = work done on gas In
.. on imp"act ' ai::cumulatOr
p V2-P3V3 =INOrkdone
I<E=:z112mv-- 2' n-f
where:
forKE
m=masskg
g = 9.81 mJs2
v = Velocity m1s
Example 3
work done on gas
P
1
=gas charge pressure
v = gas charge volume
.P
2
= Initial pre5sure
V
2
= innial gas volume due to P
2
P
3
=shock pressure
V
3
=shock volume
n = 1.4 (gas index lor nitrogen)
p
V =cm
2
Water Is flowing at 3m/s through a, 15mm nominal bore (13.6mm
aclual) plpe when the water is suddenly arrested by the closing of
a v.>lve. Calculate the KE of the moving mass of water If the pipe
. is 15m long.
KE V2m V"
mass of water moving at 3mts
-rdz L
mass 1000 x 4 x
1
0'
15
= 0.7854 X 13.6" X
1
0' .
mass a 2.18 kg
I(E = 1/2 X 2.18 X 3
2
I<E 9.8Nm
To provide a small working marglnto allow 1or variations In actual
pipe bores say KE = 10Nm.

(i) If the pipe lengrh remains constant then,
new KE = original KE x
(il) If the pipe lsngth is altered lhsn,
new KE original KE x t.
E.xample4
Calculate the volume ot nltiOg.., 9as In cm
3
required to be
pi"OIIided in a hydro-pneumatic accumulator which Is required 10
absorb the kinetic enellJ)'ofwalerwhlch is flowing at3m/s through"
a 15mm diameter pipe 15m long. The line pressure Is 414kN/m2
and the shock prassuie rise Is not to exceed a funher kNim'.
Note
Initial fill pressure of the gas is to be 90% of line /XSSSlJre.
Absolute pressuros have been obtalnsd by adding 100kN!m' to
gauge pressures.

17
SECTION A
WATER HAMMER
Figure A& .Accumulator sizing
.--r----. --.-.
jv,
V,

. " .
(Q Initial compression=

=

(ii) CompreSsion duB to shoCk Pressu'ras = =

(iii) Work done on gas= P,V,- P,V,
n-1
Allowing for initial compression due to line pressure, and
assuming T
1
T
2
(constant temperature)
. P,
P
1
V
1
= P2.V
2
or V2 = p
2
V,
470
. =
524
X 100
v
2
w 90cm3
Taking n = 1.4 (nitrogen)
Main compression due to shock pressure
P;.V';= P, V';
v3 = v2{=:}
-
-90x 1244
90

90
= 1.854
Va = 48.0cm
3
Work done on the nttrogen gas during compression stage
WD
= P3V3

n-t
(524 X 90 - 1240 X 40.0)
(1.4-1) 10'
(5.24 X 9 - 12.4 X 4.80)
0.4
47.2-59.5
0.4
. 12.3
= - 0.4
WD - 30.6Nm por 100cm'
from Example 3, KE for ism run of 15mm pipe, v = 3mls
KE = 10Nm
Volume of nitrogen tor 10 Nm of energy
100
Volume = 1 o x
30
_
6
32.6cm
3
Volume :=tay"" 33cm
3
Example 3 can be used as a basis tor other condHions .
It will be Clbserved thatthreevariables can be Isolated as affecting
the kinetic energy to be absorbed under any given practlcal
conditions.
(i) KE "'n vary with the square of the diameter (d').
(IQ KE can vary with the square of the velocity (V').
Oii) KE "'" vary wtth the length of the bmnch.
From which we get the following relationships:"
(ij New KE = KE x = KE x
(ii) New KE KE x KE
OiQ New KE = KE x 1.,
. . L,
These relationships have been applied to obtain the volume of
nitrogen !:Ja.S for other pipe diameters, velocities, pressures and
lengths.
Hydro-Pneumatic Accumulator Sizing
KE o11Mmm dla(15mm NB) copper pipewlien thevelocltyolthe
water is3m/s and length of 15m.
KE=10Nm
For 20rnrn NB
20.2mrn (actuaQ
KE= tOx =222Nm
For 25mrn NB
26.2mm (actual)
KE = 10 x = 37.0Nm
For32mrn NB
32.6mm (actuaij
KE
1
=10x a57.5Nm
For 40mrn NB.
39.6mm (actuaQ
KE = 10 x = 85.0Nm.
For 50nnon NB
51.6mm (actual)
KE = 11) x 144.0Nm .

18
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SECTION A

TBbm,l18 Accumu/8/or sizing I
calculated 42m head v-am/s Volume POl
Copper Klnetfc Volume USA/POl 42m
Pipe Energy lOP
15 10.0 32.5 33 A
22 22.2 72.0 68 B
28 37.0 120.0 119 c
35 57.5 186.0 187 0
42 85.0 276.0 257 E
54 144.0 465.0 475 F
'filble AlB Accumu!JJhJr slzklg 2
OOm head v= 3.5m/s USA
Copper POl
Pipe KEx15 Volume 60m
Head
15 15.0 48.6 B
22 33.2 108.0 c
28 55.2. 180.0 0
35 86.0 280.0 E
42 122.0 470.0 F
54 216.0 700.0 OF
78bl8 A20. Flow tales tmm copper lubes sl311!1!1snd equivalent 101'
loading units
A ow lOP
Olameter rate KENm loading USA POl
mm lis units vol. silo
15 .
0.52 10.0 25 33 A
22 1.10 22.2 75 66 B
28 1.80 37,0 140 119 c
35 2.80 57.5 400 187 0
42 4.00 85.0 500 267 E
54 6.80 144_.0 900 475 F
f57 10.00 214.0 1600 800 OF
76 14.00 268.0 2500 900 FF
In the USA where hydro-pneumatic accumulators or water
hammer arrestors are widely used on high pressure water
installations, a method of rationalizing the capacities ot. the units
has been .adopted.
Six 51l!ndard slzos frOm 15 mm to 54 mm are given oojeletters A
to F. Size A, which Is Intended for v, in or 15mm pipes is the
smallest (see Graph A7). For applications outside the largest
standard various combinations of the six basic units can be
used ($ee_ Grllj)h AB).
Note
The basic pipe length is 15m and the velocity at the water is up to
3mfs. The basic line pressure used Is 42m head and the shock
pressure I MN!m' or 102m head.
The adoption of a 31M; 1/mff an the velocfties ussd with the basic
sizes also provides a rational basis for sizing the units In a .L-S raffng
or in lOP loading units.
A table giving the anemative sizing is shCNm in 7!lblo A20:
Hydro-pneumatic accumulator sizing based on the kinetic energy
of the watsrfloWing In the branch can be conveniently carried out
by referring to the Graphs A7 and A8
For sizing units where the branches are oi variable lengths use
Graph AS.
Example 5-
Calculate the KEto be dissipated by a pumping main at tho point
of switch-off and the resultant shock pressure rise. 1
Data
1

Static head 50m
Pump power output 4 kW
"' d'
Massofwater=px
4
tO' xL
Diameter of main 75 mm
. 762
1Q3 X 0.7854 X
X 50
= 0.7854 x 7.6
2
-x 5
Mass = 227kg
Farce= m x a= 227 x 9.81 = 2220N
4kW = 4000N. mls
. 4000Nm/s
Velocity =oN = 1.8m/s
KE 1f2. mV
2
=
1
12 .227 x 1.8
2
KE=368Nm
Pressure rise at switch off
d
Far 75 rrlm steel pipe, 1 = 15
from the graph AS
V
5
= 131J;m/s
P, = V
5
V = 1315 x 1.8 2370kN/m
2
P, = 2.370M N/m
2
-= 2.37M. Pa
ExampleS
A pump Is supplying overhead stor-age tanks with water under the
following hydraUlic conditions:
Static head 50 m
Effaclive pipe length Including fitting resistance 150m
Pipe diameter 50m
head 50
length =
150
""0.33m run
From lOP pipe sizing chan, Graph At, a 54mm pipe ato.33m/m
run will give a flow velocity of 4mJs
"' d'
mass=p.
4
.
1
0'.L
,
n' 0.7854 "'
= x5v-x125
= 10 X 0.7854 X 5" X t.25
=246kg
KE

KE .
50mm pipe, = 12
t .
from _graph A6
V
5
= 1330m/s_
Pr ""V
8
.VkN/m
2
=1330x4
= 5320kN/m
2
P; = 5.32M Nim
2
= 5.32M. Pa .

19
l Copyright
by the IP, Wed Aug 22 _12:55:17 2001
I'
I
SECTION A
WATER HAMMER
Exarople7.
Calculate the capacitybf a hydro-pneumatic accumula!or required
to be provided for a Sm branch pipe supplying tO wash basins
concentrated use.
Velocity of How 3m/s
From TObie A2

and from pipe sizing chart, Graph At .
30Lu = o.eolls .
From the pipe sizing chart Graph At, a t5mm pipe wUI convey
0.61/s at 3m/s and from lhe selection chart for hydro-pneumatic
accumulators, Table A18", a 15mm pipe canying water at 3mls
requires a accumulator.
The nearest standard slz,e ls 33cm
3
Or.PDI'A'.
. . .
Exantple8
A branch pipe It m long, Is under a static head of 40m. The
estimated flow rate is 3.21/s. From the lOP pipe sizing chart a
42mm pipe would be for the branch.
3.2Vs is Bqulvalent to 350 LU.
From tho hydro-pneumatic sizing graph Nl a 42mm diametl!r
branch tt m tong would require an accumuiO!Or of 190cm'
capacity.
The nearest single size is 267cm' or PDJ size 'E'.
In practi"e twosmallerunitscoupled lntandam v.oold probsbiybe
used.
From wt1ich
1
;o = 95cm'
Nears<rt size to 95cm' Is 119cm'.
Therefore two t19cm' accumulators could be used coupled PDI
size 'c. I
---------------------------u------------------
. 20 I
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-
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.
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.-) [c__,) ['"::;-:::;-;;-)
0
0
'0
'<
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f-'
'.
rt
tJ
'<
rt
P"
(])
H
'0
-
::<:
Cll
p.

LQ
"' tv
ii
I
......
"'
..
U1
U1
...
......
-.J
"' 0
0
1--'

[Lee) [, .. [L -) [,.,-.-). ['=c--J. . c''=c-c)
. ) ' -c:l- ' }" . -:-}
- . r._- ,---. :, _ r;__ ..
L --- . ""- - . -, - - .
1

Grnnh of the V.
120t----

!
li L '
!
I
lij:i!

E

)

0 --
B = - 1& u E -
Velocity of pressure waYe (m/s)
.,
iii .

1J:
-i
J
Sl.
I
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f
'ii

::r:.
g
jl)
:::::J
a.

0:

ar
.... (I)
cnm

"0-
"0 0
=:z
m>
L.-J
' '
. SECTION A
'If Hot and Cold Water Supplies
v
Gniph AT HYJIIV"fl/llfl1118tlc KCUmuiaWr 8tllet:l/on chlllt ($Ingle uniiiJ
400 -
300
.
200
\I:Jiurni
ima=KE
Nm)x 100
29.5Nm
15 0
x
:
..
/
'
..
...
0
/
/
0
/_E
0
1/
0
/_
0
/
v
0
I
.
7'
0
I
v
I
/.
i
0
/'
100
. 9
B
7
6
2
./
5
v
I
I
/'
0
~
9
"
. 1
Bv
..
7 -
6
5
..
25 30 40 60 60 100 150 200 300 400 500
Volume of nttroge_n in accumulator
~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
22
Copyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:18 200l.
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i .
. ,Jj
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1
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l
SECTION A
Graph A8 HydtrJopneumstk sccumula/or soJoclion cbBrl (muntple ooia)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
20 0
. 1 50
00
9!i
80
70
60
50
I
I
40 /
30i/c'
20
. 1
5 .
10.
100
I
I
/

/
150 200
, ..
"
...
I
KE(Nm x100

i
v
VF
/c
F
/c
/'
\
..
...
"
/
/E
-
300 400 500 . 600
of in
Copyright byrthe IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:18 2001
F,..
j

.
-;;:;OFF
v/
FF ;
'
BOO 1000 1500 2000.
23
.

.. SECTION A

Urafl/1 A9 ffvrfrrrpneumatic ar;s;umufalor selection chalf (5-50m pipe run)

goor---
6CDI-- -------1-----+--
i
!>DOl----
400 1--:---.,.----,----''----
3Dor---
200 --
i
I .
!
--------1
------1
------------1
--_,l
22 2a 35 .;z f.: _
Dlame1er of pipe (copper)
24
Copyright by the IP, Wed .(\.ug 22 12:55:19 200:L
L
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1 ..
INSPECTION AND TESTING
OF WATER MAINS AND
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Water Mains
The mains should be tested in sections as the work of k.ying
proceeds and joinis should be left exposed for Inspection during
testing. After completion of each section, tho main should be
carefully and slowly charged wnh water so that all air is expelled,
allowed to stand full of water for 1-2 days if possible and then
tested under pressure. The test pressure should be 90m head or
tho maximum working pressure ,pluS 50%, whichever is tho
greater.
The pressure should be applied by means of a mnuallyoperated
test pump or, In the case of long mains or mains ar large diameter,
by a power-drtwn test pump provided that the pump is not left
une.ttended. Precaution must alwa)<S be taken to see that the test
pressure Is not BJ<ceeded. Pressure gauges must be accurate and
If necessary should be <&-calibrated before the test.
After the PumP has been stopped, the test pressure should be'
maintained as Jong as is necessary to Inspect the whole at the
pipework under test and In any event not less thE1n half-an.hoUr.
Open ends of rnalns should be tempomrily closed for testing
Uf1der moderate pressure by frHing watertight expanding plugs.
The end of the .f11ain and any test plug must be well secured to
resist the erid thrust of the water pressure in the main, i.e.
maximum test pressure x crass sectional area of pipe. If the
section of main terminates with a sluice valve, the wedge of the
valve should never. be used to retain the water because this might
lead to permanent distortion of the v.<>rldng parts of the valve.
tnstea:d, the valve should be fitted with a blank flange or socket
plug and the valve left in the open position whilst testing. End
support should be provided as explained previously.
Cold Water Systems .
When tho installations are complete they should be siO)Niy and
carelully charged with water, allowing all air to escape thus
avoiding shock or water hammer. Tho systems should ba
Inspected under v.<>rking conditions of pressure and flow and
when all draw-of! laPs am closed, should be absoltrtely watertight.
E;ach draw-off tap should be opened and tested tor raue of now.
Certain specifying authorttles may requim pr8S5ure testing of
internal pipework In which case, systems should be tested in
accordance with the pressure test preVIously described. In such
cases, it may be necessary to Isolate nems of equipment from the
pressure test H they are not capable of withstanding the test
pressure. Where these items are removed, blanking Ranges or
plugs must be used or a make-up piece ot pipework Installed
temporarily. .
All piping, fillings and appliances should be Inspected and
chocked for satisfactory support and protection from physical
damage, and frost.
Because. of tho possibility of damage In transit, It Is always
advisable tQ re-test cisterns, tanks ana cylinders tor water-
tightness on' arriVal at site before fixing .
Hot Water Systems
Hot systems should be ihoroughly flushed ou! and then
tested 1n same manner as described for cold water systerris.
Whore thermal is u&ed, tho hydraulic test should be ..
made before the insulation work is completed and Whilst an joints
are exposed.
Where a pressu.re test is employed, boiler and calorlfier reuef
valves should be removed and these valves should be tested tater.
The test pressu1e should be one and a half times the nonnal
SECTION A
woridng pressure and this should be maintained for thirty minutes
after good any leaks.
It Is necessary to carry out the hydmulic pressure test on sec!lons
of pipeworli prior to completion of'the whole lnslalletion where
tqese in duqls, ChaseS, trenches, etc, and are concealed
from view. If rectification of faulty materials or workmanship on
such sections is likely to involw disturbance to finished structural
features, the test pressure should be twice the normal
pressure.
Sterilization of Cold Water Systems
The whole of the system should be stertlized to eliminate possible
traces of bacterta.
Sterilization of public water mains. Is carried out by the Water
Authority who may also carry out the stertlizatlon of new private
mains. Where this is not standard practice, the plumbing
contractor should cany out the sterilizing process as described
below.
After cleaning the cistern of all debris, the clstem and pipework
should be filled with water and the whole thoroughly flushed out
The system should then be filled with water a second time, but as
the cistern is filling, a sterilizing chemical containing chlorine
should be added to ensure thorough mixing of the chemical and
water. The dose should be such as.to give 50 parts of chlorine to
one mllrlon partsofwater.lfordlnarybleaching powder is used, the
proportion should be 150g of powder to 1000 Jares of water, the
PowtJer first being miXed with water to a creamy qonslstency
before being added. Proprietary brands of sterilizing chemicals
should be added in the proportions as Instructed by the
manufacturers.
After filii rig the system, the Incoming water supply should be shut-
of! and each tap on the distributing pipes opened sucoassively,
starting with that nearest the cistern. />s the water which issues .
from each tap beglnstosmellofchlortno, the tap should be closed.
The cistern should then be filled again to the water-line wnh water
towhlch has been added the correCt dose of chemical:
The whole system should then be allowed to stand charged with
treated water for a period of at leaSt 3 hours, after which a test
should be made by smell for residual chlorine. If none is found, the
sterilization should be repeated.
Before any water is used for domestic purposes, tho whole system
must be emptle<(and thoroughly flushed out wnh C!earl water.
PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION
OF WA1IR BY BACKSIPHONAGE
OR CROSS CONNECTION
Water Byelaw requirements for P"*""lng mains supplied water
services from tho risks of contaminalion arising from
backslphonage, backflow orcross-connectlon are concerned with '
three principles of protection: '
1. Water supplied from tho mains must be kept seperale from any
otherWalsr, such as that supplied from a private source (e.g .. a well
or borehole) and Walsrthat isotheJWise non-potable. This includes
mains supplied water that has been drawn-off for use even if Its
quality has not deteriorated. '
2: Thera must be no cross-cOnnectiori within a Water installatiori
such as between mains-fed supply pipes and cistern-ted
distributing pipes, and between cistern-fed primary and
secondary hotWBlerclroul1s. Although a closed circun must not be
connected to a mains-fed supply pipe, the primary heating circuit
of a sealed system may be filled or topped up from a temporary

25
opyright by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:19 2001
. SECTION A
PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION
OF WATER BY BACKSIPHONAGE
OR CROSS CONNECTION
connection made to a. supply pipe, through an approYO<i and
effective backfla.v prevention device, provided that the temporary
connection Is removed after use. Tha connection of any pump or
Other similar device into a supply pipe, so as to cause beckllow Into
the pipe, is prohibited.
. 3. Every point of water U!SS, such as a draw;off tap, we flushing
cistern or washing machine, must be protected against backflow
by the use at a suitable backfla.v prevention device.
. Requlremems for beckfla.v protection ateV19rypointof use of water
are based upon tha recommendations of the 1974 Report of the
COmmittee on Backsiphonage In Water Installation, for tha three
calegories at risk shown in Table A21, ruid illustrated In Figures
A7-A12.
BACKFWW PREVENTION DEVICES
The following protective devices are those considered acc8ptabie
and mentioned in tha Model Water Byelaws, June 1986. As other
Flgums A7-A12, EDmplos or blc/dlaw pmloclfon
26
Supply-
pipe
SUpply-
pipe
--T)1>1> A air gap
-
-
--
Glsten)
Hazard to health,
continuing or freqoont
-- --il'JYpe A air gap
-
-
.
From customer's IMrl
Cistern soon:e of non-potable
wa!Br
Jipo B *gap, pipe
doWie check wl\o assembly or
BS 1212 paris 2 or 3 float

Glstem
:oJmm
"'" to
... -
Hazard to health.
corrtlruflll or frequent
CategOI)' ol rlsl< source Eltamples of recommended
protection
CIBssf
R!sk of contamination WCpon ApprcM!KI flushing
whieh ia to be ci!ilem coJT&CCiy
harmful 110 health, from a ln&talled
subst:anl:e ccnlinuously or
"""'
T)1>1> A Bi<iJ'I'
frequently pmsent
Cla8S2
Risk d contamination
T"" a1
Type A air-gap
whletl 1$, or U1 Uke!y olnlal etc
to qe harmful to hea.tlh, union . Combination in-lin&-
from ti SUbstnnCe whlcti
-
vacuum and check VBMt.
may be presont Type 8 air-gap.
mach!-
"C.S3
Aisle of cootaminat!on Hot & cold hrf of tho aboYe device8,
which Is .not, or ls not or a check valve or an
llk&ly to 1,e, harmful in line anli-Yacuum valYB.
to health Domestic Arry of the aboYe devices.
'no less Eflfectlve devices' are developed 8lld accepted, they will
be lisled in the 'Water Fittings Directory' published twice-yearly by
the Wate1 Byelaws Advisory Service of the Water Research
Centre.

p\Je D
A
c B
Glstem ,,.,.,... 3 points of use A, B and c and prMrrts - from
all! ooe lhe cistern fetd D.
Q)Uki be crnss-contarrinatlon IJetoM:en A to 8 or C and from B 1o C
urioss !\and B iiso lr1co!por;te prutedloo at A arn1 B.
r--J,===='-liPe Bar gap,
1
pipe lrterrupler,
double ched< me assembly
=-:- or BS 1212 Part 2 or 3
= -::--:.:-_:--"'-. nq.t opofils!lva!Yo.
Supply- _I Glstem.
;:IP<t
Conlerits fMI harmlti to hoalth
Check vaiYo orBS 1212
Part 2 or 3 f!oal valw
__J
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rrl
. I
I...J
n
. ,_j
1r1
.......
r
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. I
'-'
0
r:
...,I
0
0
[J
0
c
r
....,
r
,....
[
[
r
"""'!':
-cY

H
ll
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r.
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J'
SECTION A

Type A Air-Giap
A visible, unobstructad and complete gap measured vertically
between the lowElst point of discharge of the watGr inlet pipe "'
fitting and the sp!i over level of the cistern, vessel or 0111er fitting
Into which the now Is discharged.
Table A22 lleqltiml d/meiJI/Dnl all\IJ A oJr.-
Bore of Inlet or feed pipe Minimum wrtical distioce of point
of outlet-. Pill "'" IMI
mm
Not exceeding 14
Exceeding 14 but not

21 but not
exceeding 41
mm
20
25
70
Exceeding 41 lWJce the bore of the outlet
F/gul8 A13 &ample of 8 li'Pe A air-gop BIB dTii'IMJ/f lllp on o link,
Ish basin or bath
l.Miol'-'1
part of outlet
wrtlcal -oo, I
istheairgapandls ---- ----
rela:l:ed to the bore of
tile
'JYpe 8 Air-Gap
. SpilkMir Of reoaMng
IOSSO(OOresinded)
A vertical distance between the 111i>ie51 point of discharge Into a
cistern, vessel or other fitting and Its steady water level when there
Is a maximum inflow of water and all outlets, """"Pt any overflow
pipe, are closed. The necessary air-gap must enher be sufficient
to prevent back:slphonage should a vacuum occur In the
discharge pipe or fitting, or comply with the appropriate
dimensions given In Table A22. .
F/gute AU Elrllmp/e ot a l\lw 8 pti1V/ded D/ a IIGid WBIIr
slotage clllem llttrJJI wilb &BS1Z12 Parl2 or l'lllt 3 flollt Vllve
Minimum wrtical disiMCe
- tho OU1Iel of the float ""' Is
"lated ro the sil! of feed pipe
ea... l.rJooot part
of outk!l
-
Check Valve
A mechanical d!Mce incotporating resilient elastic and positively
tight seals doslgned to penmlt water to now In one direction only.
TJ-..Insti!llation of two check valVes with an Intervening draining
tap, known as a 'double check valve assembly', Is an acceptable
form of protection at certain points of use Of delivery of water.
EXllm/Ne . <lid ritw
NOITllal dlrootion
of !low
Pipe lnierrupter
A non-mechanical device through which wa!Bf passes and into
wt>ich air ca.n enter .through an 1110bstructed annular aperture, "'
apertures. When a vacuum occurs on the lnJet side of the device,
a correspondirig vacuum is produced on the outlet side, thus
plliiiBntlng backsiphonage. Pipe Interrupters need to be correptly
located and Installed to a\/Oid any reetrictlon downstream (sg, a
stopvalve) that could impose beckp;essure on the del/Ice.
F/gu11 A16 &amp/B alo p/IJII/nlsmtJ)/Or
Normal drection J1
. offla,v v
'Zl

by the IP, Wed Aug 22 12:55:20 2001
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I

National Plumbing Code Section A Water Supplies

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