2010 KPTrumble

MSE 230 HW3 Solutions Spring 2010

01/29

1. (a) When the tape measure stretches elastically the length measured will be less than the actual.
The strain measures the relative displacement of any two points on the tape.

elastic
=

E
=
40 N 1.9 x 10
-6
m
2
2.1 x 10
11
Pa
=1.002510
4
,

which, over 100 m amounts to L = L
0
= 1.0025 x 10
-4
(100 m) = 1.0025 x 10
-2
m = 1.00 cm. So the
strained (stressed) tape would measure 99.99 m or 1 cm short. Or, considering that each initial
(unstrained) 1.0000-cm gradation mark is 1.0001 cm apart when the tape is under 40 N load, the tape
measure would read, 10,000 cm/1.0001 = 9999 (unstrained) cm marks.











(b) We seek the temperature, T, for (T-20C) = T at which the thermal strain (-) would be equal in
magnitude to the mechanical strain (+) imposed by 40 N force.

thermal
=
L
T =
mechanical
= 1.002510
4
; T =
1.002510
4
1.210
5
C
1
= 8.4

C; T = 8.4

C+ 20

C =11.6

C

2. (a) For beam bending, specific stiffness =

E

; alloy with highest value provides highest resistance to

bending for given mass or lightest beam for a given resistance to bending.

Properties (from Callister App. B & C) 1020 Steel Al-2024 Ti-6Al-4V Mg-AZ31B
Elastic Modulus (GPa) 207 72.4 114 45
Density (kg/m
3
) 7850 2770 4430 1770
Cost ($/kg) 0.55 9.9 92 8.8
(a) Specific stiffness, beam bending
(E
1/2
/) GPa
1/2
m
3
/kg
0.0018 0.0031 0.0024 0.0038
(b) Relative component mass, m
i
/m
St
,
where i = St, Al, Ti, Mg
(E
1/2
/)
St
/(E
1/2
/)
i

1 0.58 0.75 0.47
(c) Relative cost for same deflection
resistance (m
i
C
m, i
)/(m
St
C
m, St
)
1 10.4 125 7.5

(b)Comment:theAl,Ti,andMgalloyswouldallow42%,25%,and53%weightsavings,respectively.
(d)Inaerospaceandautomotiveapplications,highermaterialcostcanbejustifiediftheweightsavingspaysback
infuelsavingsorincreasedpayload.

40 N
A
o
=0.95 cm x 0.02 cm
= 0.019 cm
2

100.000 m
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3.Giventhediscontinuousyieldingandscalingrequirements,handplottingisprobablyeasier
andfaster.

Yieldstrength(s):
Upper35,000psi
Lower34,500psi
Note:theapparent
increaseinslopeisdueto
thescalechange.Ona
continuousscaletheslope
ofthecurveafteryielding
decreasescontinuously.
2010 KPTrumble

4. (a)

Strain and stress at points (1)-(4)
(1) = (95 MPa/110,000 MPa) + 0.002 = 0.0029; = 95 MPa
(2) = 350 MPa/110,000 MPa = 0.0032; = 350 MPa (use full height of y-axis for more accuracy)
(3) = 0.55; = 310 MPa
(4) = (285 MPa/110,000 MPa) + 0.60 = 0.603; = 285 MPa


(b) Once plastic deformation begins, if
strain-hardening occurs, the elastic strain
also increases. The elastic strain at any
stress is given by Hooke's Law. But in stiff
materials, even at high stress the elastic
strain is small.

At the yield stress:
el
= 95 MPa/110,000
MPa = 0.0009 and the elastic fraction of the
total strain is 0.0009/0.0029 = 0.31 (31%).

At the ultimate tensile stress:
el
= 310
MPa/110,000 MPa = 0.0028 and the elastic
fraction of the total strain is, 0.0028/0.55 =
0.0051 (0.51%). Indeed, difficult to resolve
on the scale of the full stress strain curve
above.

(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
plastic strain at UTS
elastic strain at UTS

plastic

el

2010 KPTrumble

5.(a)FromCallisterApp.B:
Alloy
y, 0.2% offset
(MPa)
UTS
(MPa) % Elongation
1100-O 34 90 40
1100-H14 117 124 15
7075-O 103 228 17
7075-T6 505 572 11
356 As-cast 124 164 6

Of the data available in the appendix, only the 0.2% offset yield strength provides both exact stress and strain
coordinates of a point on the curves (i.e., each curve goes through this stress at a strain of 0.002 offset from the
elasticportionofthecurve,asshown).

The plot above assumes E=70 GPa. For dilute alloys (up to 5 10% solute) the elastic modulus is usually not a
strongfunctionofcomposition.FortheseAlalloystheappendixlistsE=69to72.4GPa.Thisdifferencewouldnot
beresolvableonaplotscaledouttotypicalfracturestrainsforductilemetals.

The UTS value provides only the maximum stress, but not the corresponding strain, so you can only estimate the
strain at UTS. Likewise, the strain at fracture will be slightly larger than the %EL; liberal estimates are shown in
eachcase,assumingtheelasticstrainatfractureisthatatUTS.Areasonablestrategyforestimatingtheshapeof
the curves would be to imitate the shape you see in other stress strain curves in the book. After learning the
strengtheningmechanisms,wewillbeabletoexplainthedifferenceinthecurves.

1100O
1100H14
7075O
356AC
7075T6
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(b) The Al 7075T6 has the highest tensile strength at 572 MPa. From the Fig 6.19, the corresponding Brinell
hardness for this tensile strength is, HB = 170 10 kg/mm
2
. Solving for d using the hardness, indenter size and
indentationload,

HB=
2P
D D D
2
d
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
; d = D
2
D
2P
D HB
[
\
|

)
j
2
= (10 mm)
2
10 mm
2 1000 kg
10 mm170
kg
mm
2
[
\
|
|
|

)
j
j
j
2
= 2.7 mm

Thesamecalculationfortheotheralloysyieldthefollowingresults:

Alloy UTSFig.6.19HB Indentationsize,d

(MPa) (kg/mm
2
)(mm)
1100O 90 35 5.8
1100H14 124 45 5.1
356Ascast 164 60 4.5
7075O 228 80 3.9
7075T6 572 170 2.7

Thehighlyconcentratedstressundertheindentercausesyieldingandflowinthealloyaroundtheindenter.The
higherthestrength,thehighertheresistancetothisplasticdeformationandthesmallertheresultingindentation.