En ingls cuando comparamos dos cosas usamos los adjetivos y sus tres grados: positivo, comparativo y superlativo.

Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos.

Grados de los Adjetivos Los adjetivos tienen tres grados de comparacin. Grado positivo, grado comparativo, grado superlativo:

POSITIVO

COMPARATIVO

SUPERLATIVO

tall alto big grande intelligent inteligente expensive caro

taller ms alto bigger ms grande more intelligent ms inteligente more expensive ms caro

the tallest el ms alto the biggest el ms grande the most intelligent el ms inteligente the most expensive el ms caro

Adjetivos Monoslabos - Formacin del Comparativo y Superlativo

Monoslabos small pequeo tall alto young joven old viejo new nuevo

Comparativo adj + er

Superlativo adj + est

smaller ms pequeo taller ms alto younger ms joven older ms viejo newer ms nuevo

the smallest el ms pequeo the tallest el ms alto the youngest el ms joven the oldest el ms viejo the newest el ms nuevo

long largo short corto big grande fat gordo

longer ms largo shorter ms corto bigger ms grande fatter ms gordo

the longest el ms largo the shortest el ms corto the biggest el ms grande the fattest el ms gordo

Adjetivos Largos - Formacin del Comparativo y Superlativo

Adjetivos Largos expensive caro modern moderno beautiful hermoso elegant elegante interesting interesante dangerous peligroso

Comparativo more + adj more expensive ms caro more modern ms moderno more beautiful ms hermoso more elegant ms elegante more interesting ms interesante more dangerous ms peligroso

Superlativo the most + adj the most expensive el ms caro the most modern el ms moderno the most beautiful el ms hermoso the most elegant el ms elegante the most interesting el ms interesante the most dangerous el ms peligroso

Formacin irregular de comparativos y superlativos

Adjetivo o Adverbio good bueno well bien bad malo badly mal much mucho many muchos little poco far lejos far lejos

Comparativo better mejor better mejor worse peor worse peor more ms more ms less menos farther ms lejos further ms lejos

Superlativo the best el mejor the best de la mejor forma the worst el peor the worst de la peor forma the most la mayor parte the most la mayora the least el menos the farthest el ms lejano the furthest el ms lejano

*further tambin significa "adicional" > further information: informacin adicional

COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Recuerdas las cinco reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos en ingls? Vamos a revisarlas aqu:

REGLA 1 El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos de una slaba se forman agregando las terminaciones -er y -est al final del adjetivo:

cold

>> colder

>> coldest

REGLA 2 Los adjetivos que terminan con vocal seguida de una consonante duplican la consonante final antes de agregar las terminaciones -er or -est:

hot

>> hotter

>> hottest

REGLA 3 Los adjetivos de dos slabas que terminan en -y cambian la y por i y recin entonces agregan las terminaciones -er or -est:

noisy >> noisier

>> noisiest

REGLA 4 En el caso de adjetivos de dos o ms slabas (excepto aquellos terminados en -y) el comparativo y superlativo se forman con more y most:

beautiful >> more beautiful >> most beautiful

REGLA 5 Recuerda que los comparativos y superlativos "irregulares" cambian totalmente. Aqu tienes algunos:

good >> better >> best bad >> worse >> worst far >> farther / further >> farthest / furthest

La estructura bsica del "going to":

La estructura bsica del afirmativo del "going to": (somebody=alguien; somewherealgn sitio; something=algo)

suj I You He She It We You They

aux am are is is is are are are

going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to

verbo eat talk listen read go look wear sit something. to somebody. to something. something. somewhere. at something. something. somewhere. Voy a comer algo. Vas a hablar con alguien. Va a escuchar algo. (l) Va a leer algo. (ella) Va a ir a algn sitio. Vamos a mirar algo. Vais a poneros algo. Van a sentarse en algn sitio.

Nota: Con el "going to" se utilizan tres verbos: la forma correspondiente del verbo "to be" como verbo auxilar, "going to" y la forma bsica del verbo (el infinitivo) como verbo principal. Nota: Las palabras "going to" se suelen pronunciar "gotta" (suena como la palabra "cara" en espaol). La estructura bsica del negativo del "going to":
suj I You He She It We You They aux am are is is is are are are not not not not not not not not not going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to verbo eat talk listen read go look wear sit something. to somebody. to something. something. somewhere. at something. something. somewhere. No voy a comer algo. No vas a hablar con alguien. No va a escuchar algo. (l) No va a leer algo. (ella) No va a ir a algn sitio. No vamos a mirar algo. No vais a poneros algo. No van a sentarse en algn sitio.

Nota: Contracciones: Se suele contraer "It is" con "it's", "it is not" con "it's not" o "it isn't", "you are" con "you're", "we are not" con "we're not" o "we aren't", "that is" con "that's", "that is not" con "that's not" o "that isn't", etc. (Nota: "I am not" solamente se contrae con "I'm not"). La estructura bsica del interrogativo del "going to": (anywhere = alguna o cualquier parte, anybody = cualquiera, alguien, anything = cualquier cosa, algo)
aux Am Are Is I you he suj going to going to going to going to verbo eat talk listen something? to somebody? to something? Voy a comer algo? Vas a hablar con alguien? Va a escuchar algo? (l)

Is Is Are Are Are

she it we you they

going to going to going to going to going to

read go look wear sit

something? somewhere? at something? something? somewhere?

Va a leer algo? (ella) Va a ir a algn sitio? Vamos a mirar algo? Vais a poneros algo? Van a sentarse en algn sitio?

Nota: La palabra "some" y "any" a veces significan lo mismo. La principal diferencia es que "some" se suele utilizar para afirmativas y "any" para negativas y interrogativas. Nota: Para hacer la pregunta en la forma interrogativa del "going to" simplemente se intercambia el verbo "to be" con el sujeto .

La estructura bsica de las respuestas cortas del "going to" (e iguales a las del verbo "to be"): Af. Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, I am. you are. he is. she is. it is. we are. you are. they are. Neg. No, No, No, No, No, No, No, No, I'm not. you aren't. (you're not) he isn't. (he's not) she isn't. (she's not) it isn't. (it's not) we aren't. (we're not) you aren't. (you're not) they aren't. (they're not)

GRAMTICA DE INGLS Preguntas con palabras de pregunta

o o o o o

What (qu) Who (quin) Which (Cul) When (Cundo) Why (Por qu)

o o o

Whose (De quin) How (Cmo) Where (Dnde)

Preguntas sin palabra de pregunta Estas preguntas se responden con yes o no (si o no) Preguntas con un verbo auxiliar Para interrogacin el orden es: verbo+sujeto+complementos Preguntas sin verbo auxiliar En el Past Simple y en el Present Simple, se utiliza Do/Does (Present Simple) y Did (Past Simple), para formular preguntas. Present Continuous Forma To be + verb + -ing (present participle) Postitivo y negativo I He She It We You They Pregunta What am i He What is She it We What are You they Respuesta corta Yes, I am No, Im not wearing? wearing? wearing? m (am) s (is) isnt working

working

re (are) arent

working

Yes, he is No, he isnt Yes, they are No, they arent Nota: No se usan contracciones en las respuestas cortas Uso
o o

Para expresar una actividad que est pasando ahora. Para expresar una actividad que est pasando ahora, pero no en el momento Para expresar un futuro planeado y muy ajustado Present Simple

de hablar.
o

Forma Sujeto + verbo + complementos Positivo y negativo I We You They He She It Pregunta I Where do We You They He Where does She It Uso
o o

live

near here

lives

near hear

live?

lives ?

Para expresar hbitos Para expresar un hecho que siempre es verdad

Para expresar un hecho que es verdad por un perodo largo de tiempo Have/have got

Positivo I We You They He She It Negativo I We You They He She It Pregunta I Do We You They He Does She It I Have We You They got a car? have a car? have a car? Doesnt have Hasnt got Dont have Havent got any money Has s got Have ve got two sisters

two sisters

any money

He Has She It Respuesta corta Yes, I have / Yes I do No, I havent / No, I dont Yes, he has / Yes he does No, he hasnt / No he doesnt Nota Se pueden usar contracciones con have got, pero con have no. Uso

got a car?

Have y have got significan lo mismo (haber / tener), pero have got es informal. Expresan posesin

Se usa al hablar, pero no al escribir. Cuando have + sustantivo, significa una actividad o hbito, do/does/dont ... se usa y have got no. Nota En el Past Simple no se usa have got. Past Simple Forma Las formas del Past Simple son las mismas para todas las personas. Los verbos regulares se forman aadiendo ed al verbo en presente. Positivo I He/ She / It You We They Negativo Se ponde didnt , pero el verbo se deja en Present Simple. I She You Didnt (did not) arrive yesterday finished yesterday

Etc. Pregunta Se pone did al principio de la pregunta, y el verbo se deja en presente. She You When did They He Etc. Respuesta corta Yes, I did No, I didnt Uso
o o

arrive?

Para expresar una accin acabada en el pasado. Para expresar las acciones que siguen en una historia.

Nota Con el Past Simple, se suelen usar expresiones como: Last year, last month, yesterday, tomorrow, in 1945, five years ago... Past Continuous Forma Was/were (pasaso del verbo to be) + verbo + ing (present participle) Positivo y negativo I He She It We You They 3. Pregunta What was I He doing? Were Werent (were not) Was Wasnt (was not) working

working

She It We What were You They 4. Respuesta corta Yes, I was / No, I wasnt Yes, they were / No, they werent 5. Uso
o

doing?

Para expresar una accin pasada por encima de un perodo de tiempo.

6. Interrupted action I was doing my homework, when she arrived. When she arrived, I was doing my homework. Nota En las historias en Past Continuous, se usa para describir la escena y con el Past Simple se cuenta la accin. The Passive Forma Am/is/are (to be) Was/were (past to be) Has/have been Presente Positivo y negativo English is spoken all over the world (positivo) Coffe isnt grown in England (negativo) Pregunta Where is rice grown? 3. Pasado Positivo y negativo My car was stolen last night (negativo) He wasnt injuried in the accident (positivo) Pregunta +verb + ed (past participle) + verb +ed (past participle) + verb +ed (past participle)

How was the window broken? Present Perfect Positivo y negativo Ive been robbed (positivo) Diet Coke hansnt been made since 1987 (negativo) Pregunta Has my car been repaired? Respuestas cortas Yes, they are/ No, they arent Yes, he was/ No, he wasnt Yes, it has/ No, it hasnt Nota The Passive con infinitivo (to be + verbo + ed), se utiliza despus de un verbo modal. Uso
o o

El O.D. de un verbo activo se convierte en sujeto de un verbo pasivo.

Otro camino de expresar la misma oracin, pero en pasiva. Elegimos una u otra dependiendo del inters. Gustos Positivo Negativo Adore Loathe Love Hate Really like Really dislike Quite like Dislike Like Dont like Conditionals Type 1: Possible If+ present+ ........+ future (will/wont) Ej: If it rains, Ill take my umbrella Type 2: Unlikely/Unreal If+ past simple+ ........+ conditional (would/could) Ej: If it rained, Ill take my umbrella Type 3: Impossible If+ past perfect + ........ + conditional perfect (would/could + have+ past participle) Ej:

If it had rained, Id have taken my umbrella Present Perfect Simple Forma: Have/Has + past participle (-ed ) Positivo y negativo: I We You They He She It Pregunta I Have We You They He Has She It Respuesta corta Yes, I have/ No,I havent Yes, she has/ No, she hasnt Uso

ve (have) havent

worked in a factory

s (has) hasnt

worked in a factory

been to United States?

been to United States?

Para expresar una accin que empieza en el pasado y continua en el presente.

Ever- Alguna vez Never- Nunca For+ perodo de tiempo Since+ comienzo de perodo de tiempo Yet-Ya (en pregunta y negativa) Already-Ya (en afirmativa) Just- Justo, acabo, accin realizada recientemente

Have you ever been to Ireland? I have never been to Ireland I have been in Ireland for nine years/ a long time I have been in Ireland since I was born/1945 Have you done your homework yet? I havent done my homework yet I have already done my homework I have just done my homework Going to Forma To be+ going + to + infinitivo Positivo y negativo m (am) m not s (is) isnt

I He She It We You They Pregunta When am

going to work

going to work

re (are) arent

going to work

I He

going to arrive?

When

Is

She It We

going to arrive?

When

are

You they

going to arrive?

Respuesta corta Yes, they are/ No, they arent Yes, he is/ No, he isnt

Yes, I am/ No, Im not Uso

Para expresar una intencin futura hecha antes del momento de hablar. Para algo que podemos ver o sentir y puede pasar en el futuro. What........like?

Forma What+ to be+ subject + like? Positivo Whats your teacher like? Uso

Sirve para describir alguien o algo.

Nota How is your mother? Es para hablar de la salud, no de descripcin. Will Forma Will + infinitivo ( sin to) Positivo y negativo I She You They Etc. Pregunta He You When will They I Etc. Respuesta corta Yes, I will/ No, I wont Uso

ll (will) wont

arrive next week

arrive?

Para expresar una futura intencin o decisin hecha al momento de hablar.

Para expresar un hecho futuro. Past Perfect

Forma Subject+ had + verb + past participle (-ed) Positivo y negativo I He She It We You They Pregunta I He She Had It We You They Respuesta corta Yes, it had/ No, it hadnt Uso

d (had) hadnt

arrived before 10:00

left?

Se usa para expresar una accin en el pasado, que pas antes de otra accin en el pasado. Have to Forma Has/have + to + participio Positivo y negativo I We You They Have Dont have to work hard

He She It Pregunta

Has Doesnt have

to work hard

I Do We You They He Does She It Respuesta corta Yes, I do/ No, I dont Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt Uso

Have to work hard?

Have to work hard?

Para expresar obligacin fuerte que viene de fuera. Modal verbs

Formas Can/could May/might Shall/should Will/would Must/mustnt Neednt Usos Must: rdenes, prohibicin en negativo Should: Consejos, sugerencias Might: Menos posible de 50% May: 50% posible Neednt: No necesario Necesidad: Must Prohibicin: Mustnt No necesario: neednt

Consejo: Should, shouldnt Permiso: Can, could, may Capacidad: Can, could Solicitar: Could, will, would Respuesta: Would, Shall 3. Caractersticas

Mismas formas en todas las personas No se usa el to (excepto para ought to) Para el negativo se aade not o nt, nunca dont o doesnt A may y might no se aade nt, sino not Para preguntas verbo antes del sujeto Will not=wont Past can=Could Should

Forma Should + infinitivo ( sin to) Positivo y negativo I He We They Etc. Pregunta I Should She They I Do you think He We They Respuesta corta Yes, you should/ No, you shouldnt Uso should see a doctor? see a doctor should do more exercises shouldnt tell lies

Para expresar lo que el que habla piensa est bien o es la mejor cosa para hacer. Expresa ligera obligacin o consejo. Shouldnt expresa un consejo negativo. Might

Forma Might + infinitivo (sin to) Sus formas son las mismas en todas las personas Positivo y negativo I He It We Etc. La contraccin mightnt es inusual. Pregunta Might.... you? es inusual. Se utiliza do you think....... + will.......? Do you think Respuesta corta He might/ It might Uso

Might Might not

go to the party

Youll get here on time?

Se usa para expresar una posibilidad futura.

Will expresa un futuro perfecto, might menos del 50% de posiblidades.

Comparativos y superlativos Forma Comparativo: +er (2 slabas o 1), ms se pone more delante del adj. Superlativo: + est (2 slabas o 1), ms se pone most delante del adj. Uso

Than va despus del comparativo. The para el superlativo As..... as (tan....como) Not as/ so.....as (no como) Expresiones de cantidad

 Formas Some/any A few/ A little A lot of / Lots of Much / Many Uso Diferencias entre adjetivos contables o incontables:

Los sustantivos contables pueden ir en singular o en plural Los sustantivos incontables siempre van en singular

En los sustantivos contables se utiliza some + un sustantivo plural en las oraciones positivas y any + un sustantivo plural en la pregunta, y la negacin. En los incontables some va en positivo y any en pregunta o negativa Los contables con many en preguntas y negativas, en los incontables con much en preguntas y negativas. Los contables, y los incontables van con a lot of, o lots of en positivo. And, but, because And Expresa adicin (y) 2. But Para contrastar entre medio de dos ideas (pero) Because Introduce una razn por la primera parte de la frase (porque) A y The A: Se utiliza en singular en adjetivos contables referentes a una idea. The En singular y plural tanto en adjetivos contables como en incontables. Like doing and would like to do Like doing Expresa diversin Would like to do Expresa preferencia ahora u en otro momento. Present Perfect Continuous Forma Has/have + been + verb + ing Positivo y negativo

I We You They He She It Pregunta I How long have We You They He How long has She It Respuesta corta Yes, I have/ No, I havent Yes, he has/ No, he hasnt Uso

ve (have) havent

been working?

s (has) hasnt

been working?

been working?

been working?

Para expresar una actividad que continua en el presente Para referirse a una actividad con un resultado en el presente. Used to

Forma Used+ to + infinitive Positive and negative I She They Etc. Pregunta What did you used to do? Used to Didnt use to smoke like cooking

 Respuesta corta Yes, I did/ No, I didnt Uso

Para expresar un hbito pasado. Para expresar un estado pasado. La forma de pregunta no es muy corriente. Never se utiliza mucho No confundirlo con el verbo to use. Verbos irregulares

Nota A veces se pregunta en el Past Simple, y se responde con used to. Ej: I never used to watch TV

INFINITIVE Become Break Bring Build Buy Can Catch Come Cost Do Draw Dream

SIMPLE PAST Became Broke Brought Built Bought Could Caught Came Cost Did Drew Dreamed

PAST PARTICIPLE Become Broken Brought Built Bought Could Caught Come Cost Done Drawn Dreamt

TRANSLATION Convertirse Romper Traer Edificar Comprar Poder Tomar Venir Costar Hacer Dibujar Soar

Drink Drive Eat Fall Feel Find Fly Forget Get Give Go Have Hear Hurt Know Lead Learn Leave Lend Lie Make Meet

Drank Drove Ate Fell Felt Found Flew Forgot Got Gave Went Had Heard Hurt Knew Led Learnt Left Lent Lay / Lied Made Met

Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Felt Found Flown Forgotten Got Given Gone Had Heard Hurt Known Led Learnt Left Lent Lain/ Lied Made Met

Beber Conducir Comer Caer Sentir Encontrar Volar Olvidar Ponerse Dar Ir Haber o tener Oir Herir Saber Llevar Aprender Salir Prestar Mentir/ Estar tumbado Hacer Conocer

Pay Put Read Run Say See Sell Send Show Sing Sit Sleep Speak Spend Stand Swim Take Tell Think Wake up Wear Will Write

Paid Put Read Ran Said Saw Sold Sent Showed Sang Sat Slept Spoke Spent Stood Swam Took Told Thought Woke up Wore

Paid Put Read Run Said Saw Sold Sent Showed Sung Sat Slept Spoken Spent Stood Swum Token Told Thought Woken up Worn

Pagar Poner Leer Correr Decir Ver Vender Enviar Mostrar Cantar Sentarse Dormir Hablar Gastar Estar de pie Nadar Coger Contar Pensar Despertarse Vestir/ Llevar

Wrote

Written

Escribir

Win

Won

Won

Ganar