6 Bezeczky

Tams Bezeczky
Italian Wine in the Eastern Mediterranean. Amphorae from Etruria, Latium, and Campania from the fourth century B.C. to the first century A.D. The Case of the Ephesian Amphorae
Introduction The Roman power in the Eastern Mediterranean gained momentum after the victory of Pydna (168 B.C.) and the Pergamon inheritance (133 B.C.). This started the large-scale immigration of Italian merchants 1 in the Eastern Mediterranean. Ephesus was one of the obvious targets . The location of Ephesus at the mouth of the river Caystros was excellent from the point of view of sea trade. Ephesus was one of the richest 2 cities of the Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean. Strabo tells us that the city on the Cayster river was the biggest commercial centre of Asia on this side of Tauros. From the Hellenistic period, the commercial market of the city was Tetragonos Agora. There was a rich terrace housing complex on a hill near the market. The topic now is the amphorae unearthed at this site. John Lund has collected the distribution of the amphorae produced on the Thyrrenean coast in the 3 Eastern Mediterranean region . These amphorae were shipped to Ephesus during the late Republican and the early Imperial periods (fig. 1).
The amphorae There were commercial links between the Greek settlements and the south Italian cities. Wine was at first imported in Greco-Italic amphorae from Campania and Sicily to the Eastern Mediterranean from the third century B.C. These amphorae were used in shipments to Greece, West Turkey, Ciprus, Israel, Syria 4 and Egypt . The Greco-Italic amphorae were found in third and second century layers in Ephesus. The 5 presence of these amphorae here like elsewhere is restricted to a few pieces . There is no direct evidence of the arrival of Romans in Ephesos. The inscriptions mention them only at the beginning of the first century B.C. The earliest merchants came from Latium, Campania and southern
1 2
KIRBIHLER 2007, 22. STRABO 14, 1. 24. 3 LUND 2000, 7795. 4 LUND 2000, 801. 5 Ephesus Terrace House 1 BEZECZKY 2003, 38, K 281; Tetragonos Agora, Hellenistic layers BoxNos. 96/087, 91/048 and 95/116; Early Roman layers BoxNos. 88/017 (1311), 89/028 (1245), 89/138 (1249), 89/148 (1351), 95/362 (1368), 96/010 (1310), 96/051 (10).
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XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008 Session: Produzione e circolazione di ceramiche e anfore dallarea tirrenica centro-meridionale (fine IV secolo a.C. - I secolo d.C.): i dati della ricerca archeologica e archeometrica
Fig. 1 Map of Ephesus (Based on digital city map of Ephesus S. Klotz 2001. Map created by C. Kurtze 2008).
Italy . It seems certain the general massacre (88 B.C.) ordered by Mithridates VI had many victims in 7 Ephesus . This, however, means at the same time that there must have been quite a few Italian merchants and businessmen in Ephesus. There are more Italian amphorae among the objects belonging to the period from the end of the second century to the beginning of the first century B.C. These amphorae (Dressel 1A and 1C) had wines from Campania. They were followed by the wine amphorae (Lamboglia 2) of the Adriatic coast, as well as the Brindisi amphorae which contained olive oil. Italian amphorae are mixed with the amphorae from 8 Rhodes, Chios, Knidos, Kos and the Aegean locally produced amphorae . In the Eastern Mediterranean 9 Dressel 1A and Dressel 1C amphorae are found in Greece, West Turkey, Ciprus and Egypt . Their fabric points to different centres of production (from Etruria, Latium and Campania). A new type of amphora (Dressel 1B) came into use in the second quarter of the first century B.C. 10 The excavations in Greece, West Turkey, Syria, Israel, Egypt and Lybia unearthed these amphorae. There are relatively few Dressel 1B amphorae in Ephesus. 11 The epigraphic material is scarce. We have only a few stamps and tituli picti . In addition to wine, the content of the Dressel 1C amphorae may have been fish sauce as well. A sizeable proportion of the 12 amphorae came from Spain .
6 7
KIRBIHLER 2007, 223. APPIAN, Mithr. 21, 81; Plutarch, Sulla 24, 7. 8 BEZECZKY 2006, 290. 9 LUND 2000, 823. 10 LUND 2000, 83. 11 In Dressel 1C stamp M.D() BEZECZKY 2001, 11, no. 1; Dressel 1B stamp C A A(), BEZECZKY 2004, 88, no.4; Dressel 1A titulus pictus ATT, A and T in ligature), BEZECZKY 2004, 88, no.3; titulus pictus CE or CET, BEZECZKY 2004, 90, no. 12. 12 Tetragonos Agora BEZECZKY 2006, 295, no. 12; other amphorae, BoxNos. 92/041 (506), 96/029 (242), 96/068 (505), 93/069 (431), 90/127 (1174), 90/127 (1185), 93/027 (414) and 96/007 (1177).
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T. Bezeczky Italian Wine in the Eastern Mediterranean. Amphorae from Etruria, Latium, and Campania from the fourth century B.C. to the first century A.D. The Case of the Ephesian Amphorae
Fig. 2 Amphorae from Agora nos. 1-9, scale 1:4.
Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6
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Fig. 3 Amphorae from Agora, nos. 10 15, Terrace House 2, no. 16, Basilica Stoa, no. 17 and Well, no. 18, scale 1:4.
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Fabric Twenty-seven amphorae have been investigated from a petrological point of view by Roman Sauer. He distinguishes eleven different kinds of fabric (A-K). Ten of them may have come from the volcanic regions of southern Italy, one of them from Calabria. The same fabric can be discovered in different types of amphorae. Fabric A: Greco-Italic and Dressel 2-4, Fabric B: Dressel 1 and Dressel 2-4, Fabric C: Dressel 1C and Dressel 21-22 and Fabric E: Dressel 1A and Dressel 1C amphorae were produced in the same workshops. Epigraphy There are about fifty Italian Dressel 2-4 amphorae from the period between the middle of the first century BC to the middle of the first century AD. They came from Campania. Some of their stamps are 13 known. The Eumachius family is well-known in Pompeii and the vicinity of Pompeii. The name of the family is written in various forms. There is also a Eumachius stamp in Izmir (Smyrna). The name on the other 14 stamp, Marcus Livius Caustrius , may belong to a well-known gens in the Naples bay area (Pompeii, 15 Herculaneum, and Sorrento). The stamps also has the name of a slave: Sur(us). The third stamp is LICCA , with the double C in ligature. The owner is well-known in Campania. These stamps are known in a number of 16 places, but they co-occur together only on the Grand Riboud D shipwreck near the French coast (fig. 4). C. Curtius Postumus amphorae According to the stamps, one of the producers of the Italian amphorae in Ephesus was C. Curtius 17 Postumus. The Dressel 21-22 amphorae were excavated at the Tetragonos Agora . These amphorae were brought to Ephesus at the middle of the first century B.C. Caius Curtius Postumus did not change the trade mark stamp POST.CVRT even after he was adopted by his uncle and he changed his name to C. Rabirius 18 Postumus . Curtius Postumus had intense commercial and political connections with Ephesus. His 19 freedman Curtius Mithres had a house in Ephesus . Postumus probably came to Ephesus when the 20 Egyptian king Ptolemaios Auletes who loaned enormous sums from him moved to the city . Later, he 21 returned to the city as a proconsul . On the basis of the amphorae and the stamps, we have identified the types of amphorae which were produced in the workshops of Curtius Postumus. The typology shows that his 22 Dressel 1B , Dressel 2-4, and Dressel 21-22 amphorae contained wine, fruit and probably fish products. The amphorae were shipped to Koblenz, Italy (Pompeii, Blanda Iulia, Tarentum), Sicily, Egypt, Ephesus, and Jerusalem. The written sources mention that the family of Curtius Postumus had estates in both Apulia and 23 Campania . The petrological analyses determine that the amphorae come from Campania. On the basis of the thin section and heavy mineral analyses, we can state that typical are the abundant temper grains of vol13
Terrace House 2, 93/098; Stamp: L.EVMAC(H); PANELLA and FANO 1977, 165, 1; HESNARD ET AL. 1988, 50; VAN DER W ERFF 1989, 35776; PARKER 1992, 202, no. 477. 14 BEZECZKY 2007, 62; HESNARD ET AL. 1988, 50, footnote 51-3 ; PANELLA and FANO 1977, 157, fig. 15; TCHERNIA and ZEVI 1972, 40, footnote 3, Fig. 3; Blanc-Bijon ET AL. 1998, nos. 8015; PARKER 1992, 202, no. 477. 15 BEZECZKY 2007, 62; HESNARD ET AL. 1988, 51, footnote 55; PARKER 1992, 202, no. 477; MERI 2002, 89, T 44 and 98; 16 HESNARD ET AL. 1988, 4967; PARKER 1992, 202, no. 477478. 17 BEZECZKY 2001, 11 and 13, no.2; BEZECZKY 2006, 299, no. 28. 18 CICERO pro Rab.Post 17.45; SIANI-DAVIES 2001, 45; REI. A1. col.25, no.6, ILS 9445; CALLENDER 1965, 214; WISEMAN 1971, 255, no. 353 C. Rabirius; NICOLEt 1974, 863; TCHERNIA 1986, 117, footnote 234; DESY 1989, 225, no. 1154; MANACORDA 1989, 451 footnotes 32 and 44. 19 CICERO Fam. 13.69.1; HATZFELD 1919, 102. 20 CICERO Fam. 1.1.1; CICERO Att. 15.15.2; CICERO Har. 28; Dio 29.16.3, 39.16.3, 39.55.1. 21 SIANI-DAVIS 2001, 57. 22 I am most grateful to Clementina Panella and Daniele Manacorda for their help. 23 SIANI-DAVIS 2001, 50, footnote 40.; WISEMAN 1971, 19495.
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Fig 4 Latin stamps and tituli picti from Ephesus.
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canic origin (partially zoned augite), volcanic rock fragments, sanidine, volcanic plagioclase together with carbonate grains and microfossils. The heavy mineral composition clearly points to more sediments provided predominantly by a volcanic hinterland. A provenance in the volcanic region of Campania (e.g. around Naples) seems to be likely but a more exact identification of the provenance cannot be given without more reference material (figs. 5-6). The comparison with raw material from the region around Capua showed that there are very similar raw materials available (e.g. alluvial deposits near the river Volturno hinterland of Capua). But it is possible that similar deposits occur also elsewhere in the region.
Fig. 5 Photomicrographs of Italian amphora fabrics nos. 1-15, (fresh broken surface, x20 magnification).
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Fig. 6 Thin section and heavy mineral data of Italian amphorae nos. 1 15, (prepared by R. Sauer 2008).
Catalogue 1. Greco-Italic, Rim, neck fr., No: 89/028 (1245), Agora, Trench 89/2, light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4), Fabric: A, D = 17 cm, V = 3.1 cm, HD = 2.5 cm, DN = 12.3 cm, H = 4.3 cm 2. Dressel 2-4, Rim, neck, handle fr., No: 88/013 (1234), Agora, Trench 88/2, red (2.5YR 5/6), Fabric: A, D = 13 cm, V = 1.6 cm, HD = 1.2 cm, H = 8 cm, S = 2.5 cm 3. Dressel 2-4, Rim, neck, handle fr., No: 96/020 (1371), Agora, Trench 96/1, gray (10YR 6/1), surface: light red (2.5YR 6/6), Fabric: B, D = 13.4 cm, V = 1.4 cm, HD = 0.8 cm, H = 5.8 cm, S = 2x4.8 cm 4. Dressel 1C, Rim, neck-, handle frgms., No: 89/017 (14), Agora, Trench 89/1, red (10R5/6), Fabric: C, D = 15 cm, V = 2.9 cm, HD = 7.3 cm, DN = 11 cm, H = 15 cm 5. Dressel 1C, Handle fr., No: 95/025 (508), Agora, Trench 95/2-III, red (10R 5/6), Fabric: C, H = 16 cm, S = 3.4x5.7 cm 6. Dressel 1A, Rim, neck, handles, No: 93/050 (12), Agora, Trench 93/2, light red (2.5YR 6/6), Fabric: D, D = 18.4 cm, V = 3 cm, HD = 5.4 cm, DN = 12 cm, HN = 29.9 cm, H = 42 cm, S = 3.5x4.4 cm
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7. Dressel 1, Neck, fr., No: 91/022 (174), Agora, Trench 91/1, light red (2.5YR 6/6), Fabric: D, DN = 11.4 cm, H = 26.9 cm 8. Dressel 1A, Rim, neck fr., No: 96/051 (11), Agora, Trench 96/1, red (10R 5/6), Fabric: E, D = 21.5 cm, V = 3.1 cm, HD = 3.9 cm, H = 7.8 cm 9. Dressel 1C, Handle fr., No: 92/035 (185), Agora, Trench 87/4, Stamp: M.D(...), red (10R 5/6), Fabric: E, H = 7.5 cm, S = 2.7x4.7 cm 10. Dressel 1B, Rim, neck, handle frgms., No: 90/103 (999), Agora, Trench 90/1, Stamp: ..CAA or ..GAA, light red (2.5YR 6/6), Fabric: F, D = 18 cm, V = 2.9 cm, HD = 5.6 cm, H = 25.5 cm 11. Dressel 1C, Rim, neck, handle fr., No: 89/017 (1181), Agora, Trench 89/1, light brown (7.5YR 6/4), surface buff (10YR 7/4), Fabric: G, D = 15 cm, V = 1.6 cm, HD = 8 cm, DN = 11 cm, H = 18.1 cm 12. Dressel 21-22, Rim fr., No: 96/044 (15), Agora, Trench 96/1, Stamp: POST.CVRT, (S-T and V-R-T in ligature), Post(umii) Curt(ii), reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), surface: buff (10YR 7/4), Fabric: H, D = 18.5 cm, V = 1.8 cm, HD = 5.8 cm, DN = 15.3 cm, H = 7.4 cm 13. Dressel 2-4, Rim, neck fr., No: 98/114 (1628), Agora, Trench 98/1, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), Fabric: I, D = 14.5 cm, V = 1.8 cm, HD = 2.1 cm, H = 7.5 cm 14. Dressel 1A, Rim, neck, handle fr., No: 90/127 (1184), Agora, Trench 90/3, titulus pictus with red ink: ATT, A and T in ligature, light red (2.5YR 6/8), surface: buff (7.5YR 8/4), Fabric: J, D = 17 cm, V = 3 cm, HD = 4.2 cm, DN = 11.8 cm, H = 12.5 cm, S = 2.6x4.5 cm 15. Dressel 21-22, Rim, neck fr., No: 89/022 (1111), Agora, Trench 89/2, titulus pictus with red ink: CE or CER, very pale brown (10YR 7/4), surface: buff (10YR 8/3), Fabric: K, D = 19 cm, V = 2 cm, HD = 4.3 cm, H = 9.3 cm 16. Dressel 2-4, Handle fr. No: 93/098, Terrace House 2, debris in the sewer, Stamp: L.EVMAC...; L. Eumach(i), light red (2.5YR 6/6), H = 5.5 cm, S = 4.5 x 2.3 cm 17. Dressel 2-4, Handle fr. No: 1029, State Agora, Basilica Stoa, Stamp: ...LIVI.CAVS... / SV.., [M.] Livi Caus[tri] / Su[r](us)`, red (10R 5/6), surface: pinkish white pinkish gray (7.5YR 8/2 7/2), H = 5.1 cm, S = 5.1x2.6 cm 18. Dressel 2-4, Handle frgm., No: K523, State Agora, Well, Filling B1, Stamp: LICCA, C-C in ligature, red (10R 5/6), H = 19.8 cm, S = 5.4x2.7 cm, Abbreviations No. number or inventory number Colour Munsell Colour Fr. fragment D diameter of the rim V thickness of the rim HD height of the rim
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DN minimum diameter of the neck HN height of the neck H height of the fragment S section of the handle
Dr. Tams Bezeczky Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture Austrian Academy of Sciences Bckerstrasse 13 1010 Wien Austria E-mail: t.bezeczky@gmx.at
Bibliography BEZECZKY T., 2001. Late Hellenistic-Early Roman amphora stamps from Ephesus. In F. KRINZINGER (ed), Studien zur hellenistische Keramik in Ephesos. Ergnzungshefte zu den Jahresheften des sterreichischen Archologischen Institutes, Heft 2, Wien. 119. BEZECZKY T., 2003. Amphoren, with S. LADSTTTER, CH. ROGL, A. GIULIANI, B. CZURDA, C. LANG-AUINGER, Ein hellenistischer Brunnen in SR 9c. C. LANG-AUINGER (ed), Das Hanghaus 1 in Ephesos. Funde und Ausstattung. FiE 8 (4), Wien, 38, T. 23. BEZECZKY T., 2004. Early Roman Food Import in Ephesus: Amphorae from the Tetragonos Agora. In J. EIRING, J. LUND (eds), Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens (September 26-29, 2002). rhus, 8597. BEZECZKY T., 2006. Consumer behaviour in Ephesus in the first century B.C. In D. MALFITANA, J. POBLOME, J. LUND (eds), Old pottery in a new century. Innovating perspectives on Roman pottery studies. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi (Catania, 22-24 Aprile 2004). Rome, 287308. BEZECZKY, T. 2007. Roman Amphorae from the Basilica and the Prytaneion. In V. MITSOPOULOS-LEON, C. LANG-AUINGER (eds), Die Basilika am Staatsmarkt in Ephesus, 2. Teil: Funde klassischer bis rmischer Zeit. FiE 9 (2/3), Wien, 613. BLANC-BIJON V., CARRE M-B., HESNARD A., TCHERNIA A., 1998. Recueil de timbres sur amphores romaines (1987-1988). Aix-en-Provence. CALLENDER M. H., 1965. Roman amphorae with Index of Stamps. London. DESY P., 1989. Les timbres amphoriques de lApulie rpublicaine. BAR International series 554. Oxford. HATZFELD J., 1919. Les Trafiquants Italiens dans lOrient Hellnique. BEFAR 115, Paris. HESNARD A., CARRE M.-B., RIVAL M., DANGRAUX B., 1988. Lpave romaine Grand Ribaud D (Hyres, Var). Archaeonautica, 8. KIRBIHLER F., 2007. Die Italiker in Kleinasien, mit besonderer Bercksichtung von Ephesus (133 v. Chr. 1. Jh. N. Chr.). In M. MEYER (ed), Neue Zeiten Neue Sitten, Zu Rezeption und Integration rmischen und italischen Kulturguts in Kleinasien, Wien, 1935. LUND J., 2000. Transport Amphorae as Evidence of Exportation of Italian Wine and Oil to the Eastern Mediterranean in the Hellenistic Period. In J. LUND, P. PENTZ (eds), Between Orient and Occident. Studies in Honour of P.J. Riis, Copenhagen, 7799.
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MANACORDA D., 1989. Le anfore dellItalia repubblicana: aspetti economici e sociali. In Amphores romaines et histoire conomique: dix ans de recherches. Colloque de Sienne. Collection de lcole Franaise de Rome, 114, Rome, 44367. MERI R., 2002. Spthellenistisch-rmische Keramik und Kleinfunde aus einem Schachtbrunnen am Staatsmarkt in Ephesos. FiE 9 (3), Wien. NICOLET C., 1974. Lordre questre a lpoque rpublicaine (312-31 av. J.C). BEFAR 207. PANELLA C., FANO M., 1977. Le anfore con anse bifide conservate a Pompei: contributo ad una loro classificazione. In Mthodes classiques et mthodes formelles dans ltude des amphores. Collection de lcole franaise de Rome, 32, Rome, 13377. PARKER A. J., 1992. Ancient shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman provinces. BAR International Series 580. Oxford. SIANI-DAVIES M., 2001. Ciceros Speech, Pro Rabirio Postumo. Oxford. TCHERNIA A., 1986. Le vin de lItalie romaine. Essai d'histoire conomique d'aprs les amphores. BEFAR 261, Rome. TCHERNIA A., ZEVI F., 1972. Amphores vinaires de Campanie et de Tarraconaise a Ostie. In Recherches sur les amphores Romaines. Collection de lcole franaise de Rome, 10, 3567. Rome. W ISEMAN T. P., 1971. New men in the Roman Senate. Oxford. VAN DER W ERFF J. H., 1989. L. Evmachi: propos dune marque damphore trouve a Nimgue. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 39, 35776.
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Fig. 2 Amphorae from Agora nos. 1-9, scale 1:4.

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

Fig 4 Latin stamps and tituli picti from Ephesus.

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale B / B8 / 6

Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076

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