Fermionic Path Integral SUSY References The end

Grassmann Variables, Supersymmetry and Supersymmetric Harmonic Oscillator

Anna Pachol
Institute of Theoretical Physics University of Wroclaw

Wroclaw, 17.01.2008

Anna Pachol

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Grassmann Variables

Let suppose , are two grassmann variables: = {, } = 0

Anna Pachol

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Grassmann Variables

Let suppose , are two grassmann variables: = {, } = 0 so 2 = 0.

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Grassmann Variables

Let suppose , are two grassmann variables: = {, } = 0 so 2 = 0. General function: f () = a + b (there is no more terms because 2 = 0).

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration

In analogy to integral with ordinary variables:

+ +

dxf (x) =

dxf (x + c)

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration

In analogy to integral with ordinary variables:

+ +

dxf (x) =

dxf (x + c)

we can derive rules for integrals with anticommuting variables:

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration

In analogy to integral with ordinary variables:

+ +

dxf (x) =

dxf (x + c)

we can derive rules for integrals with anticommuting variables:

df () =

df (+) =

d(a+b(+)) =

d(a+b)+

db

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration
. db =

d(a + b) +

db =

df () +

df ()

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration
. db =

d(a + b) +

db =

df () +

df ()

Rules for integrals with anticommuting variables are following:

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration
. db =

d(a + b) +

db =

df () +

df ()

Rules for integrals with anticommuting variables are following: db = 0, b ordinary , grassmanian

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration
. db =

d(a + b) +

db =

df () +

df ()

Rules for integrals with anticommuting variables are following: db = 0, b ordinary , grassmanian

d = 0

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration
. db =

d(a + b) +

db =

df () +

df ()

Rules for integrals with anticommuting variables are following: db = 0, b ordinary , grassmanian

d = 0

d = 1 and
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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration and Dierentiation

Integration d(a + b) = db, for b ordinary , = db = b

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration and Dierentiation

Integration d(a + b) = db, for b ordinary , = db = b

d(a+b) =

db, for bgrassmanian, =

d(b) = b

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration and Dierentiation

Integration d(a + b) = db, for b ordinary , = db = b

d(a+b) =

db, for bgrassmanian, = Dierentiation

d(b) = b

Anna Pachol

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Integration and Dierentiation

Integration d(a + b) = db, for b ordinary , = db = b

d(a+b) =

db, for bgrassmanian, = Dierentiation b for b-ordinary

d(b) = b

d d f ()

d d (a

+ b) b, for b-grassmanian
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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Complex Grassmann variables

Since Dirac eld is complex-valued, we have to introduce complex Grassmann numbers: , and dene the complex conjugation to reverse the order of products: () =

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Complex Grassmann variables

Since Dirac eld is complex-valued, we have to introduce complex Grassmann numbers: , and dene the complex conjugation to reverse the order of products: () = To integrate over complex Grassmann numbers, let us dene: = 1 + i2 1 i2 and = 2 2

now we can treat ; as independent Grassmann numbers and adopt the convention d d = 1

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Gaussian integral

, grassman variables; a ordinary d de a

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Gaussian integral

, grassman variables; a ordinary d de a

d(1 + a)

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Gaussian integral

, grassman variables; a ordinary d de a

= = d

d(1 + a) da = a d = a = e lna

d a =

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Generalisation
In n-dimensions: = (1 , 2 , ..., N ) and T = ( 1 , 2 , ..., N )

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Generalisation
In n-dimensions: = (1 , 2 , ..., N ) and T = ( 1 , 2 , ..., N ) Notation: d1 d 1 d2 d 2 ... dN d N =
N i=1

di

d i

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Generalisation
In n-dimensions: = (1 , 2 , ..., N ) and T = ( 1 , 2 , ..., N ) Notation: d1 d 1 d2 d 2 ... dN d N =
N i=1 i Aij j N i=1

di

d i

= A

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Generalisation
In n-dimensions: = (1 , 2 , ..., N ) and T = ( 1 , 2 , ..., N ) Notation: d1 d 1 d2 d 2 ... dN d N =
N i=1 i Aij j N i=1

di

d i

= A

Now we can prove:

N

di
i=1

d i e A = detA

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

Let assume A can be diagonalized by U-unitary: A = U DU where D is diagonal.

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

Let assume A can be diagonalized by U-unitary: A = U DU where D is diagonal.

N N

di
i=1

d i e A =
i=1

di

d i e U

DU

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

Let assume A can be diagonalized by U-unitary: A = U DU where D is diagonal.

N N

di
i=1

d i e A =
i=1

di

d i e U

DU

= U ; = U = U; = U

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

di
i=1

d i e A =
i=1

di

d i e D =
i=1

di

d i e

i i i

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

di
i=1 N

d i e A =
i=1

di
N

d i e D =
i=1

di

d i e

i i i

di
i=1

d i
i

e i i i =
i=1

di

d i
i

(1 + i i i ) =

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

di
i=1 N

d i e A =
i=1

di
N

d i e D =
i=1

di

d i e

i i i

di
i=1

d i
i N

e i i i =
i=1

di
N

d i
i

(1 + i i i ) =

i
i=1

di

d i i i =
i=1

i = detA

Anna Pachol

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Proof

di
i=1 N

d i e A =
i=1

di
N

d i e D =
i=1

di

d i e

i i i

di
i=1

d i
i N

e i i i =
i=1

di
N

d i
i

(1 + i i i ) =

i
i=1

di

d i i i =
i=1

i = detA

Result
N

di
i=1

d i e A = detA = e TrlnA

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

One missing step - transformation of measure

when we do transformation of variables: i = Uij j

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

One missing step - transformation of measure

when we do transformation of variables: i = Uij j the product of new (grassmann) variables is following:
n

i =
i=1

1 n!

ij...l

i j ...l =

1 n!

ij...l

Uii i Ujj j ...Ull l =

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

One missing step - transformation of measure

when we do transformation of variables: i = Uij j the product of new (grassmann) variables is following:
n

i =
i=1

1 n!

ij...l

i j ...l =
ij...l

1 n!

ij...l

Uii i Ujj j ...Ull l =

1 n!

Uii Ujj ...Ull i j ...l

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

One missing step - transformation of measure

when we do transformation of variables: i = Uij j the product of new (grassmann) variables is following:
n

i =
i=1

1 n!

ij...l

i j ...l =
ij...l

1 n!

ij...l

Uii i Ujj j ...Ull l =

1 n!

Uii Ujj ...Ull i j ...l

i j ...l n i=1 i i j ...l

but i j ...l = and detU =

1 ij...l Uii n!

Ujj ...Ull

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

transformation of measure
so
n n

i = detU
i=1 i=1

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

transformation of measure
so
n n

i = detU
i=1 i=1

and for
n n

i = i (U )ij =
i=1

i = detU
i=1

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

transformation of measure
so
n n

i = detU
i=1 i=1

and for
n n

i = i (U )ij =
i=1 n n

i = detU
i=1 n n

i
n n

i
i=1 j=1

j = (detU )(detU)
i=1

i
j=1

j =
i=1

i
j=1

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

transformation of measure
In a general integral: (
i=1

d i di )f ()

the only term of f () that survives has exactly one factor of each i and i and it is proportional to ( i )( i ).

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

transformation of measure
In a general integral: (
i=1

d i di )f ()

the only term of f () that survives has exactly one factor of each i and i and it is proportional to ( i )( i ). If we replace by U, this term acquires a factor of (detU)(detU ) = 1, so the integral is unchanged under the unitary transformation.

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Dirac eld
In similar way we can prove: d d i j e A = (detA)(A1 )ji

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Dirac eld
In similar way we can prove: d d i j e A = (detA)(A1 )ji A Grassmann eld is a function of spacetime whose values are anticommuting numbers. We can dene a Grassmann eld (x) in terms of any set of orthonormal basis functions: (x) =
i

i i (x)

The basis functions i (x) are ordinary complex valued functions, while the coecients i are Grassmann numbers.

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Dirac eld
In similar way we can prove: d d i j e A = (detA)(A1 )ji A Grassmann eld is a function of spacetime whose values are anticommuting numbers. We can dene a Grassmann eld (x) in terms of any set of orthonormal basis functions: (x) =
i

i i (x)

The basis functions i (x) are ordinary complex valued functions, while the coecients i are Grassmann numbers. To describe the Dirac eld we take the i to be a basis of four-component spinors.
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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Partition function
d 4 x(i m)

Z=

DDe i

= C det(i m) = C e Trln(i

m)

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Partition function
d 4 x(i m)

Z=

DDe i

= C det(i m) = C e Trln(i

m)

Two point Green function: G

(2)

(x1 , x2 ) =

DDe i

d 4 x(i m) i

DDe

(x1 )(x2 ) d 4 x(i m)

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Partition function
d 4 x(i m)

Z=

DDe i

= C det(i m) = C e Trln(i

m)

Two point Green function: G

(2)

(x1 , x2 ) = =

DDe i

d 4 x(i m) i

DDe

(x1 )(x2 ) d 4 x(i m)

C det(i m)[i(i m)]1 C det(i m)

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Grassmann Variables Path Integral

Partition function
d 4 x(i m)

Z=

DDe i

= C det(i m) = C e Trln(i

m)

Two point Green function: G

(2)

(x1 , x2 ) = =

DDe i

d 4 x(i m) i

DDe

(x1 )(x2 ) d 4 x(i m)

C det(i m)[i(i m)]1 C det(i m) (in Fourier space): d 4 p ie ip(x1 x2 ) (2)4 p m + i

G (2) (x1 , x2 ) = S(x1 x2 ) =

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

Hilbert space contain Fermionic and Bosonic Hilbert spaces: H = HB HF

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

Hilbert space contain Fermionic and Bosonic Hilbert spaces: H = HB HF Coordinates space : (x , ) and Momentum space : (p , ) where x and p are bosonic variables i.e. commuting : [x , x ] = 0; [p , p ] = 0 and , are fermionic variables i.e. anticommuting (grassmanian numbers) : { , } = 0; { , } = 0

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

Hilbert space contain Fermionic and Bosonic Hilbert spaces: H = HB HF Coordinates space : (x , ) and Momentum space : (p , ) where x and p are bosonic variables i.e. commuting : [x , x ] = 0; [p , p ] = 0 and , are fermionic variables i.e. anticommuting (grassmanian numbers) : { , } = 0; { , } = 0 A supersymmetry transformation turns a bosonic state into a fermionic state, and vice versa. The operator Q that generates such transformations must be an anticommuting spinor, with Q|Boson >= |Fermion >, Q |Fermion >= |Boson >

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

The generators Q and Q must satisfy an algebra of anticommutation and commutation relations with the schematic form: {Q, Q } = P , {Q, Q} = {Q , Q } = 0, [P , Q] = [P , Q ] = 0, where P is the four-momentum generator of spacetime translations.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

The generators Q and Q must satisfy an algebra of anticommutation and commutation relations with the schematic form: {Q, Q } = P , {Q, Q} = {Q , Q } = 0, [P , Q] = [P , Q ] = 0, where P is the four-momentum generator of spacetime translations. The single-particle states of a supersymmetric theory fall into irreducible representations of the supersymmetry algebra, called supermultiplets.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

The generators Q and Q must satisfy an algebra of anticommutation and commutation relations with the schematic form: {Q, Q } = P , {Q, Q} = {Q , Q } = 0, [P , Q] = [P , Q ] = 0, where P is the four-momentum generator of spacetime translations. The single-particle states of a supersymmetric theory fall into irreducible representations of the supersymmetry algebra, called supermultiplets. Each supermultiplet contains both fermion and boson states, which are commonly known as superpartners of each other.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

The generators Q and Q must satisfy an algebra of anticommutation and commutation relations with the schematic form: {Q, Q } = P , {Q, Q} = {Q , Q } = 0, [P , Q] = [P , Q ] = 0, where P is the four-momentum generator of spacetime translations. The single-particle states of a supersymmetric theory fall into irreducible representations of the supersymmetry algebra, called supermultiplets. Each supermultiplet contains both fermion and boson states, which are commonly known as superpartners of each other.
By denition, if | > and | > are members of the same supermultiplet, then | > is proportional to some combination of Q and Q operators acting on | >, up to a spacetime translation or rotation.
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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Basic idea of Supersymmetry

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

1. Harmonic bosonic oscillator.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

1. Harmonic bosonic oscillator. 1 2 Hamiltonian:HB = 1 p 2 + 2 B q 2 where p and q are the 2 momentum and coordinate operators respectively and [p, q] = 1

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

1. Harmonic bosonic oscillator. 1 2 Hamiltonian:HB = 1 p 2 + 2 B q 2 where p and q are the 2 momentum and coordinate operators respectively and [p, q] = 1 Hamiltonian can be presented in terms of bosonic creation-annihilation operators: b , b, as follows: 1 1 HB = B {b , b} = B (b b + bb ) 2 2 where [b, b ] = 1; m = 1; b = [b , b ] = 1; [b, b] = 0; = 0; [NB , b] = b; [NB , b ] = b b is bosonic number operator. and NB = b
1 (ip 2B

+ B q) and

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Harmonic bosonic oscillator (2). After simple calculation Hamiltonian can be presented as: 1 HB = B (NB + ) = B NB + E0 2 where E0 =
1 2

B is energy of the ground state (vacuum energy).

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Harmonic bosonic oscillator (2). After simple calculation Hamiltonian can be presented as: 1 HB = B (NB + ) = B NB + E0 2 where E0 = 1 B is energy of the ground state (vacuum energy). 2 Operators b , b act on a state |nB >, and the energy spectrum of the hamiltonian is: 1 EB = B (nB + ) 2 where nB = 0, 1, 2..., and nB are the eigenstates of the bosonic number operator.
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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

2. Harmonic fermionic oscillator.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

2. Harmonic fermionic oscillator. Fermionic creation-annihilation operators: f , f obey the anticommutation relations: {f , f } = 1; {f , f } = 0; {f , f } = 0

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

2. Harmonic fermionic oscillator. Fermionic creation-annihilation operators: f , f obey the anticommutation relations: {f , f } = 1; {f , f } = 0; {f , f } = 0 Hamiltonian of the fermionic oscillator can be constructed by the analogy with the bosonic hamiltonian, as: 1 1 HF = F [f , f ] = F (f f ) 2 2

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

2. Harmonic fermionic oscillator. Fermionic creation-annihilation operators: f , f obey the anticommutation relations: {f , f } = 1; {f , f } = 0; {f , f } = 0 Hamiltonian of the fermionic oscillator can be constructed by the analogy with the bosonic hamiltonian, as: 1 1 HF = F [f , f ] = F (f f ) 2 2 Hamiltonian of the fermionic oscillator can be presented as: 1 HF = F (NF ) = F NF E0 2
1 where E0 = 2 F is energy of the ground state (vacuum energy).
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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Harmonic fermionic oscillator (2). Operators f , f act on a state |nF >, and the energy spectrum of the fermionic oscillator can be calculated using of the anticommutation relations: 1 EF = F (nF ) 2

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Harmonic fermionic oscillator (2). Operators f , f act on a state |nF >, and the energy spectrum of the fermionic oscillator can be calculated using of the anticommutation relations: 1 EF = F (nF ) 2 where nF = 0, 1 (Pauli principle, due to {f , f } = 0 there exist only vacuum state |0 > and |1 >= f |0 >, because (f )2 = 0 ), and nF are the eigenvalues of the fermionic number operator NF = f f .

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Harmonic fermionic oscillator (2). Operators f , f act on a state |nF >, and the energy spectrum of the fermionic oscillator can be calculated using of the anticommutation relations: 1 EF = F (nF ) 2 where nF = 0, 1 (Pauli principle, due to {f , f } = 0 there exist only vacuum state |0 > and |1 >= f |0 >, because (f )2 = 0 ), and nF are the eigenvalues of the fermionic number operator NF = f f . And fermionic harmonic oscillator is built only from two states |0 > and |1 > with energy E0 = 1 F and E1 = 1 F 2 2
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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

3. Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

3. Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator. For the composite system of the bosonic and fermionic oscillators, = B = F and: 1 H = ({b , b} + [f , f ]) = (NB + NF ) 2 with E = (nB + nF )

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

3. Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator. For the composite system of the bosonic and fermionic oscillators, = B = F and: 1 H = ({b , b} + [f , f ]) = (NB + NF ) 2 with E = (nB + nF ) This formula implies that all energy levels of the system are twice degenerate except for the ground state nB = nF = 0, characterised by zero energy E = 0.

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Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator (2). Bosonic and fermionic hamiltonian together has additional symmetry (i.e.supersymmetry) which mix bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom.

Anna Pachol

GV,SUSY ans SHO

Fermionic Path Integral SUSY References The end

Supersymmetry Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator

Supersymmetric harmonic oscillator (2). Bosonic and fermionic hamiltonian together has additional symmetry (i.e.supersymmetry) which mix bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom. Generators of the symmetry (nB nB 1; nF nF 1) responsible for the degeneracy are supersymmetry generators: Q = 2b f ; Q+ = 2bf

Anna Pachol

GV,SUSY ans SHO

Fermionic Path Integral SUSY References The end

References

References

An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory; M.E. Peskin, D.V. Schroeder A Supersymmetry Primer; Stephen P. Martin (arXiv:hep-ph/9709356) Supersymmetric mechanical harmonic oscillator; A.K.Aringazin

Anna Pachol

GV,SUSY ans SHO

Fermionic Path Integral SUSY References The end

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Thank You

Anna Pachol

GV,SUSY ans SHO