ERACS Power Network Model

Report title: Computer Aided Power System Design and Analysis: Using ERACS to study the effects of various
components in a power network
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Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ ii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1 NETWORK CONSTRUCTION AND ASSUMPTIONS MADE...................................................................................... 1 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 2 UNBALANCED FAULT CALCULATION................................................................................................................... 3 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE FAULT CURRENT AND VOLTAGE AT BUS 4 ............................. 4 COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 6 EFFECT OF INSTALLING A VAR COMPENSATOR................................................................................................... 7 EFFECT OF INSTALLING A WIND TURBINE........................................................................................................... 8 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 i) Derivation of expression for active and reactive power flow through the line ......................................... 9
ii) Derivation of voltage drop across the line and how this voltage drop can be minimized using VAr compensator................................................................................................................................................ 10 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293
EN 0712 Assignment
Page i
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 : LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS.................................................................................... 2 FIGURE 2: VOLTAGE PROFILE FROM BUS1 TO BUS5 ........................................................................2 FIGURE 3 : FAULT LEVELS FROM BUS1 TO BUS5 .............................................................................2 FIGURE 4 :UNBALANCED FAULT (PHASE TO EARTH ........................................................................3 FIGURE 5: UNBALANCED FAULT (PHASE TO PHASE) .......................................................................3 FIGURE 6: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS WITH VAR COMPENSATOR ..............................................7 FIGURE 7: VOLTAGE PROFILE FROM BUS1 TO BUS5 ........................................................................7 FIGURE 8: FAULT LEVELS FROM BUS1 TO BU5................................................................................ 7 FIGURE 9: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS WITH WIND TURBINE ....................................................... 8 FIGURE 10: VOLTAGE PROFILE FROM BUS1 TO BUS5 ......................................................................8 FIGURE 11: FAULT LEVELS FROM BUS1 TO BUS5 ............................................................................8
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INTRODUCTION Electrical power systems have undergone many different changes over the last century. Starting out as local generation plants feeding loads, the power systems evolved to central generators feeding a transmission grid (Jenkins, et al., 2010). However, various concerns ranging from the need to reduce losses on transmission lines to reduction in CO2 emissions and security of supply have changed the power systems dynamics. Renewable energy sources which are closer to or integrated in the loads are now increasingly being used. This has significantly affected the documented characteristics of electrical power systems. Fault levels change with changes to the make up of an electrical power system forcing a reassessment of protection equipment. This report examines an electrical power system and the impacts that VAr compensation, embedded generation and fault conditions have on an the system. AIMS OF THE ASSIGNMENT To gain a thorough understanding of load flow analysis, balanced and unbalanced short circuit analysis, distributed generation, reactive power compensation and power & voltage control. To enhance the student learning process, by relating the theory and analytical procedures to computer aided techniques for system analysis and problem solving. NETWORK CONSTRUCTION AND ASSUMPTIONS MADE Bus: Each bus is sized according to its voltage level and fault level. The default fault levels were accepted for all buses. Transmission lines: These were sized according to their positive, negative and zero sequence reactances. Resistance is negligible. Distribution lines: These were sized according to their positive, negative and zero sequence resistances and reactances. Transformer: A 30MVA transformer rating was selected based on the loads supplied and then sized according to the winding reactances given. The resistances were calculated from the X/R ratio given. Neutral earthing data was selected with zero neutral earthing resistance and reactance. Tap changer: A tap changer with 1.0p.u. target voltage at Bus 4 was selected and turned on. Loads: Loads were configured from the MW/p.f selection and sized appropriately. Grid: The grid was sized based on the grid fault in feed of 2000MVA and X/R = 10
EN 0712 Assignment
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ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Active and Reactive Power Flow: The grid supplies 76.084MW and 67.957MVAr to the network. The loads absorb 76MW and 61.9MVAr of the power supplied. The transmission lines and the transformer absorb the balance. The transmission lines have no resistance and thus consume no real power. Voltage Profile: The voltage starts from 1.0p.u at bus 1 and drops to 0.934p.u at Bus 3. The effect of the transformer and tap changer raises the voltage to 1.005p.u at bus 4 and it decreases to 0.989p.u at bus 5 due to the loads and line resistance a shown in the figures below. Fault Levels: The fault levels decrease as we move down the network from 2000MVA at Bus 1 to 156.83MVA at Bus 5 as shown below. This is because the fault level at high transmission voltages is higher than that at low voltages (Weedy, 1987). Figure 1 : Load flow analysis results
132/11KV
Load 34MW 0.8pf
Load 30MW 0.7pf
Load 8MW 0.9pf
Figure 2: Voltage Profile from bus1 to bus5

1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 pV (pu)
Figure 3 : Fault levels from bus1 to bus5

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 3F (MVA)
EN 0712 Assignment
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UNBALANCED FAULT CALCULATION Phase to ground fault: An unbalanced fault calculation was conducted using ERACS. The simulation at Bus 4 between phase and earth caused a current surge at that point from 0.464KA to 17.203KA on the phase with the fault. The current at the other phases dropped to zero. The voltage of the affected phase VL1 dropped to zero. Phase to phase fault: This caused the current on the red phase IR to drop to zero and for the yellow and blue phases IY and IB to surge to 11.87KA. The voltage at VR was double the voltage at VY and VB. The result is shown below Figure 4 :Unbalanced Fault (Phase to Earth
132/11KV
Load
Load 30MW 0.7pf
Load 8MW 0.9pf
Figure 5: Unbalanced Fault (Phase to Phase)
132/11KV
Load
Load 30MW 0.7pf
Load 8MW 0.9pf
EN 0712 Assignment
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE FAULT CURRENT AND VOLTAGE AT BUS 4 Assumptions made; Resistance = 0 and the network is on no load before occurrence of the fault. The Thevenin equivalent circuit of the system at point of fault is given below;
Z1
a) MVA
base
= 100MVA
Gridfault = 2000MVA Gridfault (p.u) = Grid / MVA X

grid (P.U.)
= v2 (p.u) / Grid
fault
base
= 2000/100 = 20p.u.
fault (p.u)
= 1/20 = j0.05p.u.
Ibase = MVABase/3.11 = 100/3.11 = 5.249KA The positive, negative and Zero sequence networks are given below: Positive sequence:
Z1 = j0.05 + j0.08 + j0.08 + j0.15 = j0.36
EN 0712 Assignment
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Negative sequence:
Z2 = j0.05 + j0.08 + j0.08 + j0.15 = j0.36
Zero sequence:
Z0 = j0.15
The sequence network is given below:
I1 = I2 = I0 = E/ (Z1 + Z2 + Z0) = 1/( j0.36 + j0.36 + j0.15) = -j1.149 Ifault = 3I1 = 3 x (-j1.149) = -j3.45p.u IK.A = Ifault p.u x Ibase = -j3.45 x 5.249 x 103 = -j18.1KA = 18.1-90 KA b) The voltages of the healthy phases at bus 4, VY and VB are calculated below; -V1 = E (Z1 x I1); V2 = -I2Z2 ; V0 = -I0Z0 V1 = 1 (-j1.149 x J0.36) = 1 041364 = 0.5864p.u V2 = - (-J1.149 x j0.36) = -0.414p.u V0 = -(-J1.149 X J0.15) = -0.172p.u
Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293 EN 0712 Assignment Page 5
VY = a2V1 + aV2 + V0 VY = (-0.5 j0.866) (0.5864) + (-0.5 + j0.866) (-0.414) 0.712 VY = 0.904-106.6 VY (KV) = VY x Vbase = (0.904-106.6) x 11/3 = 5.74-106.6 KV IVYI = 5.74KV VB = aV1 + a2V2 + V0 VB = (-.5 + j0.866) x (0.5864) + (0.5 j0.866) x (-0.414) 0.712 VB = 0.904106.6 VB (KV) = VB x Vbase = (0.904-106.6) x (11/3) = 5.74106.6 IVBI = 5.74KV COMMENTS The fault current from analytical result of 18.1KA is close to 17.203KA from ERACS. The difference is because the network used in the analytical calculation is assumed to be an ideal model with no resistances. Losses are also ignored. The voltage magnitude in both the phases VY and VB are 5.74KV in the analytical method but 5.812KV and 5.67KV in ERACS. This is because an ideal model was assumed in the calculation and losses were ignored.
EN 0712 Assignment
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EFFECT OF INSTALLING A VAr COMPENSATOR A synchronous motor of 20MVAr output was used to represent a VAr compensator. This changed the voltage profile, reactive power demand and fault levels of the network. The voltage received a boost across the network and reactive power demand from the grid was reduced as compared to the first model. The fault levels of the network were significantly affected. This is shown in the figures below; Figure 6: Load flow analysis results with VAr compensator
VAr Compensator
132/11KV
Load
Load 30MW 0.7pf
Load 8MW 0.9pf
Figure 7: Voltage Profile from bus1 to bus5 Figure 8: Fault Levels from bus1 to bu5
1.02 1 2000 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 pV (pu) with Var Compensator pV (pu) 1500 1000 500 0 3F (MVA) with Var Compensator 3F (MVA) 2500
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EFFECT OF INSTALLING A WIND TURBINE The wind turbine injects active power and absorbs reactive power from the network. This results in a lower demand for active power and higher demand for reactive power. The voltage levels are also significantly affected with a voltage rise in the 11KV side because of the boost provided by the wind turbine and a drop in the 132KV side because of the increased reactive power consumption of the network. There is also a slight rise in fault levels. This is shown as compared to the original network in the figures below; Figure 9: Load flow analysis results with wind turbine
Wind Turbine
132/11KV
Load 34MW 0.8pf
Load 30MW 0.7pf
Load 8MW 0.9pf
Figure 10: Voltage Profile from bus1 to bus5

1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 pV (pu) with Wind Turbine
Figure 11: Fault Levels from bus1 to bus5

2500 2000 1500 3F (MVA)
pV (pu) 1000 500 0 3F (MVA) Wind Turbine
EN 0712 Assignment
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DISCUSSION The thevenin equivalent of a transmission system and the phasor diagram are given below:
Fig. 12: Power Transmission phasor diagram:
i)
Derivation of expression for active and reactive power flow through the line
From the phasor diagram above, it can be seen that: V2 2 = (V1 + V)2 + V2 V2 2 = (V1 + IRCos + IXSin )2 + (IXCos - IRSin )2 But S = P + jQ = IVCos + jIVSin Thus, P1 = IV1 Cos ; Q1 = IV1Sin ICos = P/V1 ; ISin = Q/V1 Substituting: V22 = (V1 + RP/V1 + XQ/V1)2 +(XP/V1 RQ/V1)2 Therefore: V = (RP + XQ)/V1 ; V = (XP RQ)/V1 In a typical power system, line resistance is negligible compared to reactance (Weedy, 1996). Thus,
V = XQ/V1 ; -1 But = Sin (V/V2) ; Therefore, V= V2 Sin V1V2Sin = XP
V = XP/V1 V/V2 = Sin ; V2 Sin = XP/V1 ; P = (V1V2 Sin)/X
Similarly, V2 V1 = V = XQ/V Therefore: V2V1 V1 2 = XQ Q = (V2V1 V2)/X Q/ V1 = (V2 2V1)/X This is the change in reactive power necessary to change the voltage. It can be seen from the expressions for both P and Q (active and reactive power) that the main factors are the voltages and line reactance. Thus the smaller the reactance, the more the reactive power needed and the more active power supplied. Derivation of voltage drop across the line and how this voltage drop can be minimized using VAr compensator. From above, if V<< V1 + V V22 = (V1 + RP/V1 + XQ/V1)2 + (XP/V1 RQ/V1)2 V2 = V1 + RP/V1 + XQ/V1 V2 - V1 = (RP + XQ)/V1 = V V = Voltage difference between sending end and receiving end = Voltage drop This can be minimized by using reactive power compensation as detailed below. Considering a case where the 3 phases of the line are short circuited, Isc = V1/X Let SCL = V1Isc Thus SCL = V12/X Using our voltage drop equation, it may be represented as V/V1 = (RP + XQ)/V12 V/V1 = ((RP + XQ)/V12) x (X/X) V/V1 = (X/V12) (RP/X + Q) V/V1 = 1/SCL (RP/X + Q)
ii)
where Isc = Short circuit current, assuming R<<X where SCL = Short circuit level
When R = 0, V/V1 = Q/SCL This gives an appropriate value of voltage change due to change in reactive power. When a VAr compensator is used for voltage control, the equation becomes V/V1 = 1/SCL (RP/X + (Q-QC)) where QC = Power supplied by the VAr compensator
This equation shows that voltage drop due to both active and reactive power can be controlled by controlling the output of the VAr compensator.
EN 0712 Assignment
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CONCLUSION The effects of VAr compensation, distributed generation and fault conditions have been examined in this report. A study on reactive power flow and VAr compensation has also been undertaken. It has been found that distributed generation and VAr compensation while beneficial in some aspects, increase the fault levels of the network. The operation of relays will have to be adjusted to compensate for that. In the case of distributed generation, directional current settings will have to be adjusted. This will in effect decrease the sensitivity of the relays (Jenkins, et al., 2010). The main methods used by electricity suppliers to control voltage levels are tap changing transformers. These offer variable control to keep the voltage within statutory limits. To control active and reactive power flow, suppliers mostly use VAr compensators. This compensates for reactive power needs of the network and reduces losses.
EN 0712 Assignment
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BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPMAN, J. S., 2002. Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals. Boston: McGraw Hill. Era Technology Works, n.d. ERACS User Guide and Technical Manual, Surrey: s.n. HINGORANI, N. G. & GYUGYI, L., 2000. Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology. New York N.Y: IEEE Press. Jenkins, N., Ekanayake, J. & Strbac, G., 2010. Distributed Generation. London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. Weedy, M. B., 1987. Electric power systems. Chichester: Wiley.
EN 0712 Assignment
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Report title: Computer Aided Power System Design and Analysis: Using ERACS to study the effects of various

components in a power network

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Load 34MW 0.8pf

Load 30MW 0.7pf

Load 8MW 0.9pf

Figure 2: Voltage Profile from bus1 to bus5

Figure 3 : Fault levels from bus1 to bus5

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Load 30MW 0.7pf

Load 8MW 0.9pf

Figure 5: Unbalanced Fault (Phase to Phase)

Load 30MW 0.7pf

Load 8MW 0.9pf

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Gridfault = 2000MVA Gridfault (p.u) = Grid / MVA X

Z1 = j0.05 + j0.08 + j0.08 + j0.15 = j0.36

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Z2 = j0.05 + j0.08 + j0.08 + j0.15 = j0.36

The sequence network is given below:

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Load 30MW 0.7pf

Load 8MW 0.9pf

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Load 34MW 0.8pf

Load 30MW 0.7pf

Load 8MW 0.9pf

Figure 10: Voltage Profile from bus1 to bus5

Figure 11: Fault Levels from bus1 to bus5

pV (pu) 1000 500 0 3F (MVA) Wind Turbine

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Fig. 12: Power Transmission phasor diagram:

V = XQ/V1 ; -1 But = Sin (V/V2) ; Therefore, V= V2 Sin V1V2Sin = XP

V = XP/V1 V/V2 = Sin ; V2 Sin = XP/V1 ; P = (V1V2 Sin)/X

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

Anwar Mukhtar Salim ; 10035293

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