Chapter 6 Geometric Design of Travelways

6.1 Compare and contrast the classification systems used as the basis for the design of the geometric alignment of the travel ways of the highway, rail and air modes. 1) Highway classification systems classify highway travel-ways at two levels. At the first level, the travel-ways are categorized into urban or rural roads according to the types of areas the roads serve. At the second level, the roads in either area are categorized into principal arterial, minor arterial, major collector, minor collector, and local road and street according to their capacities and functions. However, freeways such as interstate highways are not classified separately, as they are usually considered as principal arterials. 2) Airport runways are generally classified into primary runway, crosswind runway, and parallel runway by their functions, orientation related to the winds direction, and the relationship to primary runway. Primary runways serve as the primary take-off and landing facility for airports. A crosswind runway is oriented at an angle to the primary runway to augment the primary runway, and to obtain the desired wind coverage at the airport. Parallel runways are constructed parallel to the primary runway to augment it when the traffic volume exceeds the primary runways operational capability. 3) Airport taxiways are generally classified into parallel taxiways, entrance taxiways, bypass taxiways, exit taxiways, and apron taxiways and taxilanes according to their geometric relation to and the services they provide to the airport runways. Parallel Taxiways run parallel to primary runways to provide access from the primary runways to the terminal areas. Entrance Taxiways provide direct access to the runway by connecting to the runway in a right angle. Bypass Taxiways provide the flexibility that is sometimes required in busy airports to move airplanes that are ready for departure to the desired take-off runways. Exit Taxiways are used by airplanes to exit from the runways at right-angles or standard acute-angle. Apron Taxiways and Taxilanes provide through taxi routes across an apron to gate positions or to other terminal areas. 4) Railway classification system classifies the railways into light rail transit track, urban rail transit tracks, freight and intercity passenger track, and high-speed railway track according to type of vehicles, the speed limits, and the areas they serve. Within each category, the railways can also be classified as primary tracks, secondary tracks, and yard and no-revenue tracks according to their importance and function in forming a connected railway network.

Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

6.2 A rural collector road located in a rolling terrain is to be designed to carry a specified design volume of 1500 veh/day. Determine the following: (i) suitable design speed (ii) suitable lane and shoulder widths (iii) the maximum desirable grade (iv) the minimum radius of horizontal curves A rural collector road Located in a rolling terrain Specified design volume = 1500 veh/day (i) (ii) Use Table 6.5, a suitable design speed is 40 mph. A suitable lane width is 12 ft. However, 10 and 11 ft are sometimes used on two-lane two-way rural roads if right-of-way restriction is encountered. AASHTO recommends a minimum of 10 ft, preferably 12 ft on highspeed roads with high truck volumes. However, if right-of-way restriction is encountered, 8 ft may be used. Use Table 6.7 to determine maximum grade, the maximum desirable grade is 8%. Note that grades should be made flatter if possible Determine minimum radius based on maximum superelevation rate: For a rural collector road and minimal amount of snow, a maximum superelevation rate (e) of 0.10 can be used. design speed of 40 mph, the coefficient of side friction is 0.16(see Table 3.9) v2 40 2 R= = = 410 . 26 ft 15 ( e + f s ) 15 ( 0 .10 + 0 . 16 )

(iii) (iv)

6.3 For a rural principal arterial road in mountainous terrain with a design speed of 65 mi/hr, determine the following: (i) Suitable lane and shoulder widths (ii) The maximum desirable grade (iii) The minimum radius of horizontal curves A rural principal arterial Located in mountainous terrain Design speed = 65 mph (i) If land use allows, a suitable lane width is 12 ft. AASHTO recommends a minimum of 10 ft, preferably 12 ft on highspeed roads with high truck volumes. However, if right-of-way restriction is encountered, 8 ft may be used.

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(ii) (iii)

Use Table 6.7 to determine maximum grade, the maximum desirable grade is 5.5%. Note that grades should be made flatter if possible Determine minimum radius based on maximum superelevation rate: For a rural principal arterial and minimal amount of snow, a maximum superelevation rate (e) of 0.08 can be used. design speed of 65 mph, the coefficient of side friction is 0.11 (see Table 3.9) v2 652 R= = = 1482.46ft 15(e + f s ) 15 ( 0.08 + 0.11)

6.4 A light rail main line track is to be designed for a major metropolitan area. Determine the following: (i) the maximum sustained longitudinal grade (ii) the maximum sustained grade for a distance of 1550 ft between the PVIs of consecutive vertical curves (iii) the maximum sustained grade for a distance of 3500 ft between the PVIs of consecutive vertical curves (iv) the minimum grade

(i) Maximum sustained grade for a distance of 2,500 ft or less between points of vertical intersections (PVIs) = 6%, but can be increased to 7.0% for distances of 500 ft or less between PVIs. For distances between PVIs greater than 2,500 ft. max. grade is 4% (ii) Maximum sustained grade for a distance of 1,550 ft between PVIs = 6 % (iii) Maximum grade for a distance of 3,500 ft between consecutive PVIs = 4 (iv) Minimum grade is 0.2%, however no minimum grade is specified at passenger stations, but provision should be made for adequate drainage
6.5 A crest vertical curve is to be designed on a freight and intercity main line track. Determine the following: (i) maximum grade (ii) maximum change in grade for the two tangents connected by a crest vertical curve of 750 ft (iii) maximum change in grade for the two tangents connected by a sag vertical curve of 750 ft

(i) The maximum grade of 1.5% is preferred. (ii) The maximum change in grade for a crest vertical curve is 0.1L/100 where: L = length of curve ft Maximum change in grade for a crest = 0.1x750/100 = 0.75 ft
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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

(iii) The maximum change in grade for sag vertical curve is 0.05L/100 where: L = length of curve ft = 0.05x750/100 = 0.375 ft
6.6 Determine the minimum length of a crest vertical curve on a freight and passenger inter-city main line track, connecting two tangents of +0.75% and 1.5%.

Rate of change in grade should not be greater than 0.1 ft per station of 100 ft on crest vertical curve. Determine total change in grade Total change in grade = 0.75 (- 1.5) = 2.25 % Minimum length of crest vertical curve = 2.25/0.1 = 22.5 ft for per 0.01% net change in grade. Total curve length = 22.5x100 = 2,250ft
6.7 Repeat problem 6.6 for a crest vertical curve on a Light Rail Transit main line with a design speed of 55mph

Determine desired length: use equation 6.15 Desired length = 200A = 200x2.25 = 450 ft Determine preferred minimum length: use equation 6.16 Desired preferred minimum length = 100A = 100x 2.25 = 225 ft Determine absolute minimum length: use equation 6.17 Au 2 Absolute minimum length = Lmin abs = 25 2.25 x552 Lmin abs = = 272.25ft 25 The minimum length of the curve is therefore 272 .25 ft. as this is the absolute minimum required.
6.8 Repeat problem 6.6 for a sag vertical curve on a Light Rail Transit main line track with a design speed of 55 mph

Determine desired length: use equation 6.15 Desired length = 200A = 200x2.25 = 450 ft Determine preferred minimum length: use equation 6.16 Desired preferred minimum length = 100A = 100x 2.25 = 225 ft

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Determine absolute minimum length: use equation 6.18 Au 2 Absolute minimum length = Lmin abs = 45 2.25 x552 Lmin abs = = 151.38ft 45 The minimum length of the curve is therefore 151.38 ft.
6.9 An airport is being designed for aircraft approach category B. Determine the following: (i) the maximum longitudinal grade of the primary runway (ii) the maximum longitudinal grade of a taxiway (iii) the minimum length of a vertical curve joining two tangents of maximum permissible grades (iv) the minimum distance between the points of intersection of two consecutive vertical curves connecting tangents of maximum grades.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

maximum longitudinal grade for the primary runway = + 2% maximum longitudinal grade of taxiway = + 2% minimum length of vertical curve joining two tangents of maximum permissible grade = 300A = 300(2-(-2)) = 1200ft minimum distance between the points of intersection of two consecutive vertical curves connecting tangents of maximum grades = 250A = 250x4 = 1000 ft

6.10 Repeat problem 6.9 for an aircraft approach category D

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

maximum longitudinal grade for the primary runway = + 1.5% maximum longitudinal grade of taxiway = + 1.5% minimum length of vertical curve joining two tangents of maximum permissible grade = 1000A = 1000(1.5-(-1.5)) = 3000ft minimum distance between the points of intersection of two consecutive vertical curves connecting tangents of maximum grades = 1000A = 1000x3 = 3000 ft

6.11 A 3% grade on a principal arterial road intersects with a 2% grade at station (355 + 54.5) at an elevation of 323 ft. If the design speed of the road is 60 mph, determine the stations and elevations of the BVC, EVC, and the elevations on the curve at each 100 ft station.

Determine the minimum length of curve to meet the sight distance requirement.
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Use Equation 2.20 to determine the minimum sight distance: u2 SSD = 1.47ut + a 30 G g 602 = 1.47 60 2.5 + 11.2 30 0.03 32.2 = 598.06ft Assuming S < L, use Equation 6.6 to determine the minimum length of the vertical curve: AS 2 5 598.062 Lmin = = = 828.72ft 2158 2158 S < Lmin, assumption hold. Determine the minimum length of curve to satisfy comfort criterion. Use Equation 6.11 to determine the minimum length Au 2 5 602 L= = = 387.10ft 46.5 46.5 Determine the minimum length of curve to satisfy the criterion of general appearance. Use Equation 6.12 to determine the minimum length L = 100 A = 100 5 = 500ft The minimum length that satisfies all criteria is that required to satisfy the sight distance criterion, which is 828.72 ft. The stations and elevations of the BVC, EVC, and the elevations on the curve at each 100 ft station are listed in the following table:
STATION 355+54.500 351+40.140 352+00.000 353+00.000 354+00.000 355+00.000 356+00.000 356+37.372 357+00.000 358+00.000 359+00.000 359+68.860 ELEVATION 323 310.569 312.257 314.594 316.328 317.458 317.986 318.028 317.909 317.23 315.947 314.713

PVI BVC

HIGH POINT

EVC

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324 322 320

317.986 318.028 317.909

Elevation

318 316 314 312 310 308 35000

312.257 310.569 314.594 317.458 316.328

317.23 315.947 314.713

35100

35200

35300

35400

35500 35600 Station

35700

35800

35900

36000

36100

6.12 A vertical curve connects a +2% grade and a 2% grade on the primary runway of an airport. The grades intersect at station (650 +33.5) at an elevation of 200 ft Determine the stations and elevations of the BVC, EVC and the elevations on the curve at 100 ft stations.

The maximum longitudinal grade for Aircraft Approach Categories A and B is + 2% and that for Categories C and D is + 1.5%. So, this aircraft approach category should be A or B. Hence, the minimum curve length is,
Lmin = 300 A = 300 ( 2 ( 2)) = 1200 ft
Calculation result using Simplicity System ---------------------------------------------------------------------Grade In = 2.000% Grade Out = -2.000% STATION --------650+33.500 644+33.500 645+00.000 646+00.000 647+00.000 648+00.000 649+00.000 650+00.000 650+33.500 651+00.000 652+00.000 653+00.000 654+00.000 ELEVATION ----------200.000 P.I. 188.000 BVC 189.256 190.868 192.146 193.091 193.703 193.981 194.000 HIGH POINT 193.926 193.538 192.816 191.761 Curve Length = 1200.000 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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655+00.000 656+00.000 656+33.500

190.373 188.651 188.000 EVC

195 194 193 Elevation (ft) 192 191 190 189

188 189.256 188.651 188 190.868 190.373 192.146 191.761 193.703 193.091 194 193.981 193.926 193.538 192.816

188 187 643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

Station/100 ft

Elevation of Crest Curve at 100 ft Interval

6.13 A sag vertical curve connects a 1.5% grade and a + 1.5% grade on a freight and intercity main line railway track. If the grades intersect at station (300 + 25.35), and an elevation of 350.50 ft determine the stations and elevations of the BVC, EVC and the elevations on the curve at 100 ft intervals.

Determine minimum length of crest vertical curve- use equation 6.19 G G2 in stations of 00 ft Lmin = 1 r where: r = the rate of change in grade in percent/100 ft 0.1 Assuming maximum r, of 0.1 (1.5 (+1.5)) Lmin = 0.1 = |-3.0/0.1| = 30 stations (use absolute value) = 30x100ft =3000 ft

Determine Station of BVC Station of BVC = 300 + 25.35 = 285 + 25.35

30 + 00 2

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

Station at EVC = 285 + 25.35 +30 = 315 + 25.35

STATION --------300+25.350 285+25.350 286+00.000 287+00.000 288+00.000 289+00.000 290+00.000 291+00.000 292+00.000 293+00.000 294+00.000 295+00.000 296+00.000 297+00.000 298+00.000 299+00.000 300+00.000 300+25.350 301+00.000 302+00.000 303+00.000 304+00.000 305+00.000 306+00.000 307+00.000 308+00.000 309+00.000 310+00.000 311+00.000 312+00.000 313+00.000 314+00.000 315+00.000 315+25.350

ELEVATION ----------350.000 P.I. 372.500 BVC 371.408 370.033 368.757 367.582 366.507 365.531 364.656 363.881 363.205 362.630 362.155 361.779 361.504 361.329 361.253 361.250 LOW POINT 361.278 361.403 361.627 361.952 362.376 362.901 363.526 364.250 365.075 366.000 367.024 368.149 369.374 370.698 372.123 372.500 EVC

6.14 A primary runway is being designed for a new airport to serve airport approach category B. As part of this work it is required to design two consecutive vertical curves (a crest vertical curve followed by a sag vertical curve) to be located midway along the length of the runway. The design should satisfy all the grade and minimum length requirements. If conditions are such that the crest vertical curve connects grades of +0.5% and 1.5% , determine all the properties of both curves that will be necessary to set out the curves. The elevation and station of the point of intersection of the two tangents of the crest vertical curve are 556.50 ft and

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595+45.00 respectively and the distance between the points of intersections (PVIs) of the vertical curves is 975 ft.

Identify conditions that should be satisfied. Maximum longitudinal grade should be + 2.0% Maximum longitudinal grade change = + 2.0% Minimum length of curve should be 300A Minimum distance between points of intersection (PVI) of the tangents of the consecutive vertical curves is 250(A1 + A2) Determine length of crest vertical curve Minimum length of crest vertical curve = 300(-0.5 (1.5)) = 600ft Determine station of BVC of crest vertical curve: Station of BVC = Station of PVI L/2 = 595+45.00 (6+00)/2 = 592 +45 Determine station of EVC of the crest vertical curve Station of EVC = Station of BVC + L = (592 +45) + (6 + 00) = 598 + 45 Determine grade of second tangent of the crest vertical curve- use requirement for minimum distance between points of intersections Minimum distance between PVIs = 250(A1 + A2) 975 = 250(2.0 + A2) 1.9 = A2 Grade of second tangent of sag vertical curve = 1.9 1.5 = 0.4% Determine length of length of sag vertical curve: use 300x1.9 Length of sag vertical curve = 300x 1.9 = 570 ft Determine Station of BVC of sag vertical curve Station of PVI of sag vertical curve = (595 + 45.00) + (9 +75.00) = 605 +20.00 Determine Elevation of PVI of sag vertical curve 556.50 975 x 0.015 = 541.875 ft Determine station of BVC of sag vertical curve = 605 + 20.00 (5 + 70)/2 = 602 + 35.00 Determine elevation of BVC of sag vertical curve = Elevation of PVI + 0.015x 570/2 = 546.15 ft For elevations and other information see tables below.
Elevations on Crest vertical curve STATION ELEVATION ------------------595+45.000 556.500 P.I. 592+45.000 593+00.000 593+95.000 594+00.000 555.000 P.C. 555.225 555.375 HIGH POINT 555.375

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways 595+00.000 596+00.000 597+00.000 598+00.000 598+45.000 Elevations on sag vertical curve STATION --------605+20.000 602+35.000 603+00.000 604+00.000 605+00.000 606+00.000 606+85.000 607+00.000 608+00.000 608+05.000 ELEVATION ----------541.875 P.I. 546.150 P.C. 545.245 544.129 543.345 542.895 542.775 LOW POINT 542.779 542.995 543.015 P.T. 555.191 554.675 553.825 552.641 552.000 P.T.

6.15 Repeat problem 6.14 for an airport approach category C, but in this case the distance between the points of intersections (PVIs) of the vertical curves is not given and the common tangent between the two curves is 1.0%.

Identify conditions that should be satisfied. Maximum longitudinal grade should be + 1.5% Minimum length of curve should be 1000A Minimum distance between points of intersection (PVI) of the tangents of the consecutive vertical curves is 1000(A1 + A2) Maximum allowable grade change = 1.5% Determine maximum grade of the first tangent of the crest vertical curve using 1.5 = (G1 - G2= 1.5 =(G1 (-1.0)) 0.5 = G1 Similarly maximum grade of the second tangent of the sag vertical curve is 0.5% Determine length of crest vertical curve Minimum length of crest vertical curve = 1000(1.0 (-0.5)) = 1500ft Determine minimum distance between points of intersection (PVI) of the tangents of the consecutive vertical curves: use 1000(A1 + A2) = 1000(1.5 +1.5) = 3000 ft Determine station of BVC of crest vertical curve: Station of BVC = Station of PVI L/2 = 595+45.00 (15+00.00)/2 = 587 +95 Determine station of EVC of the crest vertical curve Station of EVC = Station of BVC + L

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= (587 + 95.00) + (15 + 00.00) = 602 + 95.00 Determine elevation of the BVC of the crest vertical curve = Elevation of PVI + G1 x L/2 = 556.50 0.005x750 = 552.75 ft Determine station of the PVI of the sag vertical curve Station of PVI of the sag vertical curve = station of PVI of the crest vertical curve + 3000 = (595 + 45) + (30 + 00.00) = 625 + 45.00 Determine length of the sag vertical curve: use 1000A Length of crest vertical curve = 1000x 1.5 = 1500 ft Determine Station of BVC of sag vertical curve Station of BVC of sag vertical curve = Station of PI of sag vertical curve L/2 = (625 + 45.00) (15 + 00)/2 = 617 + 95.00 Determine Elevation of PI of the sag vertical curve = 556 .50 0.01x 3000 = 526.50 ft Determine Elevation of BVC of the sag vertical curve 526.50 + 1500x 0.01/2 = 534.00 ft See tables below for remaining calculations Elevations on crest vertical curve
STATION --------595+45.000 587+95.000 588+00.000 589+00.000 590+00.000 591+00.000 592+00.000 593+00.000 594+00.000 595+00.000 596+00.000 597+00.000 598+00.000 599+00.000 600+00.000 601+00.000 602+00.000 602+95.000 ELEVATION ----------556.500 P.I. 552.750 P.C. 552.775 553.293 553.845 554.430 555.048 555.700 556.385 557.103 557.855 558.640 559.458 560.310 561.195 562.113 563.065 564.000 P.T.

Elevations on sag vertical curve STATION ELEVATION ------------------625+45.000 526.500 P.I. 617+95.000 618+00.000 534.000 P.C. 533.950

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways 619+00.000 620+00.000 621+00.000 622+00.000 623+00.000 624+00.000 625+00.000 626+00.000 627+00.000 627+95.000 628+00.000 629+00.000 630+00.000 631+00.000 632+00.000 632+95.000 533.005 532.160 531.415 530.770 530.225 529.780 529.435 529.190 529.045 529.000 LOW POINT 529.000 529.055 529.210 529.465 529.820 530.250 P.T.

6.16 A horizontal curve is to be designed to connect two tangents on a rural principal arterial with a design speed of 70 mi/hr. The station of the PC is 545+45.50. It is expected that an existing building will be located at a distance of 50 ft from the centerline of the inside lane. Determine the minimum radius that will satisfy the sight distance and superelevation requirements.

Determine minimum radius based on maximum superelevation rate: - Use superelevation of 0.1 (10 %) as road is in rural area - For a design speed of 70 mph, the coefficient of side friction is 0.10 (see Table 3.9) v2 702 R= = = 1633.3ft 15(e + f s ) 15(0.10 + 0.10) Determine minimum radius based on sight distance requirement: - Use Equation 6.50 to determine sight distance for a design speed of 70 mph: v2 SSD = 1.47vt + a 30( G ) g 702 = 1.47 70 2.5 + 30(0.35 + 0) = 723.92ft - Use Equation 6.49 to determine minimum radius: 28.65 28.6 723.92 R = 1080.88ft m = R 1 cos S 50 = R 1 cos R R We obtain R = 1089ft which is less than the 1633.3 ft for the maximum superelevation requirement. This therefore governs and the minimum radius of the curve is 1633 ft

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

6.17 A horizontal curve connects two tangents that intersect at an angle of 45 on an urban arterial highway. The point of intersection of the tangents is located at station (658+53.75). If the design speed of the highway is 65 mi/hr, determine the point of the tangent and the deflection angles to whole stations for setting out the curve from the PC.

Determine minimum radius based on maximum superelevation rate: - Use superelevation of 0.08 (8 %) as expressway is in urban area - For a design speed of 65 mph, the coefficient of side friction is 0.11 (see Table 3.9) v2 652 R= = = 1482.46ft 1483ft 15(e + f s ) 15(0.08 + 0.11) Use Equation 6.31 to determine length of tangent (T): T = R tan 2 45o = 1483 tan 2 = 614.27ft Use Equation 6.35 to determine length of curve: R L= 180 1483 45 = 180 = 1164.75ft Determine station of BC and PT: Station of BC = (658+53.75) (6+14.27) = (652+39.48) Station of PT = (652+39.48) + (11+64.75) = (664+4.23) Use Equation 6.69 to determine first, intermediate and final deflection angles: l1 = (652+39.48) + (635+00.00) = 60.55 ft l2 = (664+4.23) (664+00.00) = 4.23 ft l1 L l2 = = 1 2 45 60.55 = 2.339o 1 = 1164.75 45 4.23 = 0.163o 2 = 1164.75 45 100 D= = 3.863o 1164.75

The deflection angles to BC, PT and other whole stations for setting out the curve are listed in the table below.

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

BC

PT

STATION 652+39.48 653+00.000 654+00.000 655+00.000 656+00.000 657+00.000 658+00.000 659+00.000 660+00.000 661+00.000 662+00.000 663+00.000 664+00.000 664+04.23

DEFLECTION ANGLES 0.000 1.170 3.101 5.033 6.964 8.896 10.827 12.759 14.690 16.622 18.553 20.485 22.416 22.470

6.18 A curved section of a light rail transit track with an actual superelevation of 5.5 is to be upgraded to allow its use by freight and passenger intercity trains. If the existing radius cannot be improved because of land use restrictions, determine whether it is feasible to upgraded the track such that freight and passenger intercity trains traveling at 50 mph can use it. The existing maximum speed of the light rail transit trains is 45 mph

Since the radius cannot be changed, the other option is to determine the actual superelevation that will allow for a freight or passenger intercity train to travel at 50 mph Determine existing radius of curve use equation 6.53 v2 452 ea = 2.64 0.66 = 5.5 = 2.64 0.66 R R R = 867.85 ft 5729.65 Determine degree of curve use equation 6.30 R = Dco 5729.65 Dco = = 6.6 (Note: although this is above the desirable 867.85 degree (3) for main line tracks, it is below the absolute minimum value (9 30) for realigned tracks Determine equilibrium superelevation for 50 mph use equation 6.57 eq = ea + eu = 0 .0007v2D = 0. 0007 x 50x50 x 6.6 = 11.55 Absolute maximum unbalanced superelevation for light transit tracks = 4.5 Therefore required actual super elevation for freight and passenger intercity trains to travel at 50 mph = 11.55 4.5 = 7.05 (this is higher than the absolute value of 4.5 for light rail transit trains). It is therefore not feasible for he curve to be upgraded for freight and passenger intercity trains to travel at 50 mph

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

Check for 45 mph eq = ea + eu = 0 .0007v2D = 0. 0007 x 45x45 x 6.6 = 9.36 Required actual superelevation = 9.36 - 4.5 = 4.86 > 4.5 It is also not feasible for freight and passenger intercity trains to travel at 45 mph
6.19 A spiral curve connects two consecutive circular curves on a Light Rail Transit with a design speed of 50 mi/hr. The first curve has a radius of 3000 ft and the second curve has a radius of 2250 ft. Determine the minimum length of the spiral curve for the limiting value of the unbalanced superelevation. Solution: Determine equilibrium superelevation - use Equation 6.55:
v2 502 eq1 = 3.96 = 3.96 R 3000 = 3.3" v2 502 eq 2 = 3.96 = 3.96 R 2250 = 4.4"

For a limiting value of the unbalanced superelevation eu1 = eu 2 = 3" , the actual superelevation should be:

ea1 = eq1 eu1 = 3.3 3 = 0.3"

ea 2 = eq 2 eu 2 = 4.4 3 = 1.4" Determine desired length of spiral curve use Equations 6.64, 6.65 and 6.66: Lminspiral = 31(ea2 - ea1) = 31(1.4 0.3) = 34.1 ft Lminspiral = 0.82(eu2-eu1)v = 0.82(3 3)50 = 0.0 ft Lminspiral = 1.10(ea2 - ea1)v = 1.10(1.4 - 0.3)50 = 60.5 ft The computed desired length is therefore 60.5 ft.

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

Determine the absolute minimum length of the spiral - use Equation 6.67: Lminspiral = 1.09(eu)v = 1.09(3.0)(50) = 163.5 ft The results indicate that the computed desired length is 60.5ft, which in this case is less than the absolute minimum length of 110.85 ft. The length of the spiral should therefore be 163.5 ft.
6.20 A spiral curve connects a tangent and a 3 circular curve with an intersection angle of 40 on a Light Rail Transit track. The design speed is 60mph and the actual superelevation is 5. The tangents of the circular curve intersect at station (586 + 56.35) with an intersection angle of 40. Determine: (i) the station of the point of spiral (TS) (ii) the station of the start of the circular curve (SC) (iii) the station of the end of the circular curve (CS) (iv) the station of the end of spiral (ST)

Determine equilibrium superelevations - use Equation 6.56: eq = 0.00069v 2 Dc = 0.00069 60 2 3 = 7.452" Hence, the unbalanced superelevation is eu = eq ea = 7.452 5 = 2.452" (<3) Decide the minimum spiral length using equations 6.21, 6.22, and 6.23: Lminspiral = 0.82euv = 0.82*2.452*60 = 120.6 ft Lminspiral = 1.10eav = 1.10*5*60 = 330 ft Lminspiral = 31ea = 31*5 = 155 ft So, the minimum length of the spiral should be 330 ft (>60 ft). Determine central angle of spiral - use Equation 6.70: LD s = s a = 330 3 200 = 4.95 200 Determine central angle of the spiraled circular curve (I -2) = (40-2x4.95)= 30.1 Determine the radius of the circular curve - use Equation 6.30: 5729.58 5729.58 R= = = 1909.86 ft 3 Dc Determine the length of the circular curve - use Equation 6.35: R ( I 2 s ) 1909.88(40 2 4.95) L= = = 319.37 ft 180 180

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Chapter 6: Geometric Design of Travelways

Determine the distance along the tangent from T.S. to S.C., i.e X - use Equation 6.75: Here, = s = 4.95/180 = 0.08635 rad, and l s = Ls = 330 ft
2 4 0.086352 0.086354 = 3301 = 329.75 ft + + X = Ls 1 10 216 10 216 Determine the perpendicular distance from the tangent to S.C., i.e Y - use Equation 6.76: 3 5 0.08635 0.086353 0.086355 = 330 = 9.50 ft + + + Y = Ls + 3 42 132 3 42 132 Determine the throw (o) use Equation 6.77: o = Y- R(1 - coss) = 9.5 1909.88(1- 0.9963) = 2.43 ft Determine the distance along the tangent from T.S. to the vertex V (PI) i.e Ts - use Equation 6.78: I Ts = X R sin s + ( R + o) tan 2 40 Ts = 329.75 1909.88 sin 4.95 + (1909.88 + 2.43) tan = 860.98 ft 2

Determine station of T.S. Station of PI - Ts (586 + 56.35) (8 + 60.98) = 577 + 95.37 Determine station at S.C. Station at S.C. = station at T.S. + length of spiral curve = (577+95.37) + (3 + 30.00) = 581 + 25.37 Determine station at C.S. Station at C.S. = station at S.C. + length of horizontal curve = (581 + 25.37) + (3 + 19.37) = 584 + 44.74 Determine station at S.T. Station at S.T. = station at C.S. + length of spiral curve = (584 + 44.74) + (3 +30.00) = 587 + 74.74

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6.21 An airport at an elevation of 2,500 ft above sea level is being designed. Determine its minimum primary runway length for each of the following family of airplanes: (i) (ii) (i) Airplanes with approach speeds of less than 30 knots Airplanes with approach speeds of 30 knots or more but less than 59 knots Airplanes with approach speeds of less than 30 knots Minimum runway length at sea level = 300 ft Determine correction for higher elevations - use (30 x El)/1000 Where El = elevation of airport Correction for elevation = (30 x 2500)/1000 = 75 ft Determine minimum length of airport runway = 300 + 60 = 375 ft. (ii) Airplanes with approach speeds of 30 knots or more but less than 59 knots Minimum runway length at sea level = 800 ft Determine correction for higher elevations use (80 x El)/1000 Where El = elevation of airport Correction for elevation = (80 x 2500)/1000 = 200 ft Determine minimum length of airport runway = 800 + 200 = 1000 ft. 6.22 An airport is being considered for a location at an elevation of 4,500 ft. If the topographic and other conditions restrict the maximum length of the primary runway to 1100 ft, determine the highest approach speed family of air planes for which the airport will be suitable. Determine minimum length required for airplanes with approach speeds of less than 30 knots Minimum runway length at sea level = 300 ft Determine correction for higher elevations - use (30 x El)/1000 Where El = elevation of airport Correction for elevation = (30 x 4500)/1000 = 135 ft Determine minimum length of airport = 300 + 135 = 435 ft Required minimum length is less than available length (435 < 1100 ft), therefore the airport will be suitable for this family of airplanes

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Airplanes with approach speeds of 30 knots or more but less than 59 knots Minimum runway length at sea level = 800 ft Determine correction for higher elevations use (80 x El)/1000 Where El = elevation of airport Correction for elevation = (80 x 4500)/1000 = 360 ft Determine minimum length of airport = 800 + 360 = 1160 ft. Required minimum length is greater than available length (1160 > 1100 ft), therefore the airport will not be suitable for this family of airplanes. The maximum approach speed that this airport can serve is less than 30 knots 6.23 An airport located at an elevation of 4000 ft and a mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month of the year of 90 F is to be designed to serve airplanes with maximum certified takeoff load of 10,500 lbs and capable of carrying 9 passengers. Determine the minimum primary runway length that is required for: (i) 75% of the fleet (ii) 95% of the fleet (iii) 100% of the fleet Maximum certified takeoff load = 10,500 lbs which is less than 12,500 lbs Number of passengers = 9, which is less than 10, Use Figure 6.30 Appropriate chart is given in Figure 6.30 Runway length for 75% of fleet 4030 ft Runway length for 95% of fleet 5200 ft Runway length for 100% of fleet 5510 ft

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6.24 An existing airport located at a site with an elevation of 4000 ft and a mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month of the year of 80 F, was designed to serve all airplanes with maximum certificated takeoff load of up to 12500 lb carrying less than 10 passengers. If the airport is to be improved so as to serve all airplanes with a maximum certified takeoff weight of 60000 lb and a 90% useful load, determine by how much the length of the existing airport should be increased. Since the existing length of the airport is not given, it is assumed that the length is the minimum required Determine existing length of airport: Since the existing airport is serving all airplanes within the specified takeoff load, the minimum length will be for 100% of the fleet. Use Figure 6.30 minimum length = 5300 ft Determine minimum length for the improved airport use Figure 6.33 Minimum length = 9000 ft Correct for grade none as no grade is specified Correct for wet and slippery conditions non as required runway length is greater than 7000 ft Determine increase in runway length Increase in runway length = 9000 5300 = 3700 ft

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6.25 An airport located at an elevation of 4000 ft is planned to serve the Douglas DC-9-10 series aircraft. The mean daily maximum temperature is 80F. Determine the minimum length of the primary runway if the maximum takeoff weight is 80,000 lb and the maximum landing weight is 60,000 lb. Use Figure 6.38 to determine landing length 4650 ft Use Figure 6.39 to determine take off length 8700 ft Since take off length is higher than landing weight, unadjusted minimum length = 8700 ft Adjust for wet and slippery condition not necessary as the take off weight governs Adjust for elevation difference between the high and low points of the runway centerline not necessary, no elevation difference given. Minimum length of primary runway = 8700 ft.

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