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Student: PAUL KHOURY

Chapter 1 COLLISION PREVENTABILITY

Special Awareness
It is vital for all drivers to be aware of the environment in which they travel, other drivers around them, and the vehicle they control. A. Rear-Ender - This is the most common collision type and is nearly always the fault of the car in the rear. When you tailgate, you do not leave enough stopping distance between yourself and the vehicle you immediately follow. A rear-end collision is often the result of following too closely, but it can be prevented by signaling early for all turns, stops, and lane changes. It is also a good idea to frequently check the traffic behind your vehicle, and to change lanes immediately if you're being tailgated. Always be aware of tailgaters and large vehicles following too closely or gaining rapidly from behind, and take appropriate action to avoid a collision. B. Front or Side Collision 1. From the Front - If your vehicle is going to be hit from the front, you should already be prepared by properly wearing your seatbelt and shoulder belt. If you have adequate warning, you can attempt to throw your body down across the seat to avoid hitting the steering wheel or windshield, especially if you do not have on a shoulder harness. However, the seatbelt is your best protection in all collisions. 2. From the Side - Again, the proper use of your seatbelt is your best protection. However, if you have adequate warning, you can try to hold onto the steering wheel to keep from being thrown against the side of your car's interior. This will also allow you to maintain control of your vehicle. Do not brace yourself against the steering wheel, since a stiff arm will likely break as a result of the enormous forces involved in the crash. C. Light Rain / First Rain - The first rain often leads to a dangerous condition in which to operate a motor vehicle. This early rain lifts the oil up from the road surface, yet does not completely wash away the slippery substance. Unfortunately, many drivers are generally unwilling to slow down to a level that the first rain requires. Light rain tends to be ignored by people who continue driving as if the roads were clear and dry. What they fail to realize is that this light rain makes the road slick and simply does not provide enough water to wash away all the accumulated oil and debris. Speed should be dramatically reduced with extra stopping distance allowed and extreme caution exercised. It is important to remember that when road conditions and surfaces change, braking distance and traction change as well. D. One-Way Streets - In order to eliminate confusion in heavily traveled areas and to keep the flow of traffic moving, one-way streets are used. These types of streets often pose unique dangers to drivers, however. Wrong way drivers are common, as are other motorists making turns from unsafe lanes. You need to be aware of how to properly enter and exit one-way streets and be prepared to slow down dramatically if necessary. Always choose the safest lane.

Statistics

The leading cause of freeway collisions is FOLLOWING TOO CLOSELY. 50 percent of all collisions are caused by drivers 16-24 years of age. 24 percent of all collision fatalities involve drivers 16-24 years of age.

Car Design
Car manufacturers design vehicles with safety in mind. Drivers should familiarize themselves with their vehicles safety features, as they assist in collision prevention. A. Windshield - The purpose of the windshield is to protect the driver and any passengers from the environment. Fibers and plastic are often laminated within the glass so the windshield will not shatter completely in a collision. A clean, clear windshield is a vital element for driving, yet it is often overlooked as a safety tip. Properly functioning windshield wipers are not just useful during rain or snow, but may also

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clear the windshield in the event of sand or dust storms. (Under ordinary storm conditions, windshield wipers should be able to clear fog, snow or rain.) The most skilled driver on the road cannot control his or her vehicle if visibility is impaired. Prior to driving, it is imperative that you check your visibility to ensure it is not hampered by dirty windshields. It is illegal to drive a vehicle on the roads if your vision is impaired to the front or rear by a poorly maintained or defective windshield. Note: The vehicle's windshield should not have any objects such as stickers affixed to it as to obstruct the visibility of the driver. Signs or hanging objects from the rear view mirror are also prohibited. Window stickers are only permitted in the following places: - on side windows to the rear of the driver - the 7" square in the lower corner of the rear window opposite the driver - the 5" square in the lower corner near the driver - the 7" square in the lower corner of the windshield opposite the driver No tinted glass may be placed on the front side windows unless you or a front seat passenger have a letter from a physician, surgeon or optometrist stating that you have a special condition requiring it. Tinted safety glass is only allowed if it conforms to U.S. Department of Transportation standards and does not hinder the safe operation of the vehicle. Sun screening devices may be used on the front side windows to protect either the driver or passenger sitting in the front seat. A letter from a doctor is also required. These devices must be removable as they are not permitted during darkness. B. Crumple Zones - Cars are designed to collapse in a collision in order to absorb the force on impact. The "accordion" look often seen in cars involved in serious collisions is caused by the vehicle's design, where the energy of the crash is dispersed throughout its crumpled mass. Assuming the occupants remain in the vehicle safely buckled, this design feature dramatically reduces injury in collisions. C. Truck Under-Ride - There is a bar affixed to the rear of large trucks that extends down from their trailer; it is designed to prevent cars from going under them during a crash. As a rear-ender is the most common collision type, this helps to prevent the tops of vehicles from being sheared off by the trailers of large trucks. D. Mirrors - Every motor vehicle subject to California registration, except motorcycles, must be equipped with two mirrors to reflect to the driver's view of the highway for a distance of at least 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle. One mirror must be affixed to the left-hand side of the vehicle, and the other may be mounted in the interior or on the right-hand side. All vehicles registered out of state and all motorcycles must have at least one mirror located as to reflect to the driver a distance to the rear of 200 feet. Mirrors must be mounted on both the left- and right-hand sides of any vehicle constructed or loaded in a way that obstructs the driver's rear view, as well as any vehicle towing another when the towed vehicle obstructs the driver's view to the rear.

Emergencies
Driving on the roads of California requires attentiveness, skill, a vehicle that is responsive, a little luck, and a subconscious mind that can quickly react. When an emergency occurs on the road, the decision to act must be made in a split-second, and you must know instinctively what to do. The following will prepare you for an emergency driving situation: A. Brake Failure - Many factors can cause brake failure. Wet brakes that result from driving through puddles or standing water, or brake overheating caused by prolonged use or hard driving, can each lead to failure. If total brake failure occurs, there are several corrective actions a driver can initiate. There is a requirement that every vehicle on the road in California be in proper working order with functional equipment. In passenger vehicles, there are two main braking systems: a hydraulic four-wheel brake system, and a mechanically operated rear-wheel parking brake. All brakes and brake components should be maintained in good condition at all times. Properly maintained brakes are not only required by law, but are essential for the safe operation of the motor vehicle. It is advisable to check the condition of a vehicle's brakes periodically to ensure that they function properly. An emergency situation would involve a total failure of the brakes along with the vehicle gaining momentum and speed heading downhill. Procedures to follow include: 1. Pumping Brakes - A brake line is often clogged, and brake fluid is not flowing properly. Pumping would attempt to distribute brake fluid adequately. Try this solution first. NOTE: Do not pump Anti-lock Brakes (ABS). To initiate ABS Brakes, you must fully compress the brake pedal to near maximum capacity. This will cause the computer to pulsate the brake pads automatically and will continue while pressure is held down on the brake pedal. 2. Downshift - The goal is to create more friction in the transmission. Shifting to a lower gear will create more tension in the transmission and slow down the vehicle. Downshifting would also be effective in an automatic transmission vehicle. 3. Apply Parking Brake - Use of the parking brake should be a gradual application, with no dramatic movements. Dramatic tugging at the brake may cause loss of vehicle control and overturning. The parking brake in many vehicles is rarely used. Drivers are under the false impression that a vehicle parked while still in gear is unlikely to roll. The parking brake, however, is in a motor vehicle for a reason. Car manufacturers can save many thousands of dollars during vehicle production if they were to omit parking brakes. However, the value of the parking brake is immeasurable. A properly functioning parking brake should be used at all times in conjunction with a vehicle left in gear or in the

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parked position. The parking brake should be sufficient enough to hold the vehicle on any grade and should be capable of locking the wheels to limit any vehicle movement. Your goal is to slow the vehicle by any means and not lock up your wheels, as locked wheels may only cause more problems. 4. Attempt to Warn Others - When your vehicle's brakes are not functioning, out of fairness to other drivers, you should honk the horn or make other efforts to notify them. An out-of-control vehicle is a hazard to all on the road. 5. Sideswipe Objects (attempting to reduce speed) - Sideswiping involves slowing the vehicle by deflecting the car off other objects on the road. No object should ever be hit head-on, nor should objects like curbs be hit, as they could cause the car to over-turn. Guard rails and parked cars would be good objects to sideswipe, as they might gradually slow the vehicle. 6. Shift into Reverse - This action will grind all the gears of the transmission together, slowing down the vehicle. The transmission will be destroyed, but your life may be saved. NOTE: The vehicle should never be turned off in an attempt to stop. This action will cause other car functions, such as steering, to also fail. B. Tire Blowout - A simple flat is often manageable when driving. A blowout, however, includes the shredding of a tire to the point where a driver is left driving on a rim with no control of the vehicle. If you need to swerve into an object, do so into something that will "give," reducing the chance of injury. Sound the horn and flash the lights to alert other drivers that there is a problem. The first reaction when a blowout occurs is to slam down on the brakes. This instant human reaction, however, will only cause more damage. A driver should hold the steering wheel firmly, take the foot off the gas, and brake cautiously. In addition, the driver should know the following actions to prevent a collision in the case of such blowouts: 1. Left Front Tire - The car will pull to the left, and its steering will be quite heavy. One should not fight the pull, but instead grab hold of the steering wheel with both hands, gain control of the vehicle, and gradually slow the vehicle. No dramatic or excessive braking should be attempted. . 2. Right Front Tire - The car will pull to the right, and its steering will be quite heavy. One should not fight the pull, but instead grab hold of the steering wheel with both hands, gain control of the vehicle, and gradually slow the vehicle. No dramatic or excessive braking should be attempted. At speeds below 55 mph, a blowout should be an easily controlled emergency. 3. Rear Tires - This will cause the car to fishtail and feel unstable in the rear. Control of the steering wheel is vital, as is awareness of any other vehicles in the vicinity. Slowing the car gradually will help alleviate collision potential. C. Skids - An out-of-control skid is caused by the vehicles tires losing contact with the road. Often, a thin layer of water gets between the tires and the road, and the vehicle begins to hydroplane. The old adage, steer or turn into the skid, applies only if the driver knows the intended meaning. In a skid, the back wheels of the vehicle are the ones actually skidding, with the front tires following. The driver must turn the steering wheel in the direction the back wheels are skidding, or in short, steer the vehicle in the intended direction. Some call it counter steering, while others simply call it correcting the skid. This description is appropriate as long as the wheels of the vehicle again grasp the road and find the pavement grooves. Drivers commonly turn the steering wheel into the direction the vehicle is perceived to be skidding or the direction the front of the vehicle is headed. This will only add to the problem and send the car spiraling out of control. In a car with front-wheel drive, the same actions should be taken, yet some minor acceleration should be applied. Again, the attempt is to re-acquaint the cars wheels with the pavement. Special note on skids... - Avoid turning or swerving suddenly - Don't apply the brakes too quickly - Pump the brakes and don't oversteer - Keep the vehicle clutch engaged and don't suddenly remove your foot from the accelerator - Pay special attention to driving on snow or ice - Avoid driving on the shoulder of the road - When traction is poor to begin with, drive in a lower gear and accelerate gradually

D. Oncoming Car / Wrong Side of the Road - The goal is to take evasive action as quickly as possible. Vehicles waiting until the last second to initiate a maneuver rarely have enough time to avoid a collision. An early evasive move might cause, at worst, a sideswipe or a rear-end collision but will help avoid the more dangerous head-on collision. In order to minimize the chance of a crash, the driver should slow down as quickly as possible, pull to the extreme right or drive off the road completely, and/or flash the headlights and sound the horn.

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E. Steering Wheel Locks - The key ignition should never be moved or adjusted while the vehicle is in motion, so this problem should never occur. However, if the steering wheel were to lock, which would result in a potential loss of control of the moving vehicle, slow the vehicle as quickly as possible by whatever means are necessary. F. Car Stalls/Breakdowns - The actions you should take when your car stalls will vary according to time and location, among other factors. The goal is to show other drivers that your vehicle is disabled and road service or a tow is required. These rules usually apply: 1. Try to get your car off the road. Removing your car from the road will reduce the possibility of another vehicle hitting you. However, if left on the road for any reason, the vehicle must have its hazard lights on. A dark vehicle on the road is a collision waiting to happen. NOTE: The purpose of emergency flashers is to alert other drivers that an emergency situation or collision is ahead. If the emergency flashers do not work, put on the vehicle's turn signals instead. 2. Remain in the car buckled up and lock the doors. Walking aimlessly on the side of the road in search of assistance is unwise and unsafe. Sitting in the locked vehicle and wearing your seatbelt while waiting for law enforcement is the most prudent move. Law enforcement is always alert to disabled vehicles. NOTE: When the vehicle is disabled on a freeway, always attempt to pull to the shoulder and try to warn approaching traffic when necessary. Use signals, hazard lights or flares. G. Accelerator Sticks - This is usually not a major problem and can be solved by stepping repeatedly on the accelerator. If the vehicle continues to increase in speed, however, either step on the clutch to disengage the gears or shift the vehicle into the neutral position. As a last resort, you can turn the vehicle off completely, but be aware that this action may result in a loss of the power steering. H. Fan Belt Sticks or Breaks - The vehicle will most probably overheat in this situation. The driver should turn on the vehicles heat to the highest setting. This will draw much of the heat from the engine block, helping to cool the vehicle. The vehicle should not be driven for more than a few minutes in this condition. I. Steering Problems - Steering problems should not be solved on the road while driving. Slow down immediately. If power steering fails, the driver will have to work extremely hard to steer the vehicle, but full control will not be lost. Use your flashers and bright lights to warn others that there is a problem. J. Headlight Failure Try switching the headlights on and off a few times. Try to adjust the dimmer switch. Try turning on the parking lights, emergency lights, or turn signals. K. Hood Latch Failure - If the hood latch fails and the hood opens while you are driving, take the following actions: Slow your vehicle immediately. Put your head out of the window and look around the hood. Use the center marking lines or lanes as a guide. Pull off the road as soon as possible, as you pose a risk to yourself and other drivers. Turn on your emergency lights. L. Stuck tires - When tires get stuck in the snow or a similar substance like mud, shift the car into low gear and attempt to pull forward as much as possible, with the wheels angled straight ahead. When wheels are turned to the side, they provide a greater resistance to forward and reverse motions. Do the same maneuver in reverse, and then forward again, without spinning the tires. This forward and backward motion should be repeated until the car moves free. A wooden object such as a branch or board may be used under the tires if they are submerged very deeply. The use of snow chains helps reduce the chance of tires getting stuck. M. Soft Shoulders - The soft shoulder on highways is to be used in emergency situations only. Driving on the soft shoulder is highly dangerous; it can lead to loss of vehicle control, and it is also illegal. Some shoulders are paved, which allow for optimum vehicle traction. Yet soft shoulders are usually just packed dirt, which is unstable and should only be utilized in an emergency situation. N. Bad Pavement - It is vital as a defensive driver to be aware of all road conditions that may affect your safe use of the highway. Bad pavement is a major contributing factor to many traffic collisions. The vehicle loses traction with the road surface, likely caused by pot holes or bumps, while other factors make it difficult to simply steer the vehicle altogether. Drivers need to know the road conditions of areas where they intend to travel prior to beginning the trip. Local law enforcement or city agencies can keep drivers updated on all road conditions. Preparation for bad pavement or the choice to take an alternative route can help reduce collision potential. When speeds are increased during freeway driving, be prepared to steer around blocked roadways or obstructions to the roadway. Try to steer around any stalled cars as well, and warn other vehicles behind by utilizing brake and hazard lights. O. Drop-Offs - Drop-offs are dangerous shoulders of the road which drop off or are beveled into an abrupt drop from the normal roadway. Falling rain may also create a flowing gutter of water often a foot or more deep, creating an even more unstable driving situation. P. Stuck in Deep Water - An overloaded vehicle has an increased chance of stalling in water. If you run into deep water, get stuck, and do not sink, try to escape immediately through a window. If you do sink, wait until the pressure equalizes before you try and open a window or door. First get into the back seat where air pockets usually form and kick out the back window. The back window is designed to come off fairly easily.

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Q. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Beware of carbon monoxide poisoning. Vehicle motors give off carbon monoxide, which is a deadly gas. To avoid carbon monoxide poisoning: Do not leave the motor running in a garage. Do not leave the motor running and windows closed when you park your vehicle. Do not use the heater or air conditioner in a parked vehicle with the windows closed. Do not leave the vents open when following closely behind another vehicle. Do not drive with a defective muffler or exhaust system.

Collision Avoidance - Handling Emergencies

Prevention and avoidance is the best way to deal with a potential collision. Here are a few tips to practice: Be alert and well rested. Always expect the unexpected. Never assume drivers will follow through on what they appear to be doing. Keep eyes moving (12-15 seconds or 1/4 mile ahead). Maintain 3-4 second following rule as needed. Look for potential hazards, poor road conditions, wrecks, etc. Seek out an escape route, if available. Check the vehicles behind you every 5-7 seconds. Adjust speed to suit conditions. Plan ahead. Honk your horn when appropriate (you are only allowed to use your horn to avoid or warn others of a potential collision). Watch out for trucks and buses. Watch out for pedestrians and bicyclists. Signal and announce your intentions. Remember, practicing good vehicle maintenance can greatly reduce the chances of emergency situations on the road.

Safe Driving Tips for Mature Drivers

Mature drivers, age 70 and older, have grown three times as fast as the total driving population in just the last 25 years. They rank lower in aggressive actions such as drunk driving, speeding and tailgating, but do rank higher in the area of comprehension mistakes on the road. These include the misreading of signs or traffic signals, and becoming confused in high congestion areas. Mature drivers often find changes in their vision, concentration abilities, and reaction times which require them to become even more aware of safety and adjust their driving practices. Some safety tips for the mature driver include: Have your eyes checked annually or whenever your vision has changed or is not clear. Avoid driving at night if you cannot see well, or you have trouble seeing with bright lights. Drive only on familiar roads. Don't add any tinting to your windshield, as this may decrease visibility at night. Avoid driving in bad weather. Make sure your car is properly maintained and the headlamps are checked at least once a year for proper aiming. Always make sure you put the transmission in the "Park" position when leaving the vehicle and place your foot on the brake prior to shifting out of "Park." Always wear a safety belt and adjust it properly. As people age, their bodies become more fragile, and safety belts become even more important to prevent injury. Always make sure you have an approved safety seat for your grandchildren prior to allowing them into your car. Don't drive too slowly -- drive the speed limit.

Safe Driving While in an Earthquake

Drivers in California travel in the car approximately 63 million times a day. Since earthquakes are quite common in this state, many drivers will be on the road when an earthquake strikes. The experience of driving during an earthquake has been compared to driving on flat tires. To be better prepared when an earthquake hits while you are driving, you should follow the following safety tips: Gradually decrease speed. Pull to the side of the road when it is safe -- however -- do not stop on bridges or overpasses. Avoid parking near trees, downed power lines, or buildings. Stop the car, stay inside with your seatbelt fastened, and remain there until the shaking stops. Aftershocks may follow, so be prepared to repeat the tips above. Turn on your car radio and listen for any updates and emergency information. Only begin to drive again when it is safe to do so. If on the freeway, exit when it is safe to do so. Always cooperate with police officers or other public safety officials. In case of an earthquake, you should always keep the following items in your car: Fully equipped first aid kit and manual. Bottled water and non-perishable foods.

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Blanket. Flashlight and extra batteries. Fire extinguisher. Pocket radio and extra batteries. Tissues and/or moistened wipes. Sturdy shoes such as tennis shoes and a set of clothing. Maps and matches. Gloves and personal toiletries. Any necessary prescription medication. The above list is a suggestion to be well prepared in the event of an emergency. Add to it whatever items you believe you will need in case your car becomes inoperable. If equipped and aware when you become stuck in an earthquake situation, you will decrease your stress and danger potential.

Safe Driving in Extreme Heat Conditions

In sunny California, summer temperatures can sometimes reach into the triple digits. It is important for drivers to double check their vehicles during these conditions to prevent heat-related breakdowns. Auto Club members have reported an increase in vehicle breakdowns by 50 percent during days where temperatures reach the 90s and 100s. A check-up of your vehicle's key equipment -- including batteries, air conditioning, and cooling systems -- is recommended, as well as the following tasks: Check the coolant level, and ensure appropriate mixture with water. Check and replace worn, blistered, or cracked belts and hoses. Check for uneven or worn tires and properly inflate all of them (including the spare). Check the level of motor oil, and use heavier motor oil when driving under extreme weather conditions. Check and replace old or weak batteries. Check the transmission fluid level and make sure it is clean, not dirty or emitting a burnt odor. Use a higher octane fuel when temperatures are high. Keep your car equipped with emergency items and a lot of drinking water, especially if traveling for an extended period of time. Keep a windshield shade to block out the hot sun if you become stranded. Remember, when driving in hot temperatures, it is never safe to leave children or pets inside the vehicle, even with the windows open. Temperatures can reach over 120 degrees inside when it is 100 degrees outside. If the vehicle gets too hot while driving, always turn off your air conditioner and turn on your heater. This will help to draw heat away from the engine and cool it down. When going up a steep hill or grade, turn off your air conditioner to lessen the strain on the engine. This will limit the chances of a break down.

Driver Distractions
There are many factors that can distract a driver on the road. Identifying distractions and not allowing them to adversely affect the driving task are vital to collision prevention. A. Driver Distractions (Inside the Vehicle) - Automobiles are often equipped with cellular phones, CD players, fax machines, etc., which distract the driver from the road. The driver must be made more aware of distractions affecting his or her ability to drive. Reaching for a ringing phone or searching for a radio station increases the potential for a crash. An article in the LA Times (February 13, 1997) cites a report by Canadian scientists which claims that talking on a cellular phone while driving quadruples the risk of having a collision, making it as dangerous as driving while drunk. The safest option is to avoid using your cellular phone while operating a motor vehicle. However, if you still choose to use your phone, please follow the safety tips below: 1. Keep the phone close to you so you won't have to reach or look for it while driving. 2. Dial only when at a stop light or sign, or pull off the road to dial. 3. Never use your phone in distracting traffic situations or in stop-and-go traffic. Pull over and use the phone while off the road. 4. Disconnect your cellular phone while using jumper cables, as the power surge could burn out your phone battery. 5. If you have a phone in your car, use it to report emergencies on the road by dialing 911. Always be ready to provide the closest major cross streets or off-ramps in the area. NOTE: Cellular phone users in the United States make nearly 50,000 calls each day to report highway and neighborhood emergencies. Any situation that can mentally or emotionally distract the driver and take precedence over traffic matters is dangerous. Distractions must be kept to a minimum, with the driver focused at all times. Law enforcement officers must report specified driver distractions known or suspected to have been associated with a traffic collision. The report will include whether the use of cell phones, electronic devices, children, animals or other similar distractions may have been a contributing factor in a vehicle crash. That information will be forwarded to the California Highway Patrol, which will compile all the data received over the year and submit a report on the findings to the governor and the legislature by year's end.

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In the United States, more than 260 million people used cell phones or other wireless communications devices as of June 2008 (based on number of subscribers), according to CTIA-The Wireless Association. Worldwide, there were about 4 billion people with cell phone or other wireless service at the end of 2008, or more than triple the number of subscribers in 2002, according to the International Telecommunication Union, a United Nations agency. Increased reliance on cell phones has led to a rise in the number of people who use the devices while driving. There are two dangers associated with driving and cell phone use. First, drivers must take their eyes off the road while dialing. Second, people can become so absorbed in their conversations that their ability to concentrate on the act of driving is severely impaired, jeopardizing the safety of vehicle occupants and pedestrians. Legislative Bans Since 1995, at least 45 states have proposed bills concerning cell phones in automobiles, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. As of January 1, 2009, six states have a ban on handheld cell phones in place. These states are New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, California, Washington and Utah, which calls the offense careless driving. The District of Columbia also has a ban currently in place. Alaska, California, Connecticut, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Washington, as well as the District of Columbia, also ban text messaging while driving. New York was the first to pass a law limiting cell phone use. On June 28, 2001, Governor George Pataki signed legislation that banned New Yorkers from using handheld cell phones while driving. It became effective on Nov. 1, 2001. Drivers caught violating the law could face fines. First time violators could face a fine of $100, while a second violation triggers a $200 fine, and violations thereafter are $500. The bill includes a provision allowing cell phone use for emergencies. New Jersey became the second state to ban the use of cell phones while driving on July 1, 2004. However, motorists will be cited only if they are stopped for another offense. The fine for using cell phones while driving can be up to $250. The District of Columbia also passed legislation the same day banning activities that can distract drivers, including cell phone use. Violators can face a fine of $100. Californias Cell Phone Ban In 2008, California became the fourth state to ban the use of handheld cell phones while driving except in emergencies. Additionally, reading, writing or sending text messages while driving is illegal except to make or receive a telephone call (however, to make or receive a telephone call, you must use a hands-free phone or get off the roadway). A violation results in a fine, although no points will be assessed to the driving record. Drivers will be able to use their cell phones at any time while driving if they have a hands-free device. However, as discussed above, you should try to limit cell phone use to off-road situations. At the same time, drivers under the age of 18 will not be able to drive while using a cell phone (whether handheld or hands-free) or any other wireless communications device except in emergencies. This includes talking, texting, taking pictures, and any other activities for which the device can be used. International Cell Phone Legislation The following chart highlights some of the countries that have legislation (or are considering them) regulating the use of cell phone phones while driving. Country Australia Austria Brazil Botswana Chile Czech Republic Denmark Finland Greece India - New Delhi Ireland Israel Italy Jordan Japan Netherlands Portugal Banned Yes Yes Yes Being debated Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ban imposed Oct. 2001 Ban imposed Nov. 1999 Fines up to 2,000 or two weeks in jail Ban extended to all use of cell phones when driving, including use with a hands-free unit - July 2001 Banned, with a US$380 and/or up to 3 months imprisonment on a third offence. Hands-free kits allowed, although that is subject to review. Ban imposed July 1998 - US$60 fine for infringements Ban imposed January 2003 - US$55 fine for infringements Notes Banned in all states - fines vary Fines vary - up to US$22 per incident Ban imposed Jan. 2001 The attorney general is drafting the legislation

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Romania Russia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey UK Zimbabwe

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ban imposed December 2003 Ban imposed in Sept 2001, announced via official news agency only though, so not confirmed If the driver is using a reflective screen on the car, local privacy laws forbid stopping the car for violating the ban. Bill proposed in May 2000 Ban imposed July 2001 - US$47 fine + 15 points on the license. Ban imposed by Prime Minister - March 2001

B. Driver Distractions (Outside the Vehicle) - The driver must be aware of road hazards and road conditions that may affect his or her vehicle, but should not let outside distractions affect his or her safe driving habits. Billboards, homes, pedestrians, or other sights may be attractive or interesting to view, yet should not deter you from the driving task. Drivers must realize that an awareness of the road is vital, while a wandering eye can prove deadly. For example, real estate brokers are statistically involved in many collisions, as looking at street names and addresses removes their eyes from the road. Without full attention to the roadways, collisions become inevitable. A handsome man or a pretty woman that distracts the driver often leads to rear-enders and exemplifies the need for the eyes to remain fixed on the road and concentrate on the task of driving. Emergency vehicles are another type of outside distraction that require respect and cannot affect the driver adversely. Ambulances or fire trucks should be allowed to use the roadway, unencumbered by other vehicles, and should not be obstructed in any way. Staring at or following emergency vehicles will only add to the problem on the road. In addition, drivers should not get caught up in scenery, staring at homes, buildings or views. These distractions will only contribute to potential collisions. C. Children/Other Passengers - A driver's focus should always be on the road. The presence of passengers and children require a driver to pay additional attention to the road because additional people inside the vehicle diminish a driver's road awareness. All passengers must wear seatbelts, and they must be instructed to minimize any distraction for the driver. Children, in particular, take away a driver's attention and heighten collision potential. D. Pets - Pets should be leashed while in the vehicle, particularly in the back of an open truck. Pets on the laps of drivers can cause collisions, as they block the usage of car functions. If traveling with a pet, never let it interfere with your control of the vehicle. *Special Note for Carrying An Animal in a Motor Truck: No person driving a motor vehicle shall transport an animal in the back of the vehicle in a space intended for any load on the vehicle on a highway. An exception would be if the space is enclosed or has side and tail racks to a height of at least 46 inches extending vertically from the floor. Other exceptions are if the vehicle has installed means of preventing the animal from being discharged, the animal is cross tethered to the vehicle, or is protected by a secured container or cage, in a manner which will prevent the animal from being thrown, falling, or jumping from the vehicle. (California Vehicle Code Section 23117 a) E. Eating - Eating distracts the driver and causes the person to remove his or her hands from the steering wheel. Eating should be done prior to driving, but if this is not possible, food should be consumed only on the side of the road in a parked car. F. Drinking - Drinking and subsequent spills often cause the eyes to focus away from the road. Hot spills can result in burns and increase the chances for a crash as well. G. Smoking - Smoking prevents the driver from keeping both hands on the steering wheel. While that is not safe, it is the process of smoking that can be a deadly distraction. A driver who has to reach for a cigarette, light it, put it out, or watch for falling ashes while trying to control the vehicle will lose focus on the road. Special Note: In a vehicle with any passengers under the age of 18, smoking in all forms is illegal because of their negative effects on children who must stay in the vehicle. This ban includes all forms of smoking, such as pipes, cigars or cigarettes with tobacco or other types of plants, and it is in effect whether the vehicle is moving or stopped. A driver will be charged with this violation only if he or she is stopped for another offense. A conviction will result in a fine, though it will not affect insurance rates because no points will be assessed to the drivers record. H. Radio - Finding a station and looking down at the radio takes the driver's eyes away from the road. Leaning over to change the station often causes the vehicle to veer off course and increases the potential for getting into a collision. The use of preset buttons to locate stations is important, since locating a station should never adversely affect your driving. Additionally, some people combine driving with dancing. Music is often stimulating, yet physical gyrations while driving can interfere and prove to be unsafe.

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I. Reading - Attempting to read and drive at the same time is impossible. The act of driving should be respected. Reading often leads to rear-end collisions as eyes are not focused on the road and the driver does not see cars braking ahead. Drivers reading newspapers or books perched on their steering wheels are simply asking for trouble. J. Applying Makeup / Shaving - These actions have no place in the vehicle, whatsoever. Prepare yourself at home before driving. It is common to see men shaving or women applying lipstick or makeup while behind the wheel. Again, you cannot combine driving with these actions. A crash is likely to occur. K. General Distractions - Awareness of immediate surroundings while driving is essential to avoiding collisions. Distractions such as buildings, people or other vehicles must not alter your vehicle control. A driver should alter his or her visual habits if they are not conducive to the safe operation of a motor vehicle. Wandering eyes will heighten collision potential. Drivers might train their eyes to look every two or three seconds at the rear view mirror, the speedometer, and the road ahead to get an adequate determination of speed, positioning and road conditions. Remember: be prepared for the unexpected.

General Driving Tips

Always keep ample following distance and drive at a safe speed. Allowing a space cushion between your car and the car you immediately follow allows more time to avoid unforeseen actions (i.e. turns and stops). Be cautious when making right and left turns. Try to anticipate the movements of other drivers. Change lanes only when visibility permits. Intersections should be entered with extreme caution. Never rely entirely on traffic signals. Always know your position on the road.

DMV Investigation
A DMV investigation of your driver's license can occur for a number of reasons. The process involves a re-evaluation of your abilities to drive and your competency as a driver. Causes for a DMV investigation are listed below, as stated in California Vehicle Code Sec. 13800: The driver has been involved in a crash where the end result is serious property damage, death, or personal injury. There is involvement in three or more traffic collisions in a period of 12 months.

Driver Responsibility
Acquiring and then keeping a license requires the driver to maintain a high level of responsibility when behind the wheel. Some of these responsibilities include: A driver involved in a collision must always stop at the scene. If anyone is hurt in a collision, a driver must call the police or CHP for help. An injured person should not be moved, and a victim in shock should be kept as warm as possible. If there is no pulse, a properly trained person should administer CPR. A driver involved in a collision shall provide his or her drivers license, vehicle registration, and proof of financial responsibility to involved parties and any officers present. If the driver is not the registered owner of the vehicle involved, he or she must also provide the name and address of the registered owner. A driver involved in any collision causing death, injury, or damage in excess of $750 to any one person is required to complete a supplemental report (SR-1) within 10 days of the collision and forward it to the DMV, in addition to any other report made to the police, highway patrol or insurance company. NOTE: Failure to send the SR-1 to the DMV will result in

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suspension or revocation of a drivers license. Oncoming vehicles that may conflict with your vehicle should always be given a visible or audible warning that you have been in a collision. If a vehicle involved in a collision is owned by a drivers employer, the employer is not responsible for the SR-1 completion. The responsibility is with the driver, not the owner of the vehicle. If a driver is uninsured, and financial responsibility is not met at the time of the collision (if reported to the DMV), the driver is subject to license suspension 30 days after the DMV sends notification. If financial responsibility is satisfied prior to the 30 days, the drivers license will not be suspended. If a drivers license suspension is imposed, the driver can apply for a course of employment restriction that would allow the driver to operate a company vehicle during work hours only. The driver must find other means of getting to and from work other than his or her vehicle and would presumably be covered on the companys insurance for the company car. The driver is responsible for all actions taken on the road, whether or not he or she is driving his or her own or someone elses vehicle. For minors (under age 18), a parent or legal guardian must sign the driver's license application. The person who signs accepts liability up to $35,000 for any one collision. This liability automatically ceases when the minor reaches the age of 18. If a driver causes property damage to another vehicle and cannot locate the owner of that vehicle, the law states that the driver shall leave a note in a conspicuous place on the damaged vehicle. The note must include the name and address of the driver. If the driver is not the owner of the vehicle involved, the registered owners name and address must also be given. In addition, the note must contain a statement of the circumstances leading to the damages. The driver must notify the police or the California Highway Patrol of the collision as soon as possible.

INSURANCE

Fault Liability / Insurance Law

A. California is a fault liability insurance state, and liability insurance laws and requirements are very strict. Insurance companies will still rate a policy amount according to certain variables. If one is at fault in a collision, they are financially liable for all damages. As it is close to impossible, however, to determine absolute fault in a collision, the term comparative negligence was coined. Comparative negligence is when fault is shared by all parties involved in a collision. The insurance companies will assign a percentage of fault to each party and pay out claim amounts accordingly. Each party will be deemed at fault in regards to their DMV point count, and each may see a substantial increase in their insurance premiums.

The Law
B. Evidence of liability insurance is required with all registration renewal applications of motor vehicles. Evidence of this insurance must be kept in the vehicle at all times (Vehicle Code Sec. 16028). Failure to provide proof will result in fines (minimum of $500) and possible impoundment of the vehicle at the registered owners expense. The DMV will cancel the owner's vehicle registration if no proof of financial responsibility is provided and may charge a reinstatement fee to cover the cost of reinstating the registration after cancellation. (Vehicle Code Sec. 4000.38) Insurance companies are now required to electronically submit insurance information to DMV. Your vehicle's registration will be cancelled if your insurance company reports that the insurance has lapsed. This cancellation policy affects originals, transfers, and renewals of registration. Make sure you remain covered; pay your premiums on time! C. Minimum Insurance Liability Requirements - The State of California requires that all drivers possess basic liability insurance. This insurance will cover part or all of the medical and property damage bills in a collision. The driver must be able to take responsibility for his or her actions in a collision and pay for the damages he or she may have caused. The following limits are minimum requirements: 1. $15,000 Bodily Injury Liability for injury or death of one person in any one collision. 2. $30,000 Bodily Injury Liability for injury or death of more than one person in any one collision. 3. $5,000 Property Damage Liability. Insurance Variables Many factors affect your driving...you know that, and the insurance companies also know that. Listed below are many of the variables that affect your driving and the reasons why they may work against you when your insurance rate is calculated. A. Age - Statistics show that both the old and the young driver have a higher probability for collisions than do the middle-aged. Numbers verify that teenagers are involved in a substantially higher number of fatal and non-fatal crashes than other drivers. The often transient lifestyle, attitude, and lack of maturity of those under 30 also contribute to collisions. Additionally, senior citizens are higher risks to insure because their reaction time slows as they grow older, and a gradual deterioration of motor skills and abilities occurs behind the wheel. B. Type of Car - Vehicles with high market values and sticker prices garner larger insurance premiums,

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because the replacement of those vehicle types is more expensive. Furthermore, certain vehicles are more prone to theft, as replacement parts are often coveted due to their high demand. Sports cars are quite expensive to insure due to the fact they are often purchased for their power, handling, and speed -- a formula that may lead to a collision. C. Motor Vehicle Record - It is proven that prolonged unsafe driving will lead to traffic citations. Traffic citations signify unsafe driving, and the assumption is that collisions will soon follow. Since collisions lead to insurance claims, a poor driving record is a good way to see your insurance rates soar. A historical record of traffic collisions or citations will lead to substantial increases in insurance rates. D. Marital Status - Statistically, single people are more apt to be involved in traffic crashes than those who are married. Companies know this fact and rate people accordingly. E. Smoker/Non-Smoker - People who smoke are more likely to have higher insurance rates than those who do not. The hands of a smoker are not always on the steering wheel, and therefore he or she is in less control of his or her vehicle. There is potential to drop hot ashes, a lit match, or a lighter that be the cause of a collision or loss of vehicle control. Consequently, insurance rates tend to be higher for smokers, as the likelihood of a collision is greater. F. Location - It is a fact that in certain California cities, over 50 percent of all drivers on the roadways do not have insurance. The chances of involvement in a collision with an uninsured motorist are thus higher in these cities. Other areas may have high traffic density and a greater number of traffic collisions. Insurance companies will base premiums on these factors and the probability of a claim deriving from the city in which you live. Is it safer to drive in Los Angeles than in San Diego or San Francisco? No one can say, but it is hard to argue with statistics.

Insurance Companies - Rated or Admitted

Drivers need to be aware that many insurance companies in California are not rated by the state, yet still choose to offer liability insurance to drivers. The rated or admitted companies have met all the requirements and guidelines as prescribed by the insurance commission and are consequently rated for reliability among other factors. Those insured with admitted companies are covered by a fund controlled by the state, which would cover them in case their insurance company were to become insolvent during their pending claim. Admitted companies contribute to this fund, while non-admitted companies do not. It is the responsibility of the driver to ensure that his or her own insurance company or underwriter complies with state regulations. Coverage with an insurance company that is non-admitted exposes the driver to the risk of non-payment of claims and insufficient overall coverage.

Miscellaneous Notes
Keep in mind that the minimum liability coverage required by the State of California may not sufficiently protect you. Sure, you may have paid $500 less than your friend each year on liability insurance, but before you congratulate yourself for saving some money, consider that your friend may be adequately protected while you are not. Any damages that exceed the limits of your policy will come out of YOUR pocket. The savings you think you obtained by purchasing the minimum amount of coverage will be wiped out by the extra costs you will have to pay beyond what your insurance covers. If you have just the minimum, consider purchasing the highest level of liability coverage that you can comfortably afford to protect your property and assets. Remember - should you ever get involved in a collision, the issue will not be how much you saved on your insurance, but whether or not you have enough coverage. Now, how can you save on insurance while still being adequately covered? In addition to the insurance variables listed above, you can shop around. Insurance rates can vary from insurer to insurer for the same exact type of coverage. However, be sure to research an insurance company before purchasing a policy. Increasing your deductible is another good way to lower your rates. With a higher deductible, you'll save on your premium, though you'll have to pay more out of your pocket should you get into a crash. The savings in the long run will add up, however. Besides raising your deductible, examine what your insurance covers and see what you do not need. If you have an older car, the value of your car will determine whether or not collision or comprehensive coverage is worthwhile, especially since repair costs can easily exceed the value of your vehicle. You may not need towing coverage, particularly if you are a member of an automobile club. Also, if you already have sufficient health insurance, you do not need medical coverage under your auto insurance

No Fault - In a no fault insurance system (like in New York), the driver in a collision is always personally liable for much of the costs of his or her own medical bills and vehicle damage resulting from the collision. There is rarely an attempt to establish fault in the collision, and the liable party is normally not in question. Comparative negligence usually does not apply, and there are fewer legal battles. NOTE: More than 250,000 traffic collisions occur each year in California.

CHAPTER SIX - BASIC DRIVING SKILLS AND SAFETY TIPS

Basic Driving Skills Parking Handling Dangerous Driving Situations Engine Trouble Safe Driving Tips

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Airbags - The Whole Story Preparation for a Short Trip Special notes on SUVs / Recreational Vehicles

Additional Reading review

Topic One Questions

You must answer 11 questions or 100% correct to pass this topic.

1. 50% of all collisions are caused by drivers ______ years of age. 55-63 15-23 16-24 37-45 2. If an earthquake occurs while you are driving, which of the following actions will help to ensure your safety? Pull over and park near trees or buildings when it is safe. Continue on to your destination. Pull over to the side of the road and stay inside until the shaking stops. Go onto the freeway. 3. In a period of twelve months, involvement in three or more accidents will result in: a license suspension. a DMV investigation. a license revocation. your car being impounded. 4. When you _____________, you do not leave enough stopping distance between yourself and the vehicle you immediately follow. tailgate downshift jackknife hydroplane 5. The purpose of the windshield is to protect the driver or passenger from the environment. true false 6. The truck under-ride functions as: a braking device. an added mirror for visibility. a preventive mechanism to help keep the tops of cars from being sheared off. the sleeping compartment for truck drivers. 7. The rear-ender is not the most common accident type. true false 8. If you see a car coming towards you on the wrong side of the road, which of the following should you do? Wait until the last possible second to see what the other driver does. Slam on your brakes. Make an immediate U-turn. Pull to the extreme right or drive off the road completely. 9. A front tire blow-out will cause the vehicle to fishtail. true false 10. A truck under-ride helps large vehicles maneuver up hills. true false 11. Which of the following can you do to slow down your vehicle when your brakes fail? Sideswipe a parked car or guardrail. Shift into reverse. Downshift. Any of the above.

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