English - Verbs

Proper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct english. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ing form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows : Verbs in which all the three forms are different Verbs in which all two forms are identical Verbs in which all three forms are identical

Following is the list of Verbs in which all the three forms are different
Base Form
Abide Arise Awake Be Bear Beat Begin Bid Bite Blow Break Choose Do Draw Drink Drive Eat Fall Fly Forbid Foresee Forget Forgive Forsake

Past Form
Abided Arose Awoke Was/Were Bore Beat Began Bade Bit Blew Broke Chose Did Drew Drank Drove Ate Fell Flew Forbade Foresaw Forgot Forgave Forsook

Past Participle Form

Abided/Abidden Arisen Awoken Been Born/Borne Beaten Begun Bidden Bitten Blown Broken Chosen Done Drawn Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Flown Forbidden Foreseenddd Forgotten Forgiven Forsaken

ing form
Abiding Arising Awaking Being Bearing Beating Beginning Bidding Biting Blowing Breaking Choosing Doing Drawing Drinking Driving Eating Falling Flying Forbidding Foreseeing Forgetting Forgiving Forsaking

Freeze Give Go Grow Hide Know Lie Mistake Mow Overdraw Overtake Re-prove Ride Ring Rise Rive Saw See Sew Shake Shave Show Shrink Sing Sink Slay Slide Sow Speak Spin Spit Split Spoil Spread Spring

Froze Gave Went Grew Hid Knew Lay Mistook Mowed Overdrew Overtook Re-proved Rode Rang Rose Rived Sawed Saw Sewed Shook Shaved Showed Shrank Sang Sank Slew Slid Sowed Spoke Span/Spun Spat/Spit Split Spoilt/Spoiled Spread Sprang

Frozen Given Gone Grown Hidden Known Lain Mistaken Mown Overdrawn Overtaken Re-proven/Re-proved Ridden Rung Risen Riven/Rived Sawn/Sawed Seen Sewn/Sewed Shaken Shaven/Shaved Shown Shrunk Sung Sunk Slain Slid/Slidden Sown Spoken Spun Spat/Spit Split Spoilt/Spoiled Spread Sprung

Freezing Giving Going Growing Hiding Knowing Lying Mistaking Mowing Overdrawing Overtaking Re-proving Riding Ringing Rising Riving Sawing Seeing Sewing Shaking Shaving Showing Shrinking Singing Sinking Slaying Sliding Sowing Speaking Spinning Spitting Splitting Spoiling Spreading Springing

Stand Steal Stride Strike Strive Swear Swell Swim Take Thrive Throw Tread Undergo Undertake Wake Wear Weave Withdraw Write

Stood Stole Strode/Strided Struck Strove Swore Swelled Swam Took Throve/Thrived Threw Trod Underwent Undertook Woke Wore Wove Withdrew Wrote

Stood Stolen Stridden Struck/Stricken Striven Sworn Swollen Swum Taken Thriven/Thrived Thrown Trodden Undergone Undertaken Woken Worn Woven Withdrawn Written

Standing Stealing Striding Striking Striving Swearing Swelling Swimming Taking Thriving Throwing Treading Undergoing Undertaking Waking Wearing Weaving Withdrawing Writing

Verbs in which all two forms are identical

Base Form
Alight Bend Behold Bleed Bring Buy Bind Broadcast Burn Build Breed Catch Cost Clap Bent Beheld Bled Brought Bought Bound Broadcast/Broadcasted Burnt/Burned Built Bred Caught Cost Clapped/Clapt

Past Form
Alit/Alighted

Past Participle Form

Alit/Alighted Bent Beheld Bled Brought Bought Bound Broadcast/Broadcasted Burnt/Burned Built Bred Caught Cost Clapped/Clapt

ing form
Alighting Bending Beholding Bleeding Bringing Buying Binding Broadcasting Burning Building Breeding Catching Costing Clapping

Clothe Come Creep Dare Deal Dig Dream Dwell Feed Feel Fight Find Fit Foretell Flee Fling Forecast Get Grind Hang Have Hear Hold Inlay Input Interlay Keep Kneel Knit Lay Lead Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Lie Light

Clad/Clothed Came Crept Dared Dealt Dug Dreamt/Dreamed Dwelt Fed Felt Fought Found Fit/Fitted Foretold Fled Flung Forecast/Forecasted Got Ground Hung/Hanged Had Heard Held Inlaid Input/Inputted Interlaid Kept Knelt/Kneeled Knit/Knitted Laid Led Leant/Leaned Leapt/Leaped Learnt/Learned Left Lent Lied Lit

Clad/Clothed Come Crept Dared Dealt Dug Dreamt/Dreamed Dwelt Fed Felt Fought Found Fit/Fitted Foretold Fled Flung Forecast/Forecasted Got/Gotten Ground Hung/Hanged Had Heard Held Inlaid Input/Inputted Interlaid Kept Knelt/Kneeled Knit/Knitted Laid Led Leant/Leaned Leapt/Leaped Learnt/Learned Left Lent Lied Lit

Clothing Coming Creeping Daring Dealing Digging Dreaming Dwelling Feeding Feeling Fighting Finding Fitting Foretelling Fleeing Flinging Forecasting Getting Grinding Hanging Having Hearing Holding Inlaying Inputting Interlaying Keeping Kneeling Knitting laying Leading Leaning Leaping Learning Leaving Lending lying Lighting

Lose Make Mean Meet Melt Misunderstand Miswed Mislead Overhear Pay Preset Prove Rid Run Say Seek Sell Send Shear Shine Shoe Shoot Sit Sleep Sling Slink Smell Sneak Soothsay Speed Spell Spend Spill String Strip Stick Sting Stink

Lost Made Meant Met Melted Misunderstood Miswed/Miswedded Misled Overheard Paid Preset Proved Rid/Ridded Ran Said Sought Sold Sent Shore/Sheared Shone Shod Shot Sat Slept Slung Slunk Smelt/Smelled Sneaked/Snuck Soothsaid Sped/Speeded Spelt/Spelled Spent Spilt/Spilled Strung Stript/Stripped Stuck Stung Stank

Lost Made Meant Met Molten/Melted Misunderstood Miswed/Miswedded Misled Overheard Paid Preset Proven/Proved Rid/Ridded Run Said Sought Sold Sent Shorn/Sheared Shone Shod Shot Sat Slept Slung Slunk Smelt/Smelled Sneaked/Snuck Soothsaid Sped/Speeded Spelt/Spelled Spent Spilt/Spilled Strung Stript/Stripped Stuck Stung Stunk

Losing Making Meaning Meeting Melting Misunderstanding Miswedding Misleading Overhearing Paying Presetting Proving Ridding Running Saying Seeking Selling Sending Shearing Shining Shoeing Shooting Sitting Sleeping Slinging Slinking Smelling Sneaking Soothsaying Speeding Spelling Spending Spilling Stringing Stripping Sticking Stinging Stinking

Sweat Sweep Sunburn Swing Teach Tell Think Tear Understand Vex Wed Weep Wend Wet Win Wind Withstand Wring Withhold Zinc

Sweat/Sweated Swept/Sweeped Sunburned/Sunburnt Swung Taught Told Thought Tore Understood Vext/Vexed Wed/Wedded Wept Wended/Went Wet/Wetted Won Wound Withstood Wrung Withheld Zinced/Zincked

Sweat/Sweated Swept/Sweeped Sunburned/Sunburnt Swung Taught Told Thought Torn Understood Vext/Vexed Wed/Wedded Wept Wended/Went Wet/Wetted Won Wound Withstood Wrung Withheld Zinced/Zincked

Sweating Sweeping Sunburning Swinging Teaching Telling Thinking Tearing Understanding Vexing Wedding Weeping Wending Wetting Winning Winding Withstanding Wringing Withholding Zincking

Verbs in which all three forms are identical

Base Form
Bet Burst Bust Become Bid Cast Cut Hit Hurt Let Put Quit Read Set Shed Bet Burst Bust Became Bid Cast Cut Hit Hurt Let Put Quit Read Set Shed

Past Form

Past Participle Form

Bet Burst Bust Become Bid Cast Cut Hit Hurt Let Put Quit Read Set Shed

ing form
Betting Bursting Busting Becoming Bidding Casting Cutting Hitting Hurting Letting Putting Quitting Reading Setting Shedding

Slit Shut Sublet Thrust Upset

Slit Shut Sublet Thrust Upset

Slit Shut Sublet Thrust Upset

Slitting Shutting Subletting Thrusting Upsetting

English - Tenses
There are three type of Tenses :
I) Present Tense II) Past Tense III) Future Tense Each Tense has four sub categories. They are : I) Present Tense a) Simple Present b) Present Continuous c) Present Perfect d) Present Perfect Continuous

(a) Simple Present : This Tense is used to express the habits, daily routine and universal
truths. In this tense the first form of the verb is used. Taking the verb eat we can make sentences in the following manner : The formula for simple present is Subject + V1 I eat an apple every day. We eat apples every day. You eat apples every day. He eats an apple every day. She eats an apple every day. It eats an apple every day. They eat apples every day.

(b) Present Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is continuing or
taking place now. In this tense the ing form of the verb is used. The formula for present continuous is Subject + Aux +V4 (ing form) I am eating an apple now. We are eating apples now. You are eating an apple now. He is eating an apple now. She is eating an apple now.

It is eating an apple now. They are eating apples now.

(c) Present Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which is over just now or
completed today. In this tense the third form of the verb is used. The formula for present perfect is Subject +Auxiliary Verb + V3 (Past Participle Form) I have eaten an apple today. We have eaten apples today. You have eaten an apple today. He has eaten an apple today. She has eaten an apple today. It has eaten an apple today. They have eaten apples today.

(c) Present Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which began
at some point of time in the past and is still continuing. In this tense the ing form of the verb is used. The formula for present perfect continuous is Subject+Aux+Aux+V4(ing form) I have been eating apples for the last three months. We have been eating apples for the last three months. You have been eating apples for the last three months. He has been eating apples for the last three months. She has been eating apples for the last three months. It has been eating apples for the last three months. They have been eating apples for the last three months II) Past Tense a) Simple Past b) Past Continuous c) Past Perfect d) Past Perfect Continuous

(a) Simple Past : This Tense is used to express an action which is over or completed at
some point of time in the past. In this tense the second form of the verb is used. The formula for simple past is Subject + V2 I ate an apple yesterday. We ate apples yesterday. You ate an apple yesterday. He ate an apple yesterday. She ate an apple yesterday. It ate an apple yesterday. They ate apples yesterday.

(b) Past Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which was continuing at
some point of time in the past. In this tense the ing form of the verb is used.

The formula for past continuous is Subject +Aux + V4(ing form) I was eating an apple yesterday. We were eating apples yesterday. You were eating an apple yesterday. He was eating an apple yesterday. She was eating an apple yesterday. It was eating an apple yesterday. They were eating apples yesterday.

(c) Past Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which was over long ago. In
this tense the third form of the verb is used. The formula for past perfect is Subject +Aux + V3 I had eaten an apple six years ago. We had eaten apples six years ago. You had eaten an apple six years ago. He had eaten an apple six years ago. She had eaten an apple six years ago. It had eaten an apple six years ago. They had eaten apples six years ago.

(d) Past Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which began at
some point of time in the past, continued for some time and was subsequently discontinued. In this tense the ing form of the verb is used. The formula for past perfect continuous is Subject +Aux +Aux + V4(ing form) I had been eating apples until last year. We had been eating apples until last year. You had been eating apples until last year. He had been eating apples until last year. She had been eating apples until last year. It had been eating apples until last year. They had been eating apples until last year.

III) Future Tense (a) Simple Future : This Tense is used to express intention. In this tense the first form
of the verb is used. The formula for simple future is Subject + Aux + V1 I will eat an apple tomorrow. We will eat apples tomorrow. You will eat an apple tomorrow. He will eat an apple tomorrow.

She will eat an apple tomorrow. It will eat an apple tomorrow. They will eat apples tomorrow. Here it may be mentioned that strict grammar rules prefer the use of shall for I and We First person singular and plural. However, in interrogative sentences shall has to be used with I & We instead of will.

(b) Future Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to be
continuing at some point of time in future. In this tense the ing form of the verb is used. The formula for future continuous is Subject +Aux+Aux+ V4(ing form) I will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening. We will be eating apples tomorrow in the evening. You will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening. He will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening. She will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening. It will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening. They will be eating apples tomorrow in the evening.

(c) Future Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to have
been completed at some point of time in future. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used. The formula for future perfect is Subject+Aux+Aux+V3 I will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow. We will have eaten apples by this time tomorrow. You will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow. He will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow. She will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow. It will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow. They will have eaten apples by this time tomorrow.

(d) Future Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is
imagined to began at some point of time in future and continue for sometime. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used. In this tense the ing form of the verb is used. The formula for future perfect is Subject+Aux+Aux+Aux +V4 I will have been eating apples from next year. We will have been eating apples from next year. You will have been eating apples from next year. He will have been eating apples from next year. She will have been eating apples from next year. It will have been eating apples from next year. They will have been eating apples from next year.

And English grammar has classified human beings, animals and things into 7 categories.
They are : I, We, You, He, She, It and They. I is called First Person Singular. We is called First Person Plural. You is called Second Person Singular / Plural. He is called Third Person Singular. She is called Third Person Singular. It is called Third Person Singular. They is called Third Person Plural. One should be extremely careful in the use of third person singular especially in Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses.

English - Articles
a, an and the are the three articles used in English language. a and an are calledindefinite Articles and the is called the definite article.
a and an are used in the sense of one. The indefinite Article a is used before words beginning with consonants or consonantal sound. The indefinite Article an is used before words beginning with vowels or vowel sound. Eg. : Ragu ate a banana. The young boy saw a tiger. The Principal declared a holiday for the college tomorrow.

In all the above three examples the article a was used in the sense of one.
Sita ate an apple in the morning. Ravi saw an elephant in the circus. An old man was walking across the street. Eating an orange everyday is also good for health. Raghu lost an umbrella in class. Gita wanted an ink-stand.

In all the above three examples the article an was used in the sense of one.
Here it has to be emphasized that students should be careful in noticing the vowel sound. In certain cases the word may begin with a vowel but it may have a consonantal sound. In such a case the indefinite article a should be used. Eg. : He gave the beggar a one-rupee coin. I met a European in Karol-Bagh. Screwdriver is a useful instrument. This is a University.

Similarly, in other cases the word may begin with a consonant but it may have a vowel sound. In such a case the indefinite article an should be used. Eg. : He is an honest officer. There are 60 minutes in an hour. He is an heir to crores of property.

The definite article the is used before the names of rivers, mountain ranges and things which are unique in the world.
Eg. : The Ganges is a polluted river now. The Yamuna flows through Delhi. The Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the world. The Sun rises in the east. The Moon has a cycle of one month.

The definite article the is used before superlatives.

Eg. : Kumar is the cleverest boy in the class. Geeta is the tallest girl in the class. Cheeta is the fastest animal.

The definite article the is used to refer to a particular person or thing.

Eg. : The patient who was admitted in the hospital yesterday, died today morning. The apple which was kept on the table is rotten. The computer we bought last month is infected by virus.

The definite article the is used before Holy books.

The Ramayana, The Mahabharta The Quran, The Bible, The Bhagwatgita

It is also used in comparison :

Eg : Mumbai is considered the Manchester of India. Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India.

English - Active & Passive Voice

The most famous sentence, most of us are familiar is:
Ram killed Ravana. - Active Voice Ravana was killed by Ram. - Passive Voice Here the first sentence is said to be in Active Voice and the second sentence in Passive Voice.

A sentence is said to be in Active Voice when the subject does something. Similarly, a sentence is said to be in Passive Voice when something is done to the subject.

In the above sentence Ram is the subject and Ravana is the object. In the active voice sentence Ram i.e., the subject has killed the object Ravana. In the second sentence Ravana is the subject but he allowed himself to be killed by subject Ram. Here the subject is Passive. Therefore, it is called Passive voice. Eg. : Raghu kicked the ball. In this sentence Raghu is the subject and ball is the ' object'. The word kicked is the verb.

Here it must be noted that:

I becomes me in Passive voice We becomes us You remains you He becomes him She becomes her It remains it They becomes them.

Here also the active voice and passive voice are expressed in different tenses. I) Present Tense a) Simple Present
I watch movies every week. - Active Voice Movies are watched by me every week. - Passive Voice We watch movies every week. Movies are watched by us every week. You watch movies every week. Movies are watched by you every week. He watches movies every week. Movies are watched by him every week. She watches movies every week. Movies are watched by her every week. It watches movies every week. Movies are watched by it every week. They watch movies every week. Movies are watched by them every week.

b) Present Continuous
I am watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by me now. We are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by us now.

You are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by you now. He is watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by him now. She is watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by her now. It is watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by it now. They are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by them now.

c) Present Perfect
I have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by me today. We have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by us today. You have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by you today. He has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by him today. She has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by her today. It has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by it today. They have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by them today.

d) Present Perfect Continuous

Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

II) Past Tense a) Simple Past

I watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by me yesterday.

We watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by us yesterday. You watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by you yesterday. He watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by him yesterday. She watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by you yesterday. It watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by it yesterday. They watched a movie yesterday. A movie was watched by them yesterday.

b) Past Continuous
I was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by me yesterday. We were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by me yesterday. You were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by you yesterday. He was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by him yesterday. She was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by her yesterday. It was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by it yesterday. They were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by them yesterday.

c) Past Perfect
I had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by me three years ago. We had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by us three years ago. You had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by me three years ago.

He had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by him three years ago. She had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by her three years ago. It had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by it three years ago. They had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by them three years ago.

d) Past Perfect Continuous

As we indicated earlier, ideas are normally not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

III) Future Tense a) Simple Future

I will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by me tomorrow. We will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by us tomorrow. You will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by you tomorrow. He will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by him tomorrow. She will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by her tomorrow. It will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by it tomorrow. They will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by them tomorrow.

b) Future Continuous
I will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by me at this time tomorrow. We will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by us at this time tomorrow.

You will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by you at this time tomorrow. He will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by him at this time tomorrow. She will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by her at this time tomorrow. It will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by it at this time tomorrow. They will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by them at this time tomorrow.

c) Future Perfect
I will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by me by 6 pm tomorrow. We will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by us by 6 pm tomorrow. You will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by you by 6 pm tomorrow. He will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by him by 6 pm tomorrow. She will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by her by 6 pm tomorrow. It will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by it by 6 pm tomorrow. They will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by them by 6 pm tomorrow.

d) Future Perfect Continuous

Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

All sentences cannot be made into Passive Voice. Only the sentences with an object in them can be made into Passive Voice. All verbs are not transitive. A verb which takes an object is said to be a Transitive Verb and a Verb which does not take an object is said to be Intransitive. For Example, the following sentence cannot be converted into Passive Voice for the simple reason that the verb go does not take an object. I go for a walk every day.

In the above sentence the verb go is an Intransitive Verb. Such sentences which do not have an object cannot be converted into Passive Voice. More examples of sentences with Intransitive Verbs: Raju jumped 10 feet. David ran fast. Sita drove rashly.

A case of double object. Certain sentences contain two objects. In such a case two passive sentences can be made using one object in each case. The principal sent a telegram to Gopi. A telegram was sent by the Principal to Gopi.

English - Auxiliaries
am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had are called Primary Auxiliaries. Will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, must, need are called Modal Auxiliaries.
The Primary Auxiliaries can be used as helping verbs as well as principal verbs. The Modal Auxiliaries are always used as helping verbs. In other words they cannot be used as Principal verbs.

Eg., Am
I am a software professional. I am working for Wipro. In the above first sentence am was used as a principal verb and in the second it was used as a helping verb.

Is
He is a doctor. He is performing a surgery at the movement.

Are
We are students of Hansraj College.

We are participating in a football tournament here.

Was
Kalidasa was a great poet. Gopal was riding a bi-cycle when he was hit by a scooter.

Were
They were my classmates in Dehradun. They were going to Goa when their train met with an accident.

Have
I have many grammar books at home. I have read all of them.

Has
He has a laptop with him. He has put it in his briefcase.

Had
I had a beautiful pen. I had bought it in 2004.

Do
They do their work sincerely. They do not go home before 8 pm.

Does
He does his work efficiently. He does not waste even a single minute.

Did
She did her job Did she come to office yesterday?

Modal Auxiliaries Modal Auxiliaries can only be used as a helping verb. Will It is used to express intention. It is normally used in future tense.
We will go to Jaisalmer next week. They will visit our place in February. Will they accompany you for lunch?

Would It is the past form of will.

He would complete his work by this time tomorrow. She would be going for her dance classes from next week. Would you like to have a glass of water?

Shall
Shall I take leave tomorrow? Shall we go on a picnic next week? Shall we have coffee in CP?

Should
You should pay attention in the class. Should I accompany her to her house? You should drink two glasses of water daily in the morning.

May It is used to indicate possibility.

I may come to your house tomorrow. It may rain in the evening. Government may hike the price of petrol and diesel. May I borrow your book for a couple of days?

Might It is the past form of may and is used to express less certain situations.
I might take a leave tomorrow. Dad might come to office the day after tomorrow.

Mid term elections might be announced in mid March.