MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION OF UKRAINE LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Department of Applied Linguistics

COURSE PAPER IN CONTRASTIVE LEXICOLOGY AND PHRASEOLOGY OF UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH

Contrastive analysis of English and Ukrainian phraseological units concerning the thematic group Hand

Presented by: VerbenetsUlyana Supervised by: Hajduk M.S.

Lviv-2009

Table of contents

1. Introduction2 2. Theoretical part..3 3. Practical part..7 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Thematic classification.....7 Structural classification...24 Equivalents of phraseological units....27

4. Conclusions..29 5. References31

Introduction
The general aim of the course paper is to study the phraseological units concerning the thematic group Hand, to make the contrastive analysis of the phraseological units of the English and Ukrainian languages and to show the similarities and differences between them. In order to make a contrastive analysis, the necessary data are to be collected and classified. While doing the research work several methods of contrastive analysis have been used. The basic method that has been used, is observation collecting facts from Ukrainian and English dictionaries. In general 174 English and 161 Ukrainian phraseological units have been collected. The collection of the data is the basic stage. The next stage of the analysis is the classification of all the data, which have been previously collected. In this course paper two ways of classification have been made: thematic and structural classifications. The last stage is generalization, when some assumptions on the base of collected and classified data can be made. After collecting all the data and classifying it some results can be gained and some conclusions can be made. Any linguistic generalization is to be followed by a verifying process where various procedures of linguistic analysis are applied. Selection of this or that particular procedure depends on the goal set before the investigator. There are two kinds of classifications presented in this course paper. The first one is the classification by theme, which means the classification according to the meaning of the phraseological unit. The second one is the structural classification, which was introduced by I.V. Arnold. Such structural principle of classifying phraseological units is based on their ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words. The last part of the investigation is devoted to the search of different kinds of equivalents in the English and Ukrainian languages and their analysis.

Theoretical part
The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units. Phraseological unit or idiom is a group of words whose meaning as a group is different from the meaning those words would have if you considered each one separately. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech; they exist in the language as ready-made units. The same as words phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. N.M. Rayevska defines idiom (idiomatic phrase) as a phrase, developing a meaning which cannot be readily analysed into the several semantic elements which would ordinarily be expressed by the words making up the phrase. It transcends the ordinary syntactic patterns and must be studied as an indivisible entity, in itself. [8, p.119] Idioms make the language more picturesque. They make each language more individual, colourful and rich. Idioms reflect the past history of the nation, its traditions and customs, folk-songs and fairy-tales, as well as its culture. There are a lot of famous linguists who studied phraseology: V.V. Vinogradov the classification which he suggested has been widely adopted by linguists working in other languages; A.V. Koonin, whose dictionary of English idioms has valuable information in this branch of vocabulary studies; B.K. Barantsev, who compiled the Anglo-Ukrainian Dictionary of Idioms and Phrases. The variety of phraseological units in language is impressive, and of course all of them should be sorted out and arranged in certain classes which possess some common characteristic features. But the question is which criteria should be chosen as the main to form this classification? There are different approaches to classifying idioms: by the structural or semantic features, by the degree of stability and origin. The traditional and oldest principle for classifying phraseological units is based on their original content: idioms are classified according to their sources of origin, for example, the particular sphere of human activity, nature etc. L.P. Smith classifies idioms, used by hunters, soldiers, fishermen and related to their occupation. This
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principle is sometimes called etymological. This principle undoubtedly shows the expressiveness and wealth of certain idiom groups, but it does not take into consideration the linguistic features of the phraseological units. Academician V.V. Vinogradov is a representative of the semantic principle of classification of idioms. It is based on the degree of semantic cohesion between the components of phraseological units. If the meaning of the phraseological unit is considerably distant from the meaning of its constituent parts, then the degree of semantic cohesion is quite great. Hence, all idioms by Vinogradov are divided into three main groups: phraseological combinations, unities and fusions. Phraseological combinations are word-groups meanings of which are easily deduced from the meanings of its constituents: cash and carry - (selfservice shop), in a big way (in great degree). Despite this, the use of words in these phrases is phraseologically restricted, for example: to talk sports, politics, business (but to speak about life), leading worker, leading article (but the main problem) etc. Phraseological unities are stock-phrases where the meaning of the whole unity is not the sum of meanings of its components but is based upon them, and may be understood from the components: to play the first fiddle (to be a leader in something), old salt (experienced sailor) etc. Phraseological fusions are word-groups with completely changed meaning; their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of constituent parts: at sixes and sevens (in confusion), to show the white feather (to show cowardice), to ride the high horse (to put on airs) etc. The classification system of phaseological units suggested by A.V. Koonin is based on the combined structural-semantic principle. Phaseological units are subdivided into the following four classes according to their function in communication determined by their structural-semantic characteristics: 1. Nominative phraseological units word-groups with one meaningful word and coordinative phrases: lord and master (husband), ways and means (methods of overcoming difficulties). And, also predicative phrases: ships that
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pass in the night (chance acquaintances), as mad as a hatter (not able to think right; crazy). [12, p.78] 2. Nominative-communicative phaseological units verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice: to break the ice the ice is broken. [12, p.93] 3. Phaseological units which are neither nominative nor communicative include interjectional word-groups: Bless (ones soul)! God bless me! [12, p.105] 4. Communicative phraseological units are represented by proverbs and sayings. [12, p.113] In Ukrainian there are several types of classifying of phraseological units. One of them is classification by semantic cohesion represented by V.V. Vnogradov, according to which phraseological units are divided into such groups: Phraseological combinations stable expressions, which contain words with free and phraseologically bound meanings. The meaning of the phraseological combination can be easily deduced from the semantic of its constituents: , , , . Phraseological unities stable word-groups with meanings which are determined to certain degree by the meanings of its constituents: , , , . Phraseological joints stable word-groups with meaning which can not be deduced from the meanings of its constituents: , , , . Phraseological expressions stable expressions which are formed by words with free meaning, but in the process of speech are reproduced as stable speech units. They include proverbs, sayings, and others: , , , , . As we can see, the principles of classification of phraseological unites in English and Ukrainian are similar that is conditioned by nature of idioms, their structure and peculiarities of their usage. In our research we are going to make the semantic
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classification of phraseological units by V.V. Vinogradov, because we consider it to be the most accurate and accepted both in English and Ukrainian. A number of phraseological units, due to their common source of origin, are characterized in English and Ukrainian by partial or complete identity of their syntactic structure, their componental images, picturesqueness and expressiveness (and consequently of their meaning). Such kind of idioms often preserves a similar or even identical word order in the source language and in the target language. For example: an eye for an eye, and tooth for tooth ( , ), Alpha and Omega ( ), to play with the fire ( ), etc. [12, p.53] So, in both languages we may find full and partial equivalents. Full equivalents have the same meanings and the same structure. Partial equivalents may have the same structures but different meanings, or the same meanings but different structures.

Practical Part Thematic Classification

The traditional and oldest principle for classifying phraseological units is based on their original content and might be alluded to as thematic. On this principle, idioms are classified according to their sources of origin, source referring to the particular sphere of human activity, of life of nature, of natural phenomena, etc. Working with phraseological units concerning the thematic group Hand, there has been found 341 English and 309 Ukrainian phraseological units and pointed out 10 groups in English and 9 groups in Ukrainian. These groups are the following: English group 1: Laziness, weariness, rest, fulfilment of the work at the expense of others. e. g. To sit on ones hands To sit around twiddling ones thumbs, to do nothing, to relax. The pace of development in Formula One is so fast that if you sit on your hands you quickly regret it. To get ones hands dirty, to He had he intention of do smth. unwillingly, with sullying his hands by disgust. playing politics. To do no work at all. He never does a hands turn to help me.

To sully ones hands

Not to do a hands turn

In Ukrainian there are 8 and in English 3 phraseological units concerning this group.

English group 2: Remuneration of labour, earnings, enrichment. e.g. Get your hands on
a) to obtain smth; a) They all want to get their b) to catch someone you are hands on my money. angry with. b) Wait until I get my hands

on her, shes borrowed my best skirt.

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Lay your hands on Time/money in hand

To find or obtain smth. Time or money that is available to be used. You have just enough food or money to live without suffering.

(from) hand to mouth/hand-to-mouth existence

Ill bring some tapes if I can lay my hands on them. We still have a couple of weeks in hand before the deadline. Weve been living hand to mouth ever since I lost my job.

In Ukrainian there are 0 and in English 4 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 3: Experience, skills, mastery and its absence. e.g. A dab hand Skilful hands, expert. She was an avid reader and a dab hand at solving difficult crossword puzzles. The side on your right or Keep to the left hand side left. of the road. Skilful at making things. The psychologist had said he was good with his hands. By direct personal She stayed there to experience. experience village life at first hand. Passed from the first I may have the story wrong person who actually saw or as I heard it at second heard smth to a second, hand. third, or fourth person. a) by a person, not a a) Every button-hole is made machine; by hand. b) delivered from one b) They delivered their person to another, not sent wedding invitations by through the post. hand. To have a lot of experience Im an old hand at this of smth. game. To not be in a position to The bank claims its hands do as you would like are tied by federal because of rules, promises regulators. etc. If many people work
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Right/left-handed Good with your hands

First hand/at first hand

At second/third/fourth hand

By hand

Be an old hand at sth Your hands are tied

Many hands make light

work On every hand A safe pair of hands

together, they can do a job quickly. On both sides or in every direction. A good worker, skilful hands. To get used to smth, to gain some experience.

To get ones hand in

Thick forest stood on every hand. He is regarded among the basket player as safe pair of hands. You are supposed to do ten chairs a day. We dont count the next few days, until you get your hand in.

In Ukrainian there are 5 and in English 12 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 4: Being busy, hard work, influence. e.g. Have a hand in In the hands of/in sbs hands Have your hands full To influence or be involved in something. Controlled by someone. To be very busy or too busy. People are very near or touching each other while they are fighting rather than firing guns at each other from a long way away. Work involving all hands, all hands to the pump, all hands job. To take up smth., to occupy oneself with smth I suspect John had a hand in this. The area is already in rebel hands. Im sorry I cant help I have my hands full with problems at home. Infantry, he added, deliberately placed themselves in positions where they would be engaged in hand-to-hand combat. It was all hands on deck, but it was a good test of our ability, and proved we could handle such a large project. He really can turn his hands to anything. I dont know what I would have done without him.

Hand-to-hand

All hands on deck

To turn ones hands to smth.

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In Ukrainian there are 2 and in English 6 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 5: Easy, difficult work, problems, punishment. e.g. To do smth. with one hand tied behind ones back Have sth/sb on your hands Have/keep sth to hand To do smth. with one hand, to cope with smth. very easily. To have a difficult job, problem, or responsibility that you must deal with. To have or keep smth where you can easily reach it. To severely restrict someones freedom to make decisions. To harm someone who has treated you well or supported you. To make someone do smth unwillingly or earlier than they had intended. Do it completely & very easily. Sth has been designed in such way, that it can be held and used easily with one or two hands. Without weapons or tools. She will perform the task with one hand tied behind her back. Theyll have a battle on their hands if they try to build a road here.

Tie/bind sb hand & foot

Bite the hand that feeds you

Force sbs hand

Were bound hand & foot by all these safety regulations. If I put my prices up, it's like biting the hand that feeds me - it's economic suicide. We didnt want to raise our prices but the fall in the dollar forced our hands.

Beat smb hands down Hand-held

With your bare hands

Credit card purchases are recorded on a hand-held computer and then transmitted to our head office for processing. She killed him with her bare hands.

In Ukrainian there are 1 and in English 9 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 6: Wasted labour, careless work, mistakes, rejection. e.g. To get ones hand dirty To take up a dirty job and to work with people, to be
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Business schools need to get their hands dirty,

close to the practice.

Off your hands

(get/be) out of hand Make/lose/spend hand over fist At the hands of

Wash your hands of sth Catch sb red-handed

A high hand

forging closer links with the businesses that are their ultimate customers. If something or someone is We have more free time off your hands, you are not now the kids are off our responsible for them any hands. more. Not under control. To gain, lose, or spend money very quickly and in large amounts. If you suffer at the hands They suffered terribly at the of someone, they treat you hands of the secret police. badly. To refuse to be responsible Ive washed my hands of for sth anymore. the whole affair. To find sb just as he/she is The police caught the doing sth wrong. burglars red-handed with the stolen jewellery. In arrogant or dictatorial manner; arbitrarily.

In Ukrainian there are 4 and in English 8 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 7: Energy, diligence, independence, speed of the work, importance. e.g. To try ones hand at smth. Turn your hand to To test smbs strength in smth., to take up smth. To start doing something new or practising a new skill. To keep practising something so you do not lose your skill. To try to gain more advantage than you know you can reasonably expect.
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She is trying her hand at journalism. Larry can turn his hand to anything. You should work part-time, just to keep your hand in. If youre asking for more vacation time, dont overplay your hand by bringing salary into it too.

Keep your hand in

Overplay your hand

Shake hands (with)/shake To have someones hand sbs hand/shake smb by up and down with your the hand own hand as a greeting or as a sign you have agreed smth. In hand/at hand It is important at the present moment. Put in hand It is put into action. Hands-off A person who has a handsoff way of organizing or dealing with sth allows other people to make decisions about how things should be done & avoids becoming personally involved. Hands-on a) Someone who has hands-on experience of sth has done or used it personally rather than just read or learned about it; b) Someone with a handson way of doing things becomes closely involved in managing and organizing things and in making decisions.

Wilkinson shook my hand warmly.

Dont worry all the arrangements are in hand. Paul has a hands-off style of management.

In Ukrainian there are 6 and in English 9 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 8: Supervision, responsibility, control, confidence. e.g. Ones right hand man The closest assistant. He was her right hand man, her business manager, he traveled with her everywhere. Steel-makers are working hand in hand with automakers to slash the cost of cars. The police have now the

To work hand in hand

To collaborate with smth., to work with smb.

To have a problem or

To be responsible for the

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task on ones hand

solution of the problem or the accomplishment of the task, to be busy with it. In the hands of/in sbs Controlled by someone. hands A firm hand Strict control of someone.

problem of terrorism on their hand. The area is already in rebel hands. That child is a little monster. She obviously needs a firm hand. Its time these young offenders were taken in hand. We left the project in the capable hands of our deputy manager. Im always having to put my hand in my pocket for some new toy or other for the kids. Hands up! she said calmly, holding the revolver to his head.

Take sb/sth in hand

To bring someone or something under control. Being dealt with or looked after by someone who can be trusted. To pay for something.

In good/safe/capable hands Put sbs hand in sbs pocket

Hands up

a) used in school, etc for

Get, etc the upper hand

Have sb eating out of your hand On your hands Its all hands on deck/its all hands to the pump

asking people to lift one hand & give an answer; b) used for a person with a gun to tell other people to put their hands in the air. To get into a stronger position than another person; to gain control over sb. To have control and power over sb Being your responsibility. We seem to have a problem on our hands. Used in order to say that everyone has to work together because they have a lot of work to do in a small amount of time.

In Ukrainian there are 6 and in English 13 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 9: Success, misfortune, achievements, connection.
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e.g. At hand (near/close at hand) Go hand in hand Near in time or space. To be closely connected. There are shops and buses close at hand. High unemployment and high crime often go hand in hand. They suspect the politicians are hand in glove with the mafia. On the one hand I want to sell the house but on the other hand I cant bear the thought of moving. The newer model wins hands down when it comes to speed and capacity. He was the Prime Ministers hand-picked choice to lead the investigation into police corruption.

Hand in glove

On the one handon the other hand

Closely connected with someone, especially in a bad or illegal activity. Used when comparing different or opposite facts or ideas. Win very easily.

Win hands down

Hand-picked

Someone who is handpicked has been carefully chosen for a special job or purpose.

In Ukrainian there are 4 and in English 6 phraseological units concerning this group. English group 10: Assistance, disturbance, execution, necessity, permission. e.g. Take sb by the hand A hand To hold sbs hand in order to take them somewhere. Help with something you are doing, especially something that involves physical work. To hit your hands together to show approval, enthusiasm, etc. a) holding each others hands; b) usually happening together; closely connected. Permission or agreement
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Marika took the child by the hand and led her away. Its really heavy can you give me a hand?

Give sb a big hand

Hand in hand

The audience gave the girl a big hand when she finished her song. Drought and famine usually go hand in hand.

Sbs hand (in marriage)

He asked for her hand in

Hand baggage/luggage

Get, have etc a free hand

Helping hand

for a man to marry a particular woman. A small cases or bags that passengers carry with them onto an aircraft or bus. To get, have etc permission to make your own decisions about sth. Some help.

marriage.

It turns them on and gives them a free hand to be as obnoxious as they want. My neighbour is always ready to give me a helping hand.

Hold sbs hand In safe hands

To give sb support in a difficult situation. With sb who will take good care of you.

In Ukrainian there are 6 and in English 10 phraseological units concerning this group. Ukrainian group1: () e.g. () , . -, . , . , . , () . () ) , ; ) ( ., . ) . -,
17

 . , , . () . ) , ; ) - , ; ) - (). ! , : , . . . , . () , . [] () -, -; , -, -, . [] , -. , -. [, ] , . [ -. (, . .)] , . , , . , ( ).
18

- , . , , . , . .

- , , ; .

, ; .

- ( , ). - ( , ).

- , . - , , , .

... (.). , , , ( ). , . , ... (.). , , (.). , , , , (.). ? . (.). .. , , (.).

19

, -. , , - . .

, (.-). . , , ( ). , , (.).

, .

Ukrainian group2: , . e.g. () . . , , . -. - ( . .) , , . () ( ). , - . , . ( ) , .

20

, -, -. , .

, (.). , , . ( ). , , , , . ( ). - , , , , . , (.). . , (.). , , , . (.). , , .. , ; , ... . , ! ( ). , . . , (.). , ; ! , ; ( ; . ). . (.).

21

- , , -.

, , .

, (.). , , ( ).

Ukrainian group3: * . e.g. , -.

Ukrainian group4: , , . e.g. () ( . .) , . - (, . .). ) ; ) , ( ).

Ukrainian group5: , . e.g. [] ( [] )

) ,

, ; ) , -; ) 22

, . , , . , . ) , ; ) - , . - , .

, .

, , .

, .

, , , (.). , , (.). - - , (.). , .. , (.).

Ukrainian group6: , , . e.g. , .

23

Ukrainian group7: , . e.g. [ () [ ()] ]

)

- , ; ) -.

In thematic classification all the idioms can be divided into several groups. The results are shown in the diagram 1.
14 12 10 8 English 6 4 2 0 Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ukrainian

Diagram 1. Thematic principle.

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In Ukrainian there are more phraseological units concerning laziness and hard work, which can be explained by the historical conditions and the culture of the country. There are a lot of idioms in English concerning supervision, responsibility, control and confidence; it can be explained by the high level of the economy in Great Britain and the history and culture of this country. Another interesting fact is that there are no Ukrainian phraseological units concerning remuneration of labour, earnings, enrichment.

Structural classification
The structural principle of classifying phraseological units is based on their ability to perform the same syntactical role in the sentence as words. There are five groups in this classification and they are the following: Units Not to do a hands turn Lay your hands on Time/money in hand Combinations To sully ones hands Get your hands on Good with your hands Fusions To sit on ones hands Firsthand/at first hand Hand to mouth/hand-tomouth-existence A dab hand Be an old hand at sth Many hands make light work A safe pair of hands Hand-to-hand Have your hands full Fusions ()

Right/left-handed On every hand At second/third/fourth hand By hand To get ones hand in Your hands are tied Have a hand in In the hands of/in sbs hands Bite the hand that feeds you Units () () All hands on deck To turn ones hands to smth Tie/bind sb hand and foot Combinations () ()
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() (, ) (, . .)

The diagram 2 shows the results of the structural classification. English idioms

Ukrainian idioms

All the groups are almost the same in the amount, which shows that there are a lot of common features in English and Ukrainian grammar. It proves that almost all the languages have some common or alike structures and have the same base. In English there are a lot of fusions and in Ukrainian a great number of units.

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27

Equivalents Full equivalents Full equivalents have not only the same meaning in both languages, but also the same structure, the word order and componental images in the phraseological units. One of the peculiar features of this type is the international nature of these idiomatic expressions. 1. sbs hand (in marriage) 2. by hand 3. have a hand in Partial equivalents These phraseological units slightly differ in English and in Ukrainian either in their structural form and lexical meaning or in the images making up the idioms. All these idioms have some differences in word order, omission or adding of a componental part, substitution of a feature, generalization or concretization of some features.
1. 2. 3. 4.

a dab hand to get ones hand dirty ones right hand man to work hand in hand

Descriptive equivalents The greater part of the phraseological units in English has similar in sense units in Ukrainian. Such phraseological units have the same meaning, but absolutely different structure and word order. Many of such idiomatic expressions may often have two and more analogous by sense variants in the target language. Usually these idioms are very close in their connotative meaning in English and Ukrainian as well.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

to ran out of gas to sit on ones hands to get ones eye in a jack of all trades cant do smth. for toffee

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In the English and Ukrainian languages concerning the thematic group Hand 3 full equivalents, 4 partial equivalents and 5 descriptive equivalents have been found. There are rather few full equivalents and much more descriptive equivalents. This can be explained by the differences between the two cultures, geographical positions and histories of both countries.

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Conclusions
The nature of phraseological units is very complicated. It was very difficult to determine the degree of stability. It depends on many factors, such as cultural background, particulars of the nationality and also on the personality. The meaning of some idioms can be easily deduced by European, but for example for Asiatic it will be mysterious. The ways they are created in the language are very interesting: we may see what the needs were, what took the first places in the life of our ancestors. We always may found the logical connection between a phraseological unit and its meaning, except fusions whose meanings are hidden in the course of time. We just lose some traditions, changing our life, prerogatives, and with time we feel the lack of these traditions which is expressed in fusions. The nature of phraseological units is very interesting, they express the life of the nation from their point of view, and these structures are colourful and vivid. The thematical classification shows that idioms reflect every sphere of human activity, environment, everything connected with a person and everything which influences us. In spite of these peculiarities, we may find a lot of idioms which are similar or even the same in different languages of different peoples, they may have common roots, have the same source, and they are full or partial equivalents. Expressive value of phraseological units is represented by the emotional colour and distinctiveness. The main aim of the present course paper was to characterize idioms and collocation that concern the thematic group Hand. The given course paper presented the contrastive analysis of the phraseological units which have been gathered and then classified according to the semantic classification and grouped according to their meanings. 161 Ukrainian and 174 English phraseological units have been gathered. They have been classified according to semantic classification. In English we have 55% of phraseological fusions; 24% of phraseological unities; 21% of phraseological combinations. In Ukrainian we have 38% of phraseological fusions; 47% of phraseological unities; 15% of phraseological combinations.
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According to the thematical classification we have in English 10 and in Ukrainian 7 thematical groups. Speaking about the equivalents, it can be said that the least of them are full equivalents. Many of them have much in common, and there are a lot of equivalents, because every country and every culture has such a concept as Hand. There are 3 full equivalents, 4 partial and 5 descriptive equivalents found among the collected phraseological units. According to the research and to the division that we made, we discovered that the meaning of most idioms could not be found from the meaning of its components. It is because an idiom is a phrase, developing a meaning which can not be readily analyzed into the several semantic elements which would ordinary be expressed by the words making up the phrase. It is the peculiarity of such word-groups. Only a small number can be translated easily, because they have a rather transparent lexical meaning. Sometimes the meaning of the idiom, but it is not an easy task. There are many collocations and phrases in the English and Ukrainian languages which include this thematic group. But it is not easy to translate them because they have many different meanings and not all phrases we can be understood from the context. As a conclusion we would like to say that the English and Ukrainian languages provide great means for showing different phraseological units concerning the thematic group Hand.

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