Tip 8: Coordinate connectors *The coordinate connectors are and, but, or, so, and yet.

These are called coordinate connectors because they join two clauses. Each clause should have both a subject and a verb, and the coordinate connector is preceded by a comma. Meanings And-Adds additional information But-Contrasts information Or-Options So-Gives a result Yet-Contrary to what is expected

EXAMPLES: I am Mexican, and my husband is too. S V C S V I didnt study, but I did pass the test. S V CS V I can take English classes, or I can go to summer camp. S V CS V I didnt pay the electric bill, so I have no electricity. S V CS V She is very tired, yet she is not going to bed. S V C S V SENTENCES: Write 5 sentences, one sentence for each one of the connectors. Exchange with a partner and underline the subject once, the verb twice, and circle the connectors for each others sentences. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

EXERCISES 1. Hahnemenn did not consider using cinchona bark to cure intermittent fever to be plausible, _____. A) B) C) D) or he decided to test the medicine on himself he decided to test the medicine on himself so he decided to test the medicine on himself so decided to test the medicine on himself

2. The specifics about different specialists when you are choosing a therapist _____ ultimately you must trust your perceptions and not under- or overestimate the titles meaning. A) B) C) D) are useful to know, but you are useful to know but are useful to know are useful to know, but

3. More than 100,000 workers die each year from known job-related diseases, and _____ other diseases not yet recognized as resulting from exposures on the job. A) B) C) D) more from so more suffer more suffer from suffer from

4. The actors were dressed in elegant costumes, sang, danced, and acted out stories, _____ had to watch the actors closely because no scenery, stage, or props were used. A) B) C) D) yet it had yet the audience yet audience and they

5. The reign of the invading Muslims in Ghana did not last long _____. A) B) C) D) , yet Ghana never recovered , so Ghana did not recovered , or Ghana never recovered yet Ghana recovered

6. In the fiercely hot lands of sub-Saharan Africa, people lose great amounts of salt A through perspiration and they must continually replenish this lost salt in order to B C D survive.

7. Sub- Sahara Africa had almost no natural deposits of salt, they would trade gold A B C for salt with other nations in the Sahara. D 8. For a parent country to get as much gold and silver as possible, it needed to sell A B its manufactured products to foreign countries, and it discourage its colonies C from buying foreign goods. D 9. In the late 1700s, The National Convention to keep order in France, and it A B C was trying to defend the country from foreign invasions. D 10. In Mexico, the imperial government of Iturbid fell in 1823, or the kind of A B C government that would replace it was in question. D

Tip 9: Check parallel structures when using coordinate conjunctions *Since the purpose of the coordinate conjunctions and, or, and but is to join two or more equal expressions, you must check that the expression before and after the conjunction are parallel. They are used to join nouns, verbs, adjectives, phrases, and clauses. When there are only two parallel structures no comma is used; however, if there are three or more commas are used to separate the structures. EXAMPLES: Adjectives: New York is an amazing but dangerous city. Verbs: Sandy writes her mother e-mails and calls her. Nouns: I can become a pediatrician or a gynecologist. Phrases: The money is on my dresser or in my dresser drawer. Clauses: I like to do my homework immediately, but my sister prefers to do her homework at the last minute.

SENTENCES: Write 5 sentences, one of each type. Exchange sentences with a partner. Underline the subject once, the verb twice, and put a box around the parallel structures for each others sentences. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

EXERCISES 1. It can help immensely to talk about your emotions with supportive friends and family when you are feeling depressed, _____. A) B) C) D) anxiously, or hopeless anxious, or helplessly anxiously, or helplessly anxious, or hopeless

2. What time I get home and _____ are none of your business. A) B) C) D) my actions what I do activities what activities

3. A well known study revealed that psychologists see _____ and healthy male qualities as the same. A) B) C) D) positive adult qualities adult qualities adult qualities are adult qualities are positive

4. The first step in citizen action against environmental health hazards is to see what hazards are _____ in your community and how they harm people. A) B) C) D) manufactured, used, stored and transported manufactured, used, stored, transported manufactured, used, stored, but transported manufactured, used, stored, and transported

5. Under the orders of The National Convention in France, men ______, and women had to wear simple dresses. A) B) C) D) had to wear long pants had long pants they had to wear long pants had to wear

6. During World War II, you could buy bread for 8 to 10 cents a loaf and having A B milk delivered fresh to your door for about 25 cents a half gallon. C D 7. One way to think about inflation and what the purchasing power of money is to A B discuss dollar values in terms of nominal versus real values. C D 8. This is a surprisingly interesting but extreme long lecture in comparison to A B C others I have attended this term. D 9. My son wants to get ahead in life but does want to work hard for it. A B C D 10. Pediatrics and mothers have similar interests which are to keep children A B C both safe and healthy. D

Tip 10: Check parallel structures when using paired conjunctions *Another type of conjunctions, are the paired conjunctions. The paired conjunctions are: bothand, eitheror, neithernor, and not onlybut also. These paired conjunctions are not interchangeable. Whatever comes after the first part of the paired conjunction must also come after the second part of the paired conjunction; therefore, making them parallel structures. EXAMPLES: I like both this car and that car. Henry can neither drive a car nor ride a bicycle. The keys to my house are either on the hook or in my purse. My friends boyfriend is not only a psychologist but also a lawyer.

The part of the sentence that is underlined applies to the information found after each part of the paired conjunction.

EXAMPLE: I like both this car and that car. If you separated this sentence, you would have: I like this car. I like that car. SENTENCES: Write four sentences, one sentence for each paired conjunction. Exchange with a partner. Underline the paired conjunctions once and the parallel structures twice for each others sentences. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ EXERCISES 1. He is a chauffeur for both this company _____. A) B) C) D) and that one that one for that one and for that one

2. You should major either in psychology or _____. A) B) C) D) major in medicine study medicine in medicine be a doctor

3. Unfortunately the children can speak neither _____. A) B) C) D) German or French Germany nor French German nor speak French German nor French

4. In the central and eastern parts of southern Canada, _____ and snowy. A) B) C) D) winters are not only cold winters are both cold are both cold winters are either cold

5. Major petroleum deposits in Canada have been discovered _____ but also off the Arctic coast. A) B) C) D) not only the east coast not only off the east coast not off the east coast only off the east coast

6. The teacher used not only the information from the text book but the A B C information from the internet to prepare the test. D 7. A navigable river is one that is both wide and deeper enough for ships. A B C D 8. Neither Bulgaria or Romania have trouble accessing the world through A B C sea routes thanks to the strait of Bosporus in Turkey. D 9. You can choose either Cancun or you can choose Acapulco to do your A B C D social service. 10. Argentina competes both with the United States but also with Canada and A B Australia in selling beef and wheat on the world market. C D

Tip 28: Subject/verb inversion when using some question words *You may invert the subject and the verb when using question words, but only in some cases. EXAMPLES: When the question word is actually used to introduce a question. What time is it? VS

When question words are used as connectors, do not invert. He couldnt tell me what time it was. S V C S V

With indirect questions it is also impossible to invert. (Do you know, Can/Could/Would you (mind) tell (-ing) me) Would you mind telling me what time it is? S V C S V (Indirect Question)

SENTENCES: Write one sentence for each of the three examples. Exchange with a partner. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the question word and decide if it is being used as a connector or to introduce a question. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ EXERCISE 1. Could you tell me where _____ on Fifth Avenue. A) B) C) D) is the post office it is the post office is it the post office is

2. _____ already told you what you should do for the thesis. A) B) C) D) I thought Thought I I thought I did Thought I didnt

3. When _____ for you graduation? A) B) C) D) the ceremony does the ceremony the ceremony starts it does

4. I need to know _____ born in for the company records. A) B) C) D) what you were what year were you year you were what year you were

5. What you did and where _____ not the matter we are discussing at the moment. A) B) C) D) you went are you went you went is went you are

6. Sandy is angry because she knows what did you to her sister at summer camp. A B C D 7. When you were planning on telling me who it is you are seeing? A B C D 8. What book were you using to study when you had to do the admissions test. A B C D 9. Have you forgotten where come from, and what I have been through? A B C D 10. What the required reading material for this course? A B C D

Tip 29: Subject/verb inversion when using some place expressions *When a place expression is placed before a subject and verb, the subject and verb are inverted. However, this only happens when the place expression is considered necessary information in order to complete the sentence. EXAMPLES: Around the corner I park my two cars. S V (Notice that I park my two cars is a complete sentence; therefore the place expression Around the corner is considered extra information, and the subject and verb are not inverted.)

Around the corner are my two cars. V S (In this sentence are my two cars is not a complete sentence which we can check by placing the subject and verb in what is considered their normal position. My two cars are What? This sentence is incomplete; therefore, the place expression Around the corner is considered necessary information, and the subject and verb are inverted.) SENTENCES: Write two sentences, one of each type of the two examples. Exchange with a partner and underline the subject once and the verb twice. Circle the place expression and identify which of the two is necessary information. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ EXERCISE 1. Here _____ you asked me to finish. A) B) C) D) the reports are the reports there are the reports is the reports

2. Nowhere _____ such beautiful but expensive floral arrangements. A) B) C) D) have I seen I have seen have I I have

3. Beside the bed _____ all of my footwear. A) B) C) D) I place neatly place neatly I neatly place it place neatly

4. Behind the mountain _____ that I described to you in my letters. A) B) C) D) is the valley it is the valley the valley is the valley it is

5. There _____ my grandmother has been trying to rent for over three months now. A) B) C) D) the apartments the apartments are are the apartments who are the apartments which

6. Behind the door is the packages I need you to send by messenger service. A B C D 7. On the corner have I my own restaurant and a small apartment above it. A B C D 8. In the village is a fabulous little bakeries that makes cheese buns. A B C D 9. Next to the school the bank is where I make all of my deposits. A B C D 10. Can you connect the stereo over there beside the book case. A B C D

Tip 30: Subject/verb inversion when using some negatives *When a negative or an almost negative expression is used directly before the subject and the verb, we invert the subject and the verb. The almost negative expressions are: only, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, and seldom. Other negative words are: nor, no, not, neither, and never. EXAMPLES: Only once have I seen that movie. V S V Never has she tried so hard. V S V Tom doesnt like to go to the movies, nor does Peter. S V V S (Notice that in this sentence, the first part of the sentence also has a negative, but the subject and verb are not inverted because the negative comes afterwards.)

SENTENCES: Write two negative sentences. One will be a normal negative sentence and the other will be a negative with an inverted subject and verb. Exchange with a partner and underline the subjects once, the verbs twice, and circle the negatives. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE

1. Seldom _____ attended class or done the assignments. A) B) C) D) he has has it has he has he been

2. Not once _____ so many failing papers from my sophomore class. A) B) C) D) I have graded graded I have I graded them have I graded

3. David doesnt learn languages very easily, and neither does Kimberly. A) B) C) D) and neither does Kimberly so does Kimberly and either does Kimberly and neither Kimberly does

4. I dont think _____ driving so quickly on such a rainy night. A) B) C) D) should you be if you should be you should be should it be

5. Mexico doesnt suffer from a cold climate _____. A) B) C) D) , nor does Brazil nor Brazil does nor does Brazil Brazil does

6. Hardly ever he pays his bills on time which is why his electricity was cut off. A B C D

7. Doesnt my mother know how to drive a standard, but she does know how to A B C drive an automatic. D 8. Rarely study I before an exam because I have always believed that if you pay A B C attention in class, studying is not necessary. D 9. Never has she been stood up, and only once a date has arrived late. A B C D 10. At no time did indicate that I was in agreement with what you were planning A B C on doing. D

Tip 31: Check subject/verb agreement when they have been inverted *In this Tip you will be asked to first realize when a subject and verb have been inverted, and then make sure that the verb agrees with the subject that follows and not what precedes it. Inverted structures: Negatives Question words Comparisons Place expressions Conditions EXAMPLES: Incorrect Around the corner in the company parking lot *is the test drive cars that we lend to our V S clients. (In this sentence the verb is agrees with the company parking lot which is the object of the preposition in. Therefore, this sentence is incorrect. The verb should agree with the subject of the sentence which is the test drive cars which is plural. The verb should be are.)

Correct Around the corner in the company parking lot *are the test drive cars that we lend to our V S clients. SENTENCES: Write three incorrect sentences for any of the five inverted subject and verb structures. Exchange with a partner and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then re-write your partners sentences correctly. Incorrect 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Correct 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Incorrect 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Correct 4. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Incorrect 5. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Correct 6. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ EXERCISE 1. In the drawer of the _____ to my apartment. A) B) C) D) book case it is the spare keys book case are the spare key book case the spare key book case are the spare keys

2. When during the week _____ to drop off the money I owe you? A) B) C) D) do you need does you need me do you need me it does need

3. Adults tend to have less of an imagination _____. A) B) C) D) than does kids than do kids do kids than they do kids

4. I would be in Veracruz with my family right now _____. A) B) C) D) were I not still in school was I not in school if I was still in school were I still in school

5. Not once _____ done what they have been told to do without first complaining. A) B) C) D) has my nephews have my nephews my nephews have they have been

6. Where are the class planning on having its graduation ceremony? A B C D 7. Down the block in the park is the best tacos you will ever try. A B C D 8. Was Diana invited to the party, Im sure she would have brought something A B C D delicious for desert. 9. This book does not contain the information that I need for my project and A B C neither do this book. C 10. For once I would like to be better at sports than are my sister. A B C D

Tip 34: How to form the passive voice *It is important to remember that in the passive voice you always have to use the verb to be followed by a past participle. The verb to be is the verb that will determine the tense of the verb. In this structure the subject of the active voice becomes the object of the passive voice, and the object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice.

EXAMPLES: Active-Pam rode one of the horses. S V O Passive-One of the horses was ridden by Pam. S V O (Notice that in the first sentence the verb rode is in the past tense; therefore, in the verb was ridden the verb to be is in the past tense, and the other verb is in the past participle. Remember the subject and object switch places.) SENTENCES: Write two sentences in the active voice and exchange with a partner. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then re-write the sentence in the passive voice. Active 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Passive 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Active 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Passive 4. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ EXERCISE

1. That book _____ a world famous author. A) B) C) D) was written was wrote was written by were written

2. The dogs are _____ by their owners before the show. A) B) C) D) been groomed being groom they being groomed being groomed

3. _____ spotted at several classy restaurants in the city over the last few days. A) B) C) D) My favorite actor has been He has He has being My favorite actor it has been

4. I dont understand why the children continued to throw rocks at each other if _____ of the consequences. A) B) C) D) had been warned had already warned they had already been warned they had already been

5. Where was the florist _____ bouquet for the bride? A) B) C) D) been told to drop off dropped off the told to drop off the he was told to drop off

6. Because of the heavy rains, the whole town was flooding and a lot of things A B were lost due to rotting. C D 7. The plants needs to be watered once a day while Im out of town. A B C D 8. Before I got up the beds were already made and the dishes were already did. A B C D 9. Yesterday my parents was called in by the principal due to my misconduct at A B C D school. 10. If electricity had not being discovered, we would not have a lot of the luxuries A B C that we take for granted now. D

Tip 35: Differentiate meanings of active and passive voice *The important thing to remember in this Tip is that in the active voice, the subject does the action of the verb, and with the passive voice, the subject is receiving the action of the verb. Pay very close attention to the meanings of the sentences.

EXAMPLES: Active Christopher Columbus discovered America. S V (In this first sentence the subject Christopher Columbus is doing the action of the verb.)

Passive America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. S V (In the second sentence since America cannot do the action of the verb, it has to receive it.) SENTENCES: Write three sentences. You choose how many of each structure to write. Exchange with a partner. Underline the subjects twice and the verbs twice. Then identify whether the structure is active or passive. After you have finished that re-write the sentences using the opposite structure. 1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 1. The caterer _____ for his wedding is supposed to be the best in the city. A) B) C) D) prepared the meal being prepared preparing the meal were prepared

2. This failing _____ a strait A student which is what makes it so surprising. A) B) C) D) has written by were written papers was written paper was written by

3. The car _____ by a very good but expensive mechanic. A) B) C) D) it was being repaired was repairing was being repaired was being repairing

4. Carthage, Romes leading rival, _____ by Rome in the Punic Wars. A) B) C) D) were defeated defeated was defeated it was defeated

5. The apartment _____ just two days before I called to make an offer. A) B) C) D) had sold had been sold had been sold by I had sold

6. The car was driving by the company chauffeur, so he was responsible for paying A B C for all of the damages from the accident. D 7. Eventually, the Muslim Empires influence felt in the Malay Peninsula, Java, A B C the Philippines, and even in China. D 8. Mohammed sought to be improved the role of the family, and at the same time, A B C tried to strengthen the position of women in society. D 9. Several guilds devoted to the manufacture of womans clothing made up A B C entirely of woman. D

10. My brother had not been missed a single assignment all semester until he broke A B C D his arm.