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by Evren EKMEK
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VLF Band VLF Antennas About VLF Antennas Advantages and Disadvantages of VLF Antennas Example : Vertical Electric Monopole Antenna Multiple Tuned VLF Antennas Some Applications on VLF Antennas
VLF Band
(I)
VLF (Very Low Frequency) Band take place from 3 kHz to 30 kHz in the frequency spectrum.
VLF Band
Question: Why do we use VLF Band? Answer:
(II)
Increased demand for very reliable long range communication and navigation systems caused to use of VLF band.
VLF Band
EM waves penetrate well in the sea water.
Low atmospheric attenuation. Appropriate for long range communication.
(III)
Skin Effect
VLF Antennas
They operates on VLF Band. They are electrically small. This simplifies analysis. They are physically large structures. Generally have a number of towers 200-300 m high. Generally cover areas of up to a square kilometer or more. Support worldwide communicatipn. The principal objective is to radiate specified amount of power over a sufficient bandwidth of frequency.
Middle East Technical University May 2004
Vertical Electric Monopole Antenna -E and H FieldsAssume a uniform vertical electric current I along a monopole of effective height he
Vertical Electric Monopole Antenna -Radiation Efficiencywhere and antenna loss resistance
Vertical Electric Monopole Antenna -Antenna BandwidthThe 3 dB bandwidth b in (c/s) for a single resonant circuit is:
f : resonant frequency
Instead of one and vulnerable antenna, several and smaller elements can achieve the same bandwidth-efficiency product.
If one element is shunt off servicing, the others still can be operated. The effective ground loss with multiple-tuning will be less than for a single element.
Propagation in sea water is almost vertical so only electric and magnetic type of dipoles can be used.
Transmitted wave will be attenuated in the sea-water so output power must be high enough to reach receiver.
References
[1] VLF Radio Engineering, Arthur D. Watt, Pergamon Press, 1967 [2] High Power Very Low Frequency/Low Frequency Transmitting Antennas, Peder Hansen, Military Communications Conference, 1990. MILCOM '90, Conference Record, 'A New Era'. 1990 IEEE, 30Sept.-3Oct.1990 Pages:1091 - 1096 vol.3 [3] A New System For Measurement of Low Frequency Radio Transmitting Antenna Parameters in Near Real Time, Steven C. Tietsworth, Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 1991.IMTC-91.Conference Record. ,8th IEEE , 14-16 May 1991 Pages:330 - 334 [4] Multiple Tuned VLF Antennas, Manfred Schopp, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 39, No.4, December 1993. [5] A Multiple Tuned Multiple FED Broadband MF Antenna, John S. Belrose, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2002. IEEE ,Volume: 2 , 16-21 June 2002 Pages:264 - 267 vol.2 [6] Fundamental Relations in the Design of a VLF Transmitting Antenna, Harold A. Wheeler, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988] , Volume: 6, Issue:1, Jan1958 Pages:120 - 122 [7] Analysis of VLF Loop Antennas on the Earth Surface for Underground Mine Communication, A.K. Gogoi, R.Raghuram, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,1996.AP-S.Digest ,Volume:2, 21-26July1996 Pages:962 - 965 vol.2 [8] Electromagnetic Fields in Human Body Due To VLF Transmitter, Ronold W. P. King, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1996.AP-S. Digest,Volume:3 21-26July1996 Pages:1802 - 1805 vol.3 [9] Fundamental Limitations of a Small VLF Antenna For Submarines, Harold A. Wheeler, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988] , Volume: 6 , Issue:1, Jan1958 Pages:123 - 125