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The Double "Daimn" in Euclides the Socratic Author(s): Aldo Brancacci Source: Apeiron: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science, Vol. 38, No. 2, Socrates' Divine Sign: Religion, Practice, and Value in Socratic Philosophy (June 2005), pp. 143-154 Published by: De Gruyter Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40914001 . Accessed: 02/08/2011 18:14
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TheDoubleDaimonin the Euclides Socratic

Aldo Brancacci

six to Euclides Megara of wrote dialogues: Laertius, According Diogenes be the is wereSocratic dialoguesas can clearly seen from titles,2 conin attheoutset: 'Panaetius firmed Panaetius, a passageworth by quoting thinks thatof all the Socratic dialogues,thoseby Plato,Xenophon, and are he Antisthenes Aeschines, genuine (atheis); is in doubtabout but to the one those ascribed Phaedoand Euclides; he rejects others and all'.3 Itmaybe worthwhile out this whoseexact over starting from passage, there beenmuchdiscussion, has how Euclidesis sepanoting meaning with the whose rated, together Phaedo,from groupofmajorSocratics, andtherefore which Panaetius considered authentic, dialogues genuine, I believeis thecorrect It ofhisopinion. maywellbe that interpretation in undertaken this theinvestigation to papercouldcontribute shedding someofthepossible on reasons theStoic for doubts. light philosopher's An important from of Euclides'dialoguesis quotedby one fragment in Stobaeus Chapter (Peri 6 of Itis akolasias) BookIII oftheAnthologium.
and Erotikos.1 That they Aeschines, Phoenix, Criton, Alcibiades, Lamprias,

1 Cf.DL II 108 (= SSR II A 10). The ancient sources Euclidesand the concerning Socratics quotedinthis are from edition byGiannantoni the SSR 1990. paper 2 Cf.Hirzell895,I110n3. fr 3 DL II 64 (= Panaetius 126vanStraaten)

144 AldoBrancacci

a literal from Euclides which deserves closereading: quotation 'Sleepis

convinced fleeting; other heteros and the is {ho houtos) white-haired easily andold,dwelling old difficult convince to and especially among people, avoid.Oncethis dairrin appeared, is difficult escapefrom has it lo him. He takesno notice words,[neither he generally of can hearanything] and becausehe is deaf, youcannot for clarify anything him, showing by ittohim, becausehe is blind/4 Attribution thefragment theErotikos of to and proposed Meineke by can be of accepted Nestle,5 only based on therepresentationSleepas by nteros meirakwdes kai whichcould refer the context a to of dairrin, but discussion eros; thebasisfor attributiontooweak,and the on this is mustbe rejected, other for reasonstoo,as we shallsee.6It hypothesis shouldhowever notedthatthewhole textrefers the themeof be to and reception whatis expressed thelogos, of in persuasion, listening which a particularly is Socratic inimageelaboration theme. and Delight use ofmyths mythical or for illustration ethical the of themes are figures also typically Socratic.7 connection The between and Deathgoes Sleep backtotheorigins Greek of literature.appearstwice theIliad, It in right whereSleep and Death are described brothers as (XIV 231),actually twins function comesoutas that 'swift also of (XVI682;cf.672).Their more for purpose, our (XVI 682).But, conveyers' 672, perhaps important in is their representationHesiod,which appearstohavebeenthemodel for sweeter, the more human inEuclides. thefollowing one See passage from Theogony: the

a dairrin witha youthful, childlikelook (nteros meirakwdes kai dairrin),

4 StobIII 6 63s. lem Eukleidou SSRII A 11) (= IV 5 Cf.Meineke whoargued the that first daimon tobe identified with was 1867, 260, Eros he was followed Nestle and 171. 1922, by 6 Thisis rejected 1 without further discussion Hirzel(1895), 110n 3; Dring 1972, by 80;Montoneri 45 n 12. 1984, 7 Cf.vonFritz without col 101 this 1931, 708.Mller 1985, accepts opinion, though that had to the to automatic conclusion Euclides nothing do with Eleatic coming the Giannantoni IV 39 (cf. it School; 1990, reservations, 55-60) accepts without coming tothis conclusion.

TheDoubleDaimon in EuclidestheSocratic 145 of havetheir Andthere children darkNight the Sleepand dwellings, withhis Sun looksuponthem awfulgods.Theglowing never Death, noras he comesdownfrom neither he goesup into as heaven, beams, and over of roamspeacefully theearth And theformer them heaven. has of and is kindly men;buttheother a heart to thesea's broadback ofmen him as Whomever within is pitiless bronze: and iron, hisspirit and eventothedeathless hehasonceseizedheholdsfast, he is hateful 758-66) gods.(Theog

of In his representation Sleep Euclidesappearsto have takenover in features a blandly almostenchanting Hesiod thesweet, from light, connotathe and erotic sense, tohavetransfigured depressing, negative and it at tionofDeathintoa visionaiming making acceptable bearable, and old as thanks itsphysical to both representationa white-haired man, crueland terrible thehateful, to its moralcharacterisation, replacing withthat an old,blindand deafman, of imageofthechildoftheNight or to cannot listen explanations takespecial forthisreason, who,only a that comesfrom thefact thefragment casesintoaccount. Considering of thatthere no confirmation a is remark Socratic dialogue,Natorp's of that havethefragment a we structure8 implies only question-answer numerous modelofwhich with in examples logos, conformity a literary and and of works Xenophon Plato, which in aretobe found theSocratic But on favoured Antisthenes.9 a logos we knowwas also particularly by death,whose aim was to sweetenits face,can onlyhave been prowas whenhehimself abouttodie;andifitishardly nounced Socrates by in deal on this Plato'sApology that havea great we torecall of necessary that was it there also a dialogueof and Socrates Phaedo, is worth noting of Antisthenes (now lost)on thesubject, whichonlya fewfragments that All thisleadstotheconclusion thepassagepreserved survive.10 by made by of Stobaeusprovidesa fewcrumbs a speechof consolation It in Crito. Euclides'dying Socrates, probably hisdialogueentitled very

col 8 Cf.Natorp 1907 1001. that introduced 'rhetorical DL 9 When VI 1 (= SSRVAII) stated Antisthenes style' in taken overfrom he into Gorgias, also meant, myview, dialogues, philosophical in other that (and by participantsthedialogues) lengthy speeches Socrates possibly in werefrequent Antisthenes' dialogues. 10 Cf.Brancacci 259-78. 2003,

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is highly that closest friend hisinterlocutor, in was both likely Socrates' ofthesamename,and in a dialogueofEuclides' thePlatonic dialogue situated thesamecontext. expression in The 'thisother one' {hoheleros the of of houtos), introducing description thedaimn Death- whoas has beenpointed namedas such11 showsthat out,is notactually already daimn indicated oneofthetwospeakers theother i.e., this was to one: by to Thiscouldmeanthat description thedaimn the of bySocrates Crito. was sparked by pictorial An off similar case is representation. entirely the description Achillesand theCentaurChironin a fragment of of Heracles.12 concordance Antisthenes' This between Euclidesand Antisthenes significant is becauseitcouldprovide evidence further for affinity intheliterary of Weknowthat expression theSocratics' dialogues. Sleep and Night werefrequently in associated bothliterature inpainting and and sculpture.13 into the of and Taking account existence this dialogue Euclides, the by in terms which association the between daimones the and Deathis Sleep of the can underdeveloped, conclusion theApology Socrates be better of stoodas canthewayinwhich Platoconstructed I am referring the it. to well-known section with Socrates' hypotheses death. two on The dealing I first which believeis very closetothehistorical Socrates is based

11 Regarding expression heteros the Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 23 n 2, houos, 1919, in it the out the at trial points that recalls wayinwhich, a trial, adversary present the to. was usually referred IntheviewofMller 188 Voudrait que dire 1985, n 69,this la Mortest bienprsente ctsde chacunde nous,commele dit le fr.20 aux du But does notexplain how Deathand (adpositum) couplede dmons'. Mller for See Sleepcanbe considered present thetwospeakers. thedifferent explanation I offer this in paper. 12 Cf.Gnom 743n 11 (= SSR v A 95),and,on thisfragment, Brancacci Vat see 1997, 115-17. 13 Forsomepoints Dbner1902, cf. Guerrini 2111-12; 1961;Paribeni 1966;Mainoldi 1987. the of representationsSleepand Deathare:Neckblack Among bestknown des Piot,1876. (500- 490BC),Collection Dpartement Antiquits figure amphora et Musedu Louvre Etruscan (Paris); (4th sculpture grecques, trusques romaines, Cleveland Museum BC), century Sleepand Deathcarry awaythedead Sarpedon, to ofArt, USA; Amphora 500BC),attributed a DiosphosPainter, (c Metropolitan H. with and Museum Art, of NewYork Lekythos (Judy Michael Steinhardt Gallery); to Thanatos redfigures a white on Painter, (450-425 attributedthe BC), background London(J.D.Beazley;Attic Oxford British Vase-Painters, Museum, Red-Figure 1228 Archive DatabaseNumber: 19632, 12;Beazley 216353).

TheDoubleDaimon in EuclidestheSocratic 147

that 'is onthe assumption dying like being (Ap nothing anymore' 40c5-6), whilethesecond- wherePlatoletshis own pointofview creepin, which was tobe further out the developedin thePhaedo starts from ofOrphic-Pythagorean that is,'as peoplesay, assumption origin dying and of a kindofchange migration thesoulfrom placedownhereto this It in be another that, thefirst 40c7-9). should noted place'(Ap hypothesis, between and Deathreturns itsorigins and thecloseparallelism Sleep in and that, anycase,on the maywellhave lainin Euclides'dialogue, we havea further reason considering for basisoftheEuclides fragment, or itcloseto theposition thehistorical of Socrates, at least'Socratic' (in At thesenseofbeingadvancedby Socratic philosophers). thispointI wellknown shouldliketoquotea partofthis passage: in if and a is no the Now, dying having sensation, itislike sleep which doesnot even death would a wonderful [ ... ] be dream, gain. sleeper I all of it for So ifsuch the is nature death,count a gain; inthat case, than time seems benolonger onenight. 40c9-d2, to 40e2-4) (Ap an It is now worthexamining important passage in Censorinus: has each ofus without distinction been 'EuclidestheSocratic saysthat in a which be learnt can from Lucilius BookXVI assigned doublegenius,

to Thereis no doubtthattheLatinword geniuscorresponded the ThusEuclides'statement becomessurprising, only not Greekdaimon. and becauseinXenophon Platothedemonordivine signmentioned by in is Socrates, actually a different in thetwo Socratics, called to way but becausetodaimonion bothin not is, daimonion, daimon}5 especially it and whileitis doubleinEuclides. Actually, is Xenophon Plato, single,

of the Satires'.

14 Censorinde die natali3,3 (= SSR II A 11): Euclides autemSocraticus omnibus duplicem omnino nobisgenium dicitadpositum, XVI satyrarum quantremapud Luciliumin libro [= fr518 Marx] licet cognoscere.

to 15 Theneuter daimonion denotes more a in abstract, conceptualised sphere respect In to ofthe noundaimn, which a widerange meanings. Xenophon daimonion has of himadvice (heaut meansSocrates' but demon, semainein): theuse of to giving instead thetraditional daimn, of term a wider confers moregeneral, daimonion, character thelatter than term wouldhaveallowed.In Platothis conceptualisation and thusintriorisation is processis even moreelevatedsinceto daimonion an indication thedaimonic of to rather thana signor voicemademanifest Socrates daimn. personal

148 AldoBrancacci

in theApology Plato'sSocrates speaksofdaimones theplural that in also and declaresthathe believesin daimones.16 passage is especially This becauseSocrates discussing charges is with the Meletus, i.e., important, thathe does notrecognise gods recognised thecity. the Now, he by the of of the argues, recognition theexistence daimones implies recognitionoftheexistence thegods,becauseeither daimones gods of the are themselves theoffspring thegods.The lineofargument based or of is on thefact that Socrates in one way or believesin daimones; otherwise, he on other, wouldbe basinghimself a playon words.Theconnection betweenthe 'new divinities' Socrates was allegedto (kaina daimonia) in have introduced theplace ofthegods recognised thepolis, and by in Socrates' at of daimonion, occurs, a structural position, thebeginning BookI ofXenophon's and both Memorabilia, is particularly important, initself owingtotheparallel and it which allowstobe setup with Plato'sApology XenMem1 1-2). becausethepassage (cf. Just from Apology notperfectly line(and thisis theleastthat be the in is can withthosewherePlato speaks of the insidedivinevoice that said) it Socrates whenpositing portrait his heard, appearstoshowthat Plato, ofSocrates, tookintoaccount one elaborated theother the Socratics by itinto own,albeit was obviously deliberate a (andthis incorporating his in To decision) marginally, a subordinate background. thisshouldbe in added that belief daimones quitenormal fifth-century in was Greek and culture couldwellhavebeena trait thehistorical of who Socrates, a wouldthushavefollowed lineofthought downfrom Homer coming and Hesiod,bywayoftragedy present Platohimself.17 and in Itshould

16 Cf.PI Ap27 b-c.Socrates' runs to argument as follows: according theprosecution Socrates teaches the but peoplenotto recognise acknowledged gods ofthecity in believe new ones.Now,ifSocrates in believes dairrwn related (daimonia things believe that daimones Daimones either are he must exist. pragmata), absolutely gods or their But of offspring. what man can believethereare children gods and non-gods? 17 InPlatotheterm daimon usedboth the in singular plural lower-rank and is for gods inthe It in world Greek narrations myth theother of (the pantheon. occurs mythical inPhaedo, myth Er,that the the of of winged that that chariot, ofTheuth, ofCronus in thePoliticus Leges) is used metaphorically,an imageor in rhetorical and or as The of from is contexts. attitude sincere respect usageofdaimn emerging Platonic in in entities wellrepresented Ti 40d,where daimones presented divine the are as in whomitis impossible tobelieve, owing thesolidity thearguments not not to of favour their of existence muchas forrespect as due to tradition Lg 738b). (cf.

TheDoubleDaimon in EuclidestheSocratic 149

and whileXenophon Platoreferred thedaimonion to also be notedthat in with who one only connection Socrates, was theonly tohearthevoice that Euclidesstated ofthat personal god or divinesignhe addressed,18 twodaimones been assignedto all menwithout had distinction. These statements one twoextraordinary concerning ofthemostcharacteristic in of and significant themes therepresentationSocrates could,perhaps, behind Panaetius' doubts theauthenon offer example thereasons an of of ofEuclides'picture Socrates, and, seeingthattheStoic'sphiticity on of interests cannot doubted, that Euclides' be dialogues. very lological theCensorinus the Theproblem passageis whether double posedby with to genius assigned eachofus shouldbe identified theSleep-Death in Stobaeusorwhether this mentioned thefragment preserved by pair In nature. short: Sleepand Deaththe are is statement ofa moregeneral to restricts himself twodaimones assigned eachofus, or,as Censorinus a doubledaitrin? are tosaying, we all,without distinction, protected by the and answer undoubtedly simpler lessproblematic, is Thefirst per-

Diotima that is Reference should madeto Smp be where 202dl3, proclaims Eros a VIII 1),adding: daimn XenSmp daimonic todaimonion) (cf. (pan 'Everything great To a falls between and human7. daimonion god appearshereto constitutegeneral and rank the also including daimn; theintermediate between human the sphere himforthisreasonas an accessible and divineofthedaimn appearsto qualify daimonion daimn the the between and on basis dimension menofvalue(for link for the as far the ofthevalueofmancf. wholepassagefrom Symposium, as 204;cf.also R 469al-bl).ThepassageinCratylus the of daimn concerning etymology theterm in between daimn a manofvalue(the and reasonable confirms connection Plato the manis correctly called whenaliveas wellas dead,inasmuch hebears as the daimn, cf. value of Hesiod's "golden to generation": 397e-8c). Proximity the originary in daimonion be noted thepassages Socratic can where Platoforegrounds figure the and in ofthedaimn individual's the escort protector, only theother not world(cf. Phd107d6; 617el-19c5 620d8;Ti 90a3;Lg 732c4-5; R and 877a3).Thisconception had roots(cf.Lg 804a2,where,in a quotation from Homer, certainly ancient referencemadetothedaimn is Telemachus). escorting be that there a situation is 18 Itshould recalled inthepseudo-Platonic is that Theages different: theinfluence thesignofthe here of daimn extends only not only partially totheperson Socrates also to that hisfriends, of but of whosebehaviour Socrates 1 himself todirect. [PI]Thg d5-7. Mem 1,4 is evenmore tries 128 Xen in Cf. explicit this sense: [i.e., "he was what of whofrequented Socrates] abletopredict many those himwereto do and notto do in accordance with warning thedaimn. the of And him those whoobeyed received while those whodidnothadreason to advantages, it/ regret

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seemat one,butis notas obviousas itmight haps eventhemostlikely it a we of first besides, shallsee that implies general sight; consequence unnoticed. The someimportance, which, tonow,has passed totally up is writes a doublegeniusin general: of first Censorinus point that Why he the andThanatos, should nothavementioned 'brothers' who Hypnos if to a long tradition, he was referring to them? This belonged only if wouldbe especially omission, itis thecase ofan omission, unusual, an he to since was following Lucilius, ancient source, whomhewas able torefer whether had readhimdirectly had indirect he or informaback, tion.19 he offers details, If no thismight meanthathe foundthe only in that in informationhissource Euclides wrote general abouta double man.Ifthefragment daimn to is assigned every preserved Stobaeus by withtheDe dienatali, certain shouldbe noted, compared discrepancies in which do notconsider resolution thedoublegenius thetwo also the of thatthelatter states daimones, Sleep and Death.The fragment actually daimn 'dwellsespecially amongold people' and thatonceit 'has apit is difficult avoid it. These expressions to peared' appear to be in withCensorinus' contrast of , whichleads one to think a 'adpositum! than If rather an appearance a particular at time. assignment permanent Zeller's these considerations right, are thesis comesagaintothefore; he that twodaimones Censorinus in believed the weretobe identified with and Discernment Stupidity which wouldreproduce {Einsicht, Torheit) and so theopposition of phronesis aphrosune characteristictheSocratics; withthatof Boyanc, thisis also thecase who believedthatthetwo with daimones mentioned Censorinus weretobe identified thegood by in withPythagorean and bad daimn, accordance Nevertheteaching.21 evenifSleep and that, less,one could also makethefurther objection the on the on Death'appear', former certain occasions, latter oneparticuin laroccasion, life, bothcanbe said tobe 'adscript without distinction, man.Besides, smalllinguistic for the sincetheyare constituted every coulddependon slight inexactitude mentioned linguistic discrepancies in documentation. inCensorinus, disappear thefaceofmore detailed or

was the sourceofCensorinus 'Granius 19 Boyanc 200 1935, n 1, arguesthat direct il est deux et sur Flaccus sonlivre les Indigitamenta: mentionn lignes plushaut;et d' il estencore question indigitamenta quelqueslignes plusloin/ 20 Cf.Zellerl9225,260n2. 1963. cf. On 21 Cf.Boyanc 189-202. thePythagorean 1935, conception Dtienne

TheDoubleDaimon in Eudides theSocratic 151

conclusion be reached. only can Thusnoabsolutely certain The certain is thing thatEuclidesarguedfortwo theses:(1) everyman,without is distinction, assigneda doubledaimn; Sleep and Death are two (2) to daitnones appear(we mustadd,unavoidably) men.Ifthedouble that in with then is to be identified thetwodaimones, (1) is resolved genius with ifthedoublegenius nottobe identified thetwodaimones, is then (2); be as of general SleepandDeathmust understood an extension Euclides' with have somekindofrelationship it.This, thesis, and,presumably, in of withour previousinterpretation the situation which together Euclides'Socrates couldhave used thewordspreserved Stobaeus, by bothZeller's and wouldlead us toreject and oftheir soothing meaning, Zeller'sview of Einsicht one cannot theses. accept Actually Boyanc's thesis features eachindividual, of becausethis andTorheit constitutive as ofEuclides'ethics. He clasheswiththefundamental principle clearly to that and that is one' {hen agathon), 'rejected everything argued 'good that was without it Itshould was contrary thegood,saying to reality'.22 who who mostcharacadded thatAntisthenes, was the Socratic be the between and phronsis aphroteristically foregrounded opposition it of was not suri, careful to consider constitutive man,i.e.,ofthevery would explodeand disindividual withwhichSocratic philosophy - but projects and on thisdistinction thatbetweenspoudaioi solve to the virtuousand aphrosun phronsis proper phauloi, considering If had that to proper thesenseless.23Euclides admitted thedoublegenius to a referable thephronsis contains doublenature, Iaphrosun antithesis, with this he then wouldhavehad tosupport initial assumption explicit some tracesof whichwould have had to remainin the arguments, and For reasons idea that the tradition, withgreat difficulty. these very with goodandbad daimn is cannot the doubledaimn tobe identified the an becausethis thesis wouldhaveintroduced irresolvtoo be accepted, withreference into to able conflict Euclides'ethics- even though, it on thesis, would stillbe true, thebasis of the fragment Boyanc's that a constitutesreal by teaching preserved Stobaeus, thePythagorean for Euclides' thesis thedoublepersonal on as one daimn) just precedent

22 DL II 106(= SSRII A 30).On these cf. col 1931, 709;Guthrie 1971, passages vonFritz Mller Giannantoni IV 55-7. 180-5; 1972, 82-9; 1985, 101-3; 1990, Dring cf. 23 FordocumentationBrancacci 89-97 114-17 Brancacci and 80-7 1990, 2005, and (cf. 101-4).

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of cannot doubtSocrates' and knowledge Pythagorean philosophy, his handknowledge Pythagorean of circles. first and madethese considerations detailed let comments, us now Having examined to now,so as to see ifitis return Euclides'twotheses to up and possibleto further develop our interpretation reachsome more Withregardto (1), we have said thatit is either results. an weighty If orautonomous thesis. itis elliptical, itis reduced (2): then to elliptical but thismeans- and thispointhas notbeen notedso farby those who identify doublegeniuswiththedaimones, scholars the Sleep and in Death- that notion dairrin Euclidesdoes nothave thesame the of in as Socratics. on theother If, hand,itis meaning todaimonion theother an autonomous and the of has thesis, if,thus, notion dairrin thesame in basicmeaning thedaimonion themajor as then Socratics, theproblem is to posit an interpretation is not contradictory the face of that in Euclides'ethical the to Now, we knowthat character teaching. proper in thedaimonion Xenophon thatit turns is Socrates towards positively action and choice. on interPlato, theother hand,positsa morerefined for whichthedivinesignprevents Socrates from and pretation, acting does notturn himto action.24 contrast The between twointerpretathe and tions couldnotbe moreobvious, itcannot dismissed be simply by that was is, (the saying Xenophon stupidand Platointelligent latter of truewhereas former surely the is Could thiscontrast be course, false). And who is theonlySocratic whom for originary? couldnotEuclides, there evidence theconcept 'doubledaimn', argued favour is of of in have ofa doublefunction thedaimn, of whichon occasion action, prevents whenit is a question doingsomething or an action of evil to contrary orevenan incongruous, defective disadventageous and or reason, one, on other occasions mento actionpositively, turns whenthisactionis It or good,right, opportune evenadvantageous? shouldalsobe noticed in Xenophon Platothedaimonion, daimonic and or that, sign,does not a concept(wisdom, example, good),but a function, for or represent is expressed Socrates that where interpretation the offered thevision of

it that voice(phone) 24 Cf. example 31c7-d5, for where isstated the heard Socrates, Ap by him and that divine daimonic addressing always or distracts from him, action, sign where daimonion the Socrates never makeshimact.Cf.also Tht 151a3-5, prevents to him from someofthosewishing frequent to his maieutic Phdr art; subjecting holdsSocrates backwhenhe is abouttodo where daimonic always the 242cl, sign Cf. Cf. 175-208. 1996, something. alsoR 496c. McPherran

TheDouble DaimoninEudides Socratic153 the ofthedaimon a minor as of to god,a friend man, already proper tragedy. IfinEuclides theterm too daimn a or expresses requirement imperative, orcommand, this of the can noneother type, doubledaimn be,logically, than doublerequirement function thesensemeant a in or above.Thisis a and remain Itis,however, so. only hypothesis, obviously, willprobably a hypothesis is coherent, outside contradictions that and the surroundof and ingthetheses Zellerand Boyanc, itagreeswiththeexpression used by Censorinus, whichmakesone think of less 'dwplicem genium', daimones twoseparate , would havebeen {duosgenios', 'genios geminos' in moreappropriate thiscase) thanthe same daimn, the same i.e., intwoforms: oncepushing requirement expressed peopletoactand on other occasions them from It with so.25 is also coherent preventing doing daimn theconception Socrates' of common theother to Socratics. Adthis doesnotmeanmuch, a from more of since, mittedly, rigorous point is view,thiscoherence whatneedsto be demonstrated. Nevertheless, a to couldhavebeen,for Euclides, assigning doublefunction thedaimn a coherent ofreconciling tradition thetwopersonal the of daimones way with moreadvanced the ofthedaimn, daimonic mainor concept sign, and in tained Socrates revived, theSocratic by sphere, Antisthenes, by and Xenophon, Plato. With to to it regard thedaimonic pairSleep-Death, which, is worth thewholeofEuclides' onthedoubledaimn couldbe repeating, position inmyviewtheessential in term thepairis thesecondone,and reduced, itrefers backto theeffect, of death philosophically speaking, Socrates' on hiscircle. Thiswas a highly traumatic as canbe seen,notonly event, from famous the initial wordsofthePhaedo therestofthePhaedo and but from growth, the Socratic in the of itself, sphere, a consolatory, of whichthetwo worksby Antisthenes, On literature, eschatological and On all the Hadesarean expression26; Phaedo the (and Dying Things of itseschatological as conclusion), wellas thelastpartofPlato'sApology Euclides'dialoguefrom whichthefragment ofSocrates; preserved by

25 Itshould notedthat thealready in be the Xenoquotedpassagefrom Memorabilia that was for of 'whatthey phonstates Socrates abletopredict many hisfollowers should should do,according the and not to warning the of daimn' 1 (Mem 1,4).Here thedaimn has a persuasive dissuasive which and are one, certainly twofunctions, then into On see 53-5. 40a-c, Joyal 1997, put practice Socrates. Plato's by Apology 26 Forthese cf. note9. writings DL VI 17and,above,

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how the Stobaeus mostprobably Crito; and,as faras we know, comes, the lostlogoi Sokratikoi. manyother Conferring statusand imageof a dairnn death, a childlike, on not sweetone likethat sleep, representing but not terrible intowhosearmswe surrender ourselves, still a fearful, one liketheold white-haired deaf,blindman who 'dwellsespecially like this amongold people',and assigning dairnn, sleep,to all men, that Euclides'Socratesmeantto affirm deathbelongsto a body of not natural which thus, terrible, inthis and, are, way, necessary, things, in Apology underline fact itis notevil, the that which Plato'sSocrates the 'dwells Even thestatement thisdairnn that nevertiredof repeating. It evidence old people'drawsourattention:is further especially among for oftheimportance Socrates attributed old age as motivation his to himnotto at of behaviour histrial and,as a consequence, theneedfor in avoid beingsentenced. alreadyprobably present Again the motif in to Euclides wouldbe returned byPlatoand Xenophon very subtly in and and theformer muchmoremarkedly explicitly thelatter.27

27 Cf. PI Ap 41d and Xen Mem IV 8, 6-8;Ap 1 and passim.