TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

Bachelor of Technology In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

BY N.VIJAY SAGAR BABU(08M91A0587) NARENDAR(07M91A0583)

Under the Guidance of Mr.K.RAGHAVENDRA RAO

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AURORA S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE Aushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), R. R. Dist - 501 301

AURORA S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE Aushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), R. R. Dist - 501 301

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this technical report entitled ROUTERS by N.VIJAY SAGAR BABU(08M91A0587)NARENDAR(07M91A0583)submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theTechinical Report on ROUTERS in Computer Science and Engineering of the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, during the academic year 2011-12, carried out under our guidance and supervision.

Signature of Internal Guide

Signature of H.O.D

INDEX
INTRODUCTION DEFINITION PURPOSE CLASSIFICATION ROUTING ALGORITHM ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION CRITICAL REVIEW
CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. When multiple routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks. A router is a networking device whose software and hardware are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. A router has two or more network interfaces, which may be to different physical types of network (such as copper cables, fiber, or wireless) or different network standards. Each network interface is a specialized device that converts electric signals from one form to another. Routers connect two or more logical subnets, each having a different network address. The subnets in the router do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router. The term "layer 3 switching" is often used interchangeably with the term "routing". The term switching is generally used to refer to data forwarding between two network devices with the same network address.

Conceptually, a router operates in two operational planes (or sub-systems):

CONTROL PLANE: where a router builds a table (called routing table) as how a packet should be forwarded through which interface, by using either statically configured statements (called static routes) or by exchanging information with other routers in the network through a dynamical routing protocol; FORWARDING PLANE: where the router actually forwards traffic (called packets in IP) from ingress (incoming) interfaces to an egress (outgoing) interface that is appropriate for the destination address that the packet carries with it, by following rules derived from the routing table that has been built in the control plane.

DEFINITION
A router is a device that actually delivers information to its intended destination, using one of several different routing protocols. Routers have access to network layer addresses and contain software that enable them to determine which of several possible paths between those addresses is the best for particular transmission. Routing is the process of delivering information to its intended destination.

PURPOSE
Need of firewall features to isolate networks and provide security for private networks. Recovery of TCP/IP protocols from the local Ethernet protocols which are routed over PPP protocols for transferring data information over GSM, GPRS and PSTN networks. Routers are used to reduced traffic load through the network.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROUTERS
Internal Routers - routers with all directly connected networks belonging to the same area. Area Border Routers - routers that are attached to multiple areas. AS Boundary routers - routers that exchange routing information with routers belonging to other AS. Classification of Routers (contd) Designated Routers (DR) and Backup Designated Routers (BDR) Instead of each router exchanging database information with every other router on the segment, every router exchanges information with the DR and BDR (foe example- OSPF) OSPF:- stands for Open Shortest Path First

ROUTING ALGORITHMS

Bellman-Ford Algorithm [Distance Vector Algorithm]:Basic idea:- each network node (router) maintains a Distance Vector table containing the distance between Itself and ALL possible destination nodes. Dijkstras Algorithm [Link State Algorithm]:Basic idea:-Each router constructs a link state packet (LSP) .which is transmitted to ALL other routers. Each router stores the most recently generated LSP from each other router.

Distance Vector Routing Routing table updates occur periodically or when the topology in a distance vector protocol network changes Routing loops can occur when inconsistent routing tables are not updated due to slow convergence in a changing network LINK STATE ROUTING Each router is responsible for meeting its neighbors and learning their names. Each router constructs a link state packet (LSP) which consists of a list of neighbors names and the cost to reach each neighbor. Each router uses complete information on the network topology to compute the Shortest path route to each destination node. ALGORITMS PROPERTIES 1.Correctness 2.Simplicity and Low Overhead 3.Robustness and stability 4.Rapid convergence 5.Flexibility

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
Larger internetworks require the use of RIP, or Routing Information Protocol, to keep track of new routes. Why RIP is still with us today is for several reasons first, the protocol has undergone vast improvements in Version 2, and second - it is really simple to configure and use! And, oh yes, when used in a network of appropriate size (small) it actually works! RIP v2 does manage to solve many issues found in the first iteration of this distance vector protocol and this article is a celebration of these new features.

APPLICATIONS
It is used to create a network with remote access to private networks. It enables Private networks to be inter-networked with other networks such as the Internet. Companies to create their own networks in customers' premises to eliminate reliance on the end customers' network. Routers are useful to provide security in military transmissions that require highly secure lines by using Hop-count Algorithm. A small network to be created in mobile applications, where fixed line solutions arent possible.

CRITICAL REVIEW
There is a drawback of a router that transfers , accepts and relays packets only across networks using similar protocols. The packet at the front of the queue experiences contention for the output queue, blocking all packets behind it. Software can only be repaired by redesign. Software bugs can be highly contagious. Still need protection against link failure. Head-of-Line Blocking

Problem: The packet at the front of the queue experiences contention for the output queue, blocking all packets behind it

. Maximum throughput in such a switch: 2 sqrt(2)

CONCLUSION
Modern routers are very complex hardware and software systems with demanding requirements and constraints To achieve carrier class converged networks, router software and hardware architecture is going to have to evolve to better achieve scale and reliability

REFRENCES
WEBSITES: www.router.com www..com
BOOKS REFERRED:

Behrouz A . Forouzan Andrew S. Tanenbaum