Hyperbolic Functions 4th Ed

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PUBLISHED BY
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LONDON
CHAPMAN & HALL,
Limited,
MATHEMATICAL MONOGRAPHS.
EDITED BY
MANSFIELD MERRIMAN AND ROBERT
S.
WOODWARD.
No.
4.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
JAMES McMAHON.
LAIE
PkUi-LXs
,K
OF AlAlHl'MAIIO IN
COKNKU
1 N
T
IVKKM
Y.
FOURTH
EDITION. ENLARGED.
NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS.

LONDON:
CHAPMAN & HALL,
LIMITED.
COPYRIGHT,
Y
1896,
MANSFIELD MKRRIMAN
AND
RORERT
I
S.
WOODWARD
UNDPK THE T
LS
HIGHER MATHEMATICS.
First Edition, September, 1896.
becond Edition, January, 1898, Third Edition, August, 1900. Fourth Edition, January,
1906*
Printed in U. S.
PRESS Of
RAUNWORTH CO INC BOOK MANUFACTURERS BROOKLYN, NEWYOHK

ft.
,
EDITORS' PREFACE.
THE
of which
volume
called
Higher Mathematics, the
first
edition
was published
in 1896, contained eleven chapters
by
eleven authors, each chapter being independent of the others, but all supposing the reader to have at least a mathematical
training equivalent
colleges. to
that given in
classical
is
and engineering
The
publication of that
volume
npw
*
discontinued
and the chapters are issued in separate form. In these reissues it will generally be found that the monographs" arc enlarged by additional articles or appendices which either amplify the
former presentation or record recent advances. This plan of publication has been arranged in order to meet the demand of
teachers and the convenience of classes, but
that
it it
is
also thought
may
prove advantageous
literature.
to readers in special lines of
mathematical
It is the intention of the publishers
and
editors to
add other
monographs same seems

bers, the
to the series
to
from time
to time, if the call for the
warrant
it.
Among
the topics which are under
consideration are those of elliptic functions, the theory of
numnon-
group theory, the
calculus of
variations,
and
Euclidean geometry;
It is the
possibly also
monographs on branches of
this
astronomy, mechanics, and mathematical physics
hope of the editors that
form of
may be included. publication may
tend to promote mathematical study and research qyer a wider field than that which the former volume has occupied.
December, 1905.
iii
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
This compendium of hyperbolic trigonometry was first published as a chapter in Mernman and Woodward's Higher Mathematics. There is reason to believe that it supplies a need, being adapted to two or three different types of readers. College students who have
had elementary courses in trigonometry, analytic geometry, and differential and integral calculus, and who wi.sh to know something of the on account of its important and historic relahyperbolic* trigonometry
tions to each of those branches, will,
in
it is hoped, find these relations a simple and comprehensive way in the first half of the presented work. Readers who have some interest in imagmaries are then intro-
to the more general trigonometry of the the circular and hyperbolic functions merge into ents, the singly periodic functions, having cither For those who also wish to view inary period.
duced
complex plane, where one class of transcenda real or a pure imagf
the subject in some of practical relations, numerous applications have be n selected so as to illustrate the various parts of the theory, and to show its use to the physicist and engineer, appropriate numerical tables being supplied for
its
these purposes. With all these things in mind, much thought has been given to the mode ot approaching the subject, and to the presentation of fundamental notions, and it is hoped that some improvements are discerni-
For instance, it has been customary to define the hyperbolic ble. functions in relation to a sector of the rectangular hyperbola, and to take the initial radius of the sector coincident with the principal radius
of the curve; in the present work, these and similar restrictions are discarded in the interest of analogy and generality, with a gain in symmetry and simplicity, and the functions are defined as certain charac-
belonging to any sector of any hyperbola. Such definiconnection with the fruitful notion of correspondence of points on comes, lead to simple and general proofs of the addition-theorems, from which easily follow the con version- formulas, the derivatives, the
teristic ratios
tions, in
Maclaurin expansions, and the exponential expresMons. The proofs are so arranged as to apply equally to the circular functions, regarded as the characteristic ratios belonging to any elliptic sector. For those, however, who may wish to start with the exponential expressions as
the definitions of the hyperbolic functions, the appropriate order of procedure is indicated cm page 25, and a direct mode of bringing such
exponential definitions into geometrical relation with the hyperbolic sector is ^.hown in the Appendix.
December, igo^
CONTENTS.
ART.
r.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Q.
CORRESPONDENCE OF POINTS ON CONICS AREAS OF CORRESPONDING TRIANGLES AKEVS OF CORRESPONDING SECTORS CHARACTERISTIC KAIIOS OF SI-CTORIAL MEASURES RATIOS EXPRESS* D \S TRIANGLE-MEASURhS FUNCTIONAL KM AI IONS IOK KLIIPSE FUNCTIONAL RFLATIONS FOR HMFKHOLA KELAIIONS HFI \\M-N HYPERBOLIC UNCTIONS VAKIAIIONS OK THE HNPIRBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
.
.
Page
.
o
9
10
IO
11
u
12
14
.
I-
...
.
10.
n.
12.
13
14.
15.
16.
17 18
ig.
20.
21.
22 23
24.
25.
26.
27
28.
29.
30.
ANTI HYPKRHOI ic FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS OF SUMS AND DIH-ERENCFS CONVERSION FORMULAS LIMITING RATIOS DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOIIC FUNCTIONS DERIVATINES OF ANII-HYPI-RBOLIC FUNCTIONS FXPANSION OF HYPERHOLIC FUNCTIONS KXPQNKNIIAL EXPRESSIONS EXPANSION OF ANTI UNCTIONS LOGARITHMIC EXPRESSION OF ANTI-JUNCTIONS THE (iUDKRMANIAN FUNCTION CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF (IUDERMANIAN (iUDERMANFAN A.\c;LE DERIVAFIM-S OF GUDERMANIAN AND INVERSE SERIES FOR (JUDERMANIAN AND ITS INVERSE GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ADDITION THEOREMS M>R COMPLEXES FUNCTIONS OF PURE IMAGINARIES FUNCTIONS OF x + iy IN THE FORM A' * lY
. .
....
.
16 16
18
...
19
20
22
23 24
.
-i-
25
27 28
28
....
2()
.30
31
...
...
.
32
35
....
...
.
38
.
31
32
33. 34.
35.
THE THE THE THE THE
CATENARY CATENARY OF UNIFORM STRENGTH ELASTIC CATENARY TRACTORY LOXODROME
.... ....
.
.
40
41
43
47 49
50
.
51
52
6
ART. 36
37.
CONTENTS.
COMBINED FLEXURE AND TENSION ALTERNATING CURRENTS MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS EXPLANATION OF TABLES
I.
53
55
38.
39.
60
62
TABLE
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS VALUES OF COSH (x+ iy) AND SINH (x+ iy) III. VALUES OF gdw AND 0* LOG COSH u IV. VALUES OF gdw, LOG SINH
II.
,
64 66
70
70
APPENDIX. HISTORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSIONS AS DEFINITIONS
....
71
72
INDEX
73
ART.
1.
CORRKSPONDKNCE OK POINTS ON CONICS.

way
for a general
To
prepare the
bolic functions a preliminary discussion
treatment of the hyperis given on the relations

is
between hyperbolic
to apply at the
sectors.
The method adopted
such as
same time
the circle;
and
to sectors of the ellipse, including the analogy of the hyperbolic and circular
functions will be obvious at every step, since the same set of equations can be read in connection with either the hypeibola
or the ellipse.*
It
is
convenient to begin with the theory of
correspondence of points on two central conies of like species, i.Cc either both ellipses or both hypeibolas.
To
obtain a definition of corresponding points,

radii
let
0,/f,,
OB
l
be conjugate
of
a.
central
conic, and OÂ^ OJi^
conjugate
let
radii of any other central conic of the same species; f\ be two points on the curves; and let their coordinates referred to the respective pairs of conjugate directions
be
(-*,, J,), (*,.;',);
then,
by
analytic geometry,
*The hyperbolic functions are not so named on account of any analogy " The with what are termed Elliptic Functions. elliptic integrals, and thence
the elliptic functions, derive their
name from
.
the early attempts of mathemati.
cians at the rectification of the ellipse.
To
a certain extent this
is
disadvantage;
because we employ the name hyperbolic function to deelliptic

.
note cosh u sinh u, etc., by analogy with which the
functions would be
(Greenhill,
Elliptic
merely
the
circular functions cos #, sin 0,

p. 175.)
etc.
."
Functions,
HYPhKJIOLIC FUNCTIONS.
if
Now
the points
1\ be so situated that
*
(2)
the equalities referring to sign as well as magnitude, then P9 are called corresponding points in the two systems. If
Qi be another pair of correspondents, then the sector and
P19
Q
l
tri-
angle PÔ^Q,
are
said
to correspond
y
sector and tsiangle
/\O
respectively with the Tiiese definitions will apply also

/'
,
when
to
the conies coincide, the points
I\ being then referred
any two
pairs of conjugate diameters of the
same
conic.
between corresponding areas it " is convenient to adopt the following use of the word measure": The measure of any area connected with a given central conic
In discussing the relations
is
bears to the constant area of the triangle formed by two conjugate diameters of the same conic.
it
the ratio which
I r or
example, the measure of the sector AÔ^P^

sector A,O,PI
triangle""^, (9JJ5J
is
the ratio
AREAS OF CORRESPONDING SECTORS.
and
is
to be
AÔ^
and
regarded as positive or negative according as O ^ are at the same or opposite sides of their
l
common
initial line.
ART.
2.
AREAS OF CORRESPONDING TRIANGLES.
The
For,
let
areas of corresponding triangles have equal measures. the coordinates of />, <2, be (^ l ,y l ) (-*/, J'/) anc* let
t
those of their correspondents /',, <2a be (.r,, j' 9 ), (,r/, j'/); let the triangles />,>, <2, 1\O^Q^ be T19 7",, and let the measuring tri,
and their angles a?,, r^ account of both magnitude then, by analytic geometry, taking
angles
1
A OH
1
AÔJ\
be
A",
tJ
and direction
7*
:=
of angles, areas,
and
ft>,
lines,
,
JU.lV- -OPS'"
Jrt7
.sin
_
^
J//
/;
A'
_^^
a
6
L'
u>
Therefore, by
(2),
(3)
ART.
3.
AREAS OF CORRESPONDING SECTORS.
The
For
areas of corresponding sectors h.ive equal measures. conceive the sectors S 19 Sv divided up into infinitesimal
;
corresponding sectors then the respective infinitesimal corresponding triangles have equal measures (Art. 2); but the given sectors are the limits of the sums of these infinitesimal
triangles,
hence
5
In particular, the sectors
ures; for the
It
initial
K
points
t ,
= S
t
AY
, x (4)
AÔ.P^
A OP
t y
have equal meas-
A A
are corresponding points.
may
be proved conversely by an obvious reductio ad

if
points of two equal-measured sectors correspond, then their terminal points correspond.
absurdum that
the
initial
O,A 19 Ot A 9 be the initial lines of two equal-measured sec^rs whose terminal radii are O P^ O9 Ptt
Thus
if
any
radii
10
are corresponding points referred respectively to then 19 t the pairs of conjugate directions OÂ^ O V B^ and that is,
P P
Prove that the sector /\0,(?, is bisected by the line P,Q (Refer the points 19 Q 19 recommon axis of x and to the two Q 19 opposite conjugate directions as axis of y and show that are then corresponding points.) Prob. 2. Prove that the measure of a circular sector is equal to the radian measure of its angle. Prob. 3. Find the measure of an elliptic quadrant, and of the sector included by conjugate radii.
Prob.
I.
joining <9, to the mid-point of spectively, to the median as
ART.
4.
CHARACTERISTIC RATIOS OF SECTORIAL MEASURES.

1
Let
A OP =S
1
/^J/, ordinatc to
let
OM
l
.r,,
be any sector of a central conic; draw O^l l9 i.e. parallel to the tangent at A MJ*i = }'M O A = rf, and the conjugate radius
l
t
OJ>,
= ^\
then the ratios
xja v9 yjb
are called the charact
teristic ratios of
the given sectorial measure S //Cr These ratios are constant both in magnitude and sign for all sectors
of the
same measure and species wherever these may be situHence there exists a functional relation beated (Art. 3). tween the sectorial measure and each of its characteristic
ratios.
ART.
5.
RATIOS EXPRESSED AS TRIANGLE-MEASURES.
The triangle of a sector and its complementary triangle are measured by the two characteristic ratios. For, let the triangle AÔ.P^ and its complementary triangle P O B be denoted by
1 1
if
TV; then
"
K^
T'
^&\b\ sin
lrb
ctfj
b^
(5) x.
sin
o>,
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS FOR
ELLIPSE.
11
ART.
6.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS FOR ELLIPSE.

its
The
for
all
functional relations that exist between the sectorial

characteristic
ratios
measure and each of

elliptic,
are
the same
inr~~i.^
eluding circular, sectors (Art. 4).
sT-
B,
Let/*,,
s^
1\ be corresponding
points on an ellipse and a circle, referred

to the conjugate di***
At
rections
0,A^ O B l9 and
t
0,
9
AÔ^R^
right angles
let
the angle
A OJ\ =
1
the latter pair being at in radian measure; then

(6)
~L*
A,
a
,
tf,
.
.-.
5, 5, ^ = cos.;., j -V^sm^;
9
[a.
hence, in the ellipse, by Art. 3,

(7)
Prob.
4.
Given id
\a\; find
the measure of the elliptic sector
AiOiPi.
Prob.
Also find
5.
its
area when- 0,
4,
/fr,
3, G?
60.
whose
and
Find the characteristic
ratios of
an
elliptic sector
measure
Prob.
is ITT.
6.
Write down the relation between an

(See Art.
5.)
elliptic sector
its triangle.
ART.
7.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS FOR HYPERBOLA.
The
its
functional relations between a sectorial measure and
characteristic ratios in the case of the hyperbola
may be
written in the form
S.
'
v.
S.
-*M
and these express that the ratio of the two lines on the left is a certain definite function of the ratio of the two areas on the
right.
These functions are
called
by analogy the hyperbolic
cosine and the hyperbolic sine.
Thus, writing u for
SJKV
the
two equations
=
a
t
cosh
//,
If b
sinh u
($\ v >
serve to define the hyperbolic cosine and sine of a given sectorial measure u and the hyperbolic tangent, cotangent, secant,
;
and cosecant are then defined as follows

^
.
tanh
;/
sinh
--;
?/ ,
cotli
cosh
cosh//
--
;/
sinh
T
,
//'
(9)
sech
//
T
.
csch u
sinh
//
cosh
//
The names
angle," p. 73-)
of these functions
may
be read " h-cosine,"

"
or "hyper-cosine," etc.
(See
"
angloid
or
"hyperbolic
ART.
8.
RELATIONS AMONG HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

the six functions there are five independent relawhen the numerical value of one of the functions
Among
is
tions, so that
given, the values of the other five can be found.
Four
(9).
of
these relations consist of the four defining equations fifth is derived from the equation of the hyperbola
The
giving
cosh*//
sinh*//
I.
(10)
By
by
a combination of
some
of these equations other subsidi-
ary relations
may
1
be obtained; thus, dividing (10) successively
cosh* w, sinh
//,
and applying
I
(9),
give
;/, )
i
tanh' u
//
I
coth*
= sech* = csch
2
(u)
//.
Equations
(9),
(10),
(u)
will readily serve to express the
value of any function in terms of any other. when tanh u is given,
coth
//
tanh u
For example,
sech u
A/I
tanh*//,
RELATIONS BETWEEN HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

,
13
//
cosh?/
=
V
I
----,
sinn//
=-__
V
I
tailll
-,
tanh*//
tanh'//
csch u
\/
I
-
tanh*//
---
--
tanh
//
The ambiguity in the sign of the square root may usually The functions be removed by the following considerations cosh//, scch // are always positive, because the primary char:
acteristic ratio
.*,/</,
l
is
positive, since the initial line
OA
}
and
the abscissa
O,M
are similarly directed from
on which-
ever branch of the hyperbola I\ may be situated; but the functions si nh //, tanh it, coth u, csch //, involve the other characteristic ratio
yjb^
which
is
positive or negative
signs,
i.e.,
y^
//
and
is
b^
have the same or opposite
according as as the measure

of the func-
positive or negative; hence these four functions are either
given magnitude and sign, there is no ambiguity in the value of any of the six but when either cosh // or sech // is hyperbolic functions there is ambiguity as to whether the other four functions given,
is
Thus all positive or all negative. tions sinh //, tanh //, csch //, coth ;/,
when any one

in
shall
be
all
positive or
all
negative.
The hyperbolic tangent may be expressed

two
line
^
lines.
For draw the tangent
AC ~ t\ then y x a y tanh u = 4 :- = .-i
x
f
.
=a ..- =
t
^.
-.
I3
)0
_
5,
as the ratio of
The hyperbolic tangent

For
is
the measure of the triangle
OAC.
,
.
Thus the
OAC OAS sector AOP

;/,
at
**
3)
and the triangles AOP, FOB,

,
AOC,
hence
(14)
are proportional to
sinh
cosh
//,
tanh u (eqs.
13)
sinhw
> >
tanh//.
14
Prob.
7.
Express
//
all
Given cosh
Prob.
8.
i,
the hyperbolic functions in terms ot sinh
u.
2,
find the values of the other functions.

10,
Prove from eqs.

sech u
n,
that
cosh//> sinh
cosh*/>i,
tanh u
<
<
i.
Prob.
and area of sector AOP => $\ find the sectorial measure, and the two characteristic ratios, in the elliptic sector, and also in the hyperbolic sector; and find the area of the triangle AOP. (Use tables of
cos, bin, cosh, sinh.)
9.
In the figure of Art.
i, let
OA-2, OB-\,
AOB =
60,
Prob. 10.
Show
that
coth u
sech
//,
csch u
may each be
ex-
pressed as the ratio of two lines, as follows: Let the tangent at m make on the conjugate axes OA, OB, intercepts OS n\ in let the tangent at B^ to the conjugate hyperbola, meet y
OT =
OP
making BR =
/;
then
coth u
Prob. IT.
//a,
sech u
m/a,
csch
//
njb.
u.
The
measure of
segment AMP
is
sinh u cosh u
Modify
8, 10.
this for
the ellipse.
Modify
also eqs.
10-14, and probs.
ART.
9.
VARIATIONS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
Since the values of the hyperbolic functions depend only on the sectorial measure, it is convenient, in tracing their variations,
to consider only sectors
half
of a
one whose rectangular hyperbola,

of
conjugate radii are equal, and to take the principal axis OA as the common initial
line
of
all
the
sectors.
The
sectorial
oo,
measure u assumes every value from

through
o, to -f- oo
,
as the terminal point
comes in from infinity on the lower branch, and passes to infinity on the upper
branch; that is, as the terminal line OP swings from the lower asymptotic position
y
is
x* to the
in
upper one,
= x.
It
is
here assumed,
infinite
but
as
proved
Art. 17, that the sector
AOP becomes
u, for
P passes to
infinity.
//,
Since the functions cosh
sinh
//,
tanh
any position
VARIATIONS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

of OP) are equal to the ratios of x, y, a, it is evident from the figure that
/,
15
to the principal radius
cosh o
I,
sinh
= 0,
tanh
= 0,
(15)
and that as u increases towards positive infinity, cosh it, sinh u are positive and become infinite, but tanh// approaches unity
as a limit
;
thus
co
cosh
oo,
sinh
00=00,
tanh
oo
i.
(16)
Again, as // changes from zero towards the negative side, cosh u is positive and increases from unity to infinity, but
sinh u
is
negative and
increases numerically from

//
zero to a
inci eases
negative and negative infinite, numerically from zero to negative unity hence
is
and tanh
also
cosh
oo )
oo
sinh
oo
=
//
oo
tanh
oo)
I.
(17)
For intermediate values
of
the numerical values of these

16, 17,
functions can be found from the formulas of Arts.

are tabulated at the end of this chapter.
their
and
general idea of
manner
in
of variation can be obtained from the curves in

is
represented by the abscissa, and the values of the functions cosh //, sinh //, etc.,
Art. 25,
are represented by the ordinate.
which the sectorial measure u
The
Thus
relations
between the functions of
;/
and of u are
in
evident from the definitions, as indicated above, and
Art.
8.
cosh
sech
() =
( (
-{-
cosh
u,
//,
sinh
//)
=
=
#,
//
sinh u,
u)
u)
tanh
= =
-f sech
csch
(//)
(
//)
csch
;/,
>
;
(18)
tanh
//,
coth
coth
//.
from
Prob. 12. Trace the changes in sech oo to oo. Show that sinh
?/,
coth
cosh
csch u, as u passes are infinites of the
same order when u

,
is infinite. (It will appear in Art. 17 that sinh cosh u are infinites of an order infinitely higher than the order
of u.)
Prob. 13. Applying eq. (12) to figure, page 14, prove tanh u,
tan
A OP.
16
ART.
10.
ANTI-HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
The
equations
x -
cosh
u,
y -r
sinh
//,
tanh
u, etc.,
may
also be expressed
sinli~ T,
1
by the inverse notation u^cosh"

t
1
^
1
-,
tanh"
-r,
etc.,
which
may
be read: "#
is
the sectorial measure whose hyperbolic cosine is the ratio x to a" etc. or " u is the anti-h-cosine of x/a" etc.
;
Since there are two values of
u,
correspond to a given value of cosh
//,
with opposite signs, that it follows that if u be
determined from the equation cosh u = ;, where m is a given number greater than unity, u is a two-valued function of m.
The symbol
cosh"
of u that satisfies
symbol sech"
satisfies
;;/
will be used to denote the positive value ;;/. the equation cosh u Similarly the will stand for the positive value of // that
1
m. the equation sech. u functions sinh' ;//, tanh' ;//, coth"

1 1
1
The
;//,
signs of the other csch" ;;/, are the same

1
as the sign of m.
of real
Hence
all
of the anti-hyperbolic functions
numbers are one-valued.

1
Prob. 14. Prove the following relations:
cosh'
iie
m=
sinh' 1
V;;/
i,
sinh"
;;/
=
OB =
cosh" 1
;//
V;;/
is
i,
upper or lower sign being used according as 1 1 Modify these relations for sin" , cos" negative.
.
positive or
Prob. 15. In figure, Art. i, let OA 2, 60; find i, the area of the hyperbolic sector A OP, and of the segment 1 if the abscissa of is 3. (Find cosh" from the tables for cosh.)
AOB =
AMP,
ART.
(a)
11.
FUNCTIONS OF SUMS AND DIFFERENCES.
To
sinh
prove the difference-formulas = sinh u cosh v cosh (// ?>)

(//
;/
sinh #,
cosh
v)
cosh u cosh v
sinh
//
sinh
v.
Let
OA
AOQ
sector
be any radius of a hyperbola, and let the sectors AOP, v is the measure of the have the measures u, v\ then u
and
Let OB, OQ' be the radii conjugate to OA, OQ\ be (*,,.?,), (x,y\ (*',/) the coordinates of P, Q, with reference to the axes OA, OB\ then
QOP.
let
FUNCTIONS OF SUMS AND DIFFERENCES.

sinh
17
-*)
sinh
toLQr = triangle
A
A ^*
QO/
s>
^ sn
sin a)
= sinh
u cosh v
cosh u sinh v\
., cosh (
v)
cosh
sector
QOP = triangle POQ' ^ - * [Art. A/A

r .
5.
sn
but
since Q, Q' are extremities of conjugate radii
^
,
x
(20)
hence
sinh
z/.
cosh
v)
= cosh
;/
cosh
?>
sinh
//
In the figures u is positive and v is positive or negative. Other figures may be drawn with n negative, and the language
in
the text will apply to
all.
In the case of elliptic sectors,

will
drawn, and the same language that the second equation of (20) will be x' /a except
similar figures
may be
apply,
j
therefore
sin
(//
v)
z/)
cos
(b)
(//
= sin u cos v = cos u cos v
cos
-f-
;/
sin v>
v.
sin
u sin
To prove
sinh (u
the sum-formulas
'
+ v) = sinh w cosh v
-j-
-f-f-
osh u cosh w sinh

inh sinh u sinh
z/,
cosh
v)
cosh
cosh
f
z/. )
z/
These equations follow from
(19)
by changing v
into
v,
18
for sinh(
and then
v\ cosh(
#),
writing
sinh v, coshfl
(Art. 9, eqs. (18)).

/
\
(c) v '
T To
v prove that tanh (u v
î
^ ^
v) ;
tanh u
-
tanh v
tanh
tanh v
T-
,
.
(22) ; v
Writing tanh (u
v)
sin
^-
!2,
expanding and dividing

v, eq. (22) is
numerator and denominator by cosh u cosh

tained.
ob-
Prob.
1 6.
Given cosh u
2,
cosh v
3, find
cosh (u -f
v).
1.
Prob. 17. Prove the following identities: 2 sinh # cosh u. sinh 211
2.
cosh
i
2//
=
//
cosh*#
-f-
sinh
^//,
3 //
i -\//
2 sinh*
i i
u
2
=
1
cosh' #
8
I.
3.
+ cosh
. .
.
=
-
cosh"
// --
4.
tanh \u
.
=
i
sinh
+
2
=
// .
cosh cosh u
sinh
i//.
=
T
i
/cosh u
i\*
J.
cosh tanh
sinh u
.
5.
99
Sinll
2U
6.
sinh yi
.
= =
tanh
//
-,
\cosh u -f- i/ 4- tanh' w
COSh
8
2//
tanh u
r-r-.
3 sinh
. .
+ 4 sinh
i
'
^/,
cosh 3^
.
4 cosh'w
3 cosh u.
7. '
8.
9.
+ tanh \u cosh w + sinh u = tanh \u (cosh + sinh ;/)(cosh v + sinh e^)=cosh (u -\-v)-\- sinh (u +
.
,
?').
.
Generalize (8); and show also what it becomes 9 2 a cosh'jc sm*y sinh'jt: -f- sin /. 10. sinh jc cos y
when
I
u=v=
. ,
=
1
u. cosh"
12.
///
cosh'
sinh"
1
//
=.
cosh'
1
^/////
i -j-
sinh"
///
//
y
7
(///
)( wa ~"i)ji
sinh'
^/// y
+w
j.
modifications of signs are required in (21), (22), in order to pass to circular functions ?
Prob. 18.
What
Prob.
19.
Modify the
identities of Prob. 17 for the
same purpose.
ART.
12.
CONVERSION FORMULAS.
To
prove that
cosh //,+ cosh u9
= 2 cosh J(f/,+ *') cosh ^(u

=
2 sinh
sinli
(//, ?',)
(//,
u9),
a ),
cosh
sinh
w,
j
sinh w.
w + sinh + sinh u^ = 2 K. + cosh iX ^) 4X = 2 cosh i(i + *) sinh J(. cosh

#,
(*/,
(23)
I J
,) )
*i).
,)-
//,
sin:i
LIMITING RATIOS.
19
From
the addition formulas
it
follows that
cosh (u
cosh (w
si
+ v + cosh
)
-f~
^)
cosu ( u
(//
nh
+ ^) + sinh
-|" t; )
sinh (w
"" s i nn
-f-
w w
i >
= v = v) = = v)
v)
)
2 cosh
2 si"h 2 sinh
2
;/
cosh
v,
sinh ^,
/*
cosh
z/,
cosh
=.
a
,
7*
sinh 7%
//
and then by writing u

z;
= J(//
-j-
;/
s) t
(//,
f ),
these equations take the form required.
Prob. 20. In passing to circular functions, show that the only modification to be made in the conversion formulas is in the algebraic sign of the right-hand member of the second formula.
__
.
.
...
Prob. 21. Simplify Prob. 22. Prove
cosh -
+ --- cosh
211
-
47^
,
sinh 2U
-\-
sinh
<\v
cosh 211 ----cosh 2U

(.v -\-y)
+ cosh_J-.
'
471
cosh 4^
y).
sinh*.*:
sinh* j>
sinh
sinh (x
Prob. 23. Simplify Prob. 24.
coshV cosh*^ Simplify coshV cosV +
sinh'.r sinh*^.
sinh*jc sin
?
_y.
ART.
13.
LIMITING RATIOS.
To
find the limit, as
u approaches zero, of
tanh u
sinh u
~^~~'
which are then indeterminate
in
~T~'
form.
;
By
eq. (14), sinh u
>
//
>
tanh u
and
if
sinh u and tanh u

it
be successively divided by each term of these inequalities,

follows that
I
<
.
sinh u
--u
<
cosh
//
u,
sech u
<
tanh
-- <
=
\\
i:
but when
wô,
lim.
cosh u
sinh u
i,
sech
I,
hence
.
_
'
m =
tanh u
ART.
14.
DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
To
prove that
(^
^(sinh u)
du
//(cosh u)
T
=
=
cosh u
'
du
du
smh
, '
a) \
to
/
,,*
(25)
//(sech u)
,
sech u tanh
ft,
^/(coth w)
csch* u,
(/)
(a)
s\
//(cscb
-j
//)
csch u coth
ft.
Let
= sinh 4j/ = sinb = 2 cosh

y
ft,
(ft -f-
Aii)
sinh u
4(2 w
j
+ ^) sinh %Au,
.sinh 4Jft
-
Ay
Jft
= cosh
limit of
(ft \
+ -kAii)
i
^j^
Take the
both
sides, as
Au ~
;/)
o,
and put
Ay
lim. cosh
dy
//(sinh
(ft
u)
cosh
ft,
sinh
lim
(see Art. 13)
then
Similar to
(a).
//
//(sinh
ft)
cosh
(b)
//(tanh u} __ ~~
sinh w
"
3W
<?w
cosh w
sinh*
cosh* u
cosh* u
COSIl
nr#
sech* ^.
DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

(d)
21
Similar to
'
-\
(c).
du
T du
(c).
~
i
sinh
-
cosh u
cohh
seen
//
tanh
u.
//
(/)
It
Similar to
thus appears that the functions sinh ?/, cosh u reproduce themselves in two differentiations and, similarly, that the circular functions sin?/, cos// produce their opposites in two
;
differentiations.
In this connection
it
may
be noted that the
in
frequent appearance of the hyperbolic (and circular) functions the solution of physical problems is chiefly due to the fact
:
that they answer the question What function has its second derivative equal to a positive (or negative) constant multiple
of the function itself? (See Probs. 28-30.)
An
answer such as
y = cosh mx
is
not, however, to be understood as asserting that

;
is an actual sectorial measure and^v its characteristic ratio but only that the relation between the numbers mx and y is the same as the known relation between the measure of a hyper-
mx
bolic sector
and
its
characteristic ratio;
and that the numerical
value of y could be found from a table of hyperbolic cosines.

Prob. 25 Show that for circular functions the only modifications required are in the algebraic signs of (#), (</). Prob. 26. Show from their derivatives which of the hyperbolic and circular functions diminish as u increases.
Prob. 27. Find the derivative of tanh u independently of the

derivatives of sinh
//,
cosh
u.
Prob. 28. Eliminate
equation y = A cosh mx
-f-
the constants by differentiation from the -B sinh mx, and prove that d*y/dx* m*y.
Prob. 29. Eliminate the constants from the equation
and prove
=A that d *y/dx* =
y
down
cos
mx
+ B sin mx,
my.
Prob. 30. Write

tial
the most general solutions of the differen-
equations
22
15.
ART.
DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

rf(sinh"'
x)
Tx
1
r ~fe +\'
i
^(cosh"* x) ~~
~&
V*"" 11 "!
)
'
4tanh~'
__
"I
(26)
'
dx
1
~
I
i
*?
^/(csch-
x \x
Let
#
+
//,
r
/*
sinh"
8
^r,
then
=
1
sinh
= cosh w
=
(6)
Vi
-f-
sinh w
(a).
dfo
Vi
-*"
du
>
du
Similar to
(c)
Let
tanh"
2
^r,
then
^r
tanh
;/,
dx
sech"
//
du
=
(^/)
(i
tanh
if)du
(i
^X//,
^w
dtr/i
;r'.
Similar to
1
(c).
_^ ^ ^/(sech"
,
.
^) _^~
(cosh-
i\ -!=-/1
i
1
I
\*
I
J
(/) Similar to
Prob. 31. Prove
(e).
</(tan-' x) ~~
x
i/(cot"' x) ~"
^r
JP*'
__
i
EXPANSION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

Prob. 32. Prove
rfsinh
a
23
a -=
dx
..
.
' ,
</
tanh-
# a
a'
-^
a<c
1 1
"1
-,
,
,
rf/coth-
x a
--= - -,adx
#
!
"~|
*'_]*<
J*>
Prob. 33. Find ^(sech" x) independently of cosh~ x. Prob. 34.
When
_
tanh"
is real,
1 prove that coth"
is
nary, and conversely; except when x
ima 5i
i.
Prob. 35. Evaluate
-j-, ~^
when ^
00.
ART.
16.
EXPANSION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
For
this
purpose take Maclaurin's Theorem,
/(*)
= AO) +
/(o)
J,
;/
(o)
+ ~ ^/"'(o) +
-,
and put /()

then
= sinh u, f(u) = cosh K, /"() = sinh = 0, /'(o) = cosh o = /(o) = sinh

I,
. .
ir f
.,
.;
hence
sinh u
= u +~ u +
3
u'
(27)
and
similarly, or
by
differentiation,
cosh u
= +4
i
+ ^ + ---4
(28)
//,
By means
cosh
u,
of these series the numerical values of sinh
can be computed and tabulated for successive values of
the independent variable u. They are convergent for all values of u, because the ratio of the //th term to the preceding is in
the
first
case u*/(2n
2)(2
3),
u*/(2n
i)(2// 2), and in the second case both of which ratios can be made less than
unity by taking n large enough, no matter what value u has. Lagrange's remainder shows equivalence of function and series.
24
From
these series the following can be obtained by division
tanh u
=u-
'
(2
These four developments are seldom used, as there is no observable law in the coefficients, and as the functions tanh //,
sech
;/,
coth
//,
csch
//,
can be found directly from the previously

u.
computed
values of cosh u, sinh
Prob. 36.
Show
that these six developments can be adapted to
the circular functions by changing the alternate signs.
ART.
17.
EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSIONS.
(27), (28)
Adding and subtracting

cosh u
give the identities

~u
j
3
+ sinh u =
sinh
-f-
//
-f-
~u*
*
-|
-}-
~u"
*r *
-f-
u
9
cosh u
-i
//
I
I
-{
-u
-u
'
+ T" u
.
4
.
= e~ u
hence cosh u
^
.
Me
tt
+ e~ \
u
,
sinh u
t sech u
= i(^M =
2
-
e'
\
h
tanh
--= e*-e-*
-'
(30)
etc.
The analogous exponential

cos u
expressions for sin u, cos u are
= V' 2
**'
~'
">
sn #
22
where the symbol
stands for the result of substituting 0* for
in
the exponential development
This
will
be more
fully
explained
in treating of
complex
numbers, Arts. 28, 29.
EXPANSION OF ANTI-FUNCTIONS.
#5
Prob. 37. Show that the properties of the hyperbolic functions could be placed on a purely algebraic basis by starting with equafor example, verify the identities tions (30) as their definitions
;
:
sinh
(
a
u)
i,
sinh u,
sinh (u +?>)
cosh
(//)
cosh u,
v,
cosh u
-
sinh
= sinh
a
u cosh v + cosh u sinh

/////)
,
.
- =m
mu) -
</
cosh
;;///.
di?
--,--.- = n? sinh
(sinh
.
Prob. 38. Prove (cosh u
+ sinh
=
y
u)
cosh nu
,
+ sinh
nu.
Prob. 39. Assuming from Art. 14 that cosh sinh u satisfy the differential equation dty/dfo* j, whose general solution may be
written
+ Be~ where A B are arbitrary constants show how to determine A, B in order to derive the expressions for cosh
y
Ae u
>
sinh u, respectively.
[Use
eq. (15).]
Prob. 40.
tions
Show how
from a table of hyperbolic sines and cosines, and sinh u). Prob. 41. Prove u = log, (cosh u
to construct a table of exponential funcvice versa.
Prob. 42. Show that the area of any hyperbolic sector when its terminal line is one of the asymptotes.
is
infinite
Prob. 43.
2*1
From
=cosh
u the relation 2 cosh u -= e
-f-
e"
prove
(n
( cos h
^)
;/tf
+ #cosh (n2)u+\n(ni) cosh

l
and examine the last term when n is odd or even. Find also the corresponding expression for 2*~
(sinh u)
ART.
c Since
.
18.
1
EXPANSION OF ANTI-FUNCTIONS.
-
dfsinrr
-^
-j
x) -- = dx
-i
=
*
= (i
/ I
-f-
x*}-*
34
+
3 5
24
hence, by integration,
x% 3 --= * ----h-~ ^
i ! !
i
246
3 5
-**
y< "T"
i
'
sinh-
i 1
23245
-+ 2467'
*T
i
(30 w/
the integration-constant being zero, since sinh" x vanishes with x. This series is convergent, and can be used in compu1
$6
:ation,
r
>
i,
Another series, convergent when only when x < i. is obtained by writing the above derivative in the form
sinh-'
x = C+log *+- -L _I b 2 2X* 2

1 '
3 J 44X
3 + I 466x' | 2
I
'
VJ ' (
"
vhere
is
the integration-constant, which will be shown in

2.
is
\rt. 19 to
be equal to log,
development of similar form
obtained for cosh~'^r; for
</(cosh-' x)
dx
_ ~^
,
~ vt _i/ '
1
2
J:
a
iV
,
l-LllJ-J-ilS I ^~ ^ ^
2
t 4 X
"1
'
2 4 6
'
'J'
icnce
:osh-'
x=C+\ogx-- ,--^ 4** ---I 6*' ^ ^.-..., 22^' 2 4 2 4 6

to
.
(33) VJO/
which
is
again equal to log, 2 [Art.
>rder that the function cosh"'.r

ess than unity; but
may
be
Prob. 46]. In not be real,

19,
x must
when x exceeds
unity, this series
is
con-
vergent, hence
it is
always available for computation.
Again,
ind hence
tanh"
x = x + - x* -\- -x* -\- -x

:
. ,
(34)
From
jech"
1
(32), (33), (34) are derived

1
= cosh"
-fl-l^-L!^,.... 2.2 2.4.4 2.4.6.6
(3S) Vt"'
LOGARITHMIC EXPRESSION OF ANTI-FUNCTIONS.
27
cscrr'
,,
jr
u = sinh"
1 i
* x
II
2
ix
+2
i
3 I ^ 4 5*
3 -
2467*'
,+
(36) '
^-tog^r+^-i^ + Iil^-...; 2.2 2.4.42.4.6.6

coth-'*
= tanh-
I *
=1+ *
'
3*'
+
'
+
'
-L
TX*
1
..
v (37) '
5^r
Prob. 44. Prob. 45.
Show
that the series for tanh"
jc,
coth' 1
jc,
sech" 1
A:,
are always available for computation.
Show
that one or other of the

is
two developments of the
inverse hyperbolic cosecant
available.
ART.
19.
LOGARITHMIC EXPRESSION OF ANTI FUNCTIONS.
Let
therefore
cosh
//,
then Vx*
I
and
Similarly,
= cosh u, = cosh' ^, = log (x + sinh" ^ = log (x -f i/^+'T).

x-4- Vx*
1 1
= sinh u\ u -f- sinh u = e", "'

i
V*'
).
(38)
(39)
Also
sech" ! ;r
cosh" 1
log
L
*
(40)
'II* -*=s,nh-'1
= log-X_^_.
I
1^
"
**
(4I )
Again,
.
let
x
I i
= tanh
-
^**
~" ^~w
_M
,
therefore
_ + = =^ ^"
JT
^r
/* u
2u
= logî
1
x
JT
tanh- 1 ^-^^ log

i
(42)
and
Prob. 46.
sinh"
1
coth" 1 ^
= tanh' - = i log ?-l.

x
^
~~~
I
(43)
Show from
^
log
(38), (39), that,

2,
when .r^
1
oo,
#:Mog
cosh""
log
x- log
2,
and hence show that the integration-constants

equal to log
2.
in (32), (33) are
each
28
Prob. 47. Derive from (42) the series for tanh Prob. 48. Prove the identities:
l
given in (34).
loc x=^2 tann
!#
X+I
2
i_ =tann -i* -sinn ~^ X +1

1
~v\x
== cosn
"y(x~\~x~ V
"
)i
log sec
log tan
.r
= x=
tanh" tan ^x\ log esc x
=
1
tanh"
tan'^nr
-[-
i#);
tanh" cos 2#
20.
sinh" cot 2x
cosh" 1 esc 2X.
ART.
THE GUDERMANIAN FUNCTION.

of sectors of the
It is
The coirespondence
cussed
in Arts.
same
1-4.
now convenient
species was disto treat of the

different
correspondence that
species.
may
,
exist
between sectors of
Pv PI on any hyperbola and ellipse, are said to with reference to two pairs of conjugates O A correspond
Two
,
points
0,#,
and OÂI, O^B^j respectively, when

*i/<*i
l
<**/*
(44)
and when y ,y^ have the same Afl^Pi are then also said to
The sectors AÔ^P.^ correspond. Thus corresponding

sign.
sectors of central conies of different species are of the
same
sign and have their primary characteristic ratios reciprocal. Hence there is a fixed functional relation between their re-
The elliptic sectorial measure is called spective measures. the gudermanian of the corresponding hyperbolic sectorial
measure, and the latter the anti-gudermanian of the former. This relation is expressed by
SJK,
or
gd s,/*;
= gd
;/,
and
= gd~
z/.
(45)
ART.
21.
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF GUDERMANIAN.

terms
its
The
six hyperbolic functions of u are expressible in
of the six circular functions of
gudermanian
for since
x
in
= cosh
x
//,
= cos v,
(see Arts. 6, 7)
which u, v are the measures of corresponding hyperbolic and elliptic sectors,
GUDERMANIAN ANGLE.
hence
29
= sec v, [eq. (44)] = tan v, sinh u = t/secV tanh # = tan #/sec v = sin #, coth w = esc = cos?;, sech csch u = cot
cosh u
I
(46)
z>,
//
z>.
sometimes useful in computation for be given, v can be found from a table of natural tangents, and the other circular functions of v will give
is
;
The gudermanian
if
instance,
sinh
//
the remaining hyperbolic functions of u. function are given in Arts. 2226, 32-36.
Prob. 49. Prove that gd u
Other uses
of this
sec~ (cosh u)
tan~ (sinh u)
1
Prob. 50. Prove
Prob. 51. Prove
= cos'^sech u) =sin~ (tanh w), gd" ^ = cosh" '(sec v) = sinh" (tan v) = sech"" (cos v) = tanh" ^sin v). = o, gd oo = ^TT gd o gd( oo) = -oo. gd- 0=0, gd-^flr) =00, gd- (-i7r)
1
1
1
TT,
Prob
tion tanh
52.
Show
that gd
//
and gd" 1 v are odd functions of

identity in 4, Prob.
u, v.
Prob. 53.
From
the
\v.
first
\u
= tan
17, derive the rela-
Prob. 54. Prove
tanh~ (tan u)
! % gd 2U, and tan~ (tanh x)
% gd
-1
2JC.
ART.
If
22.
GUDERMANIAN ANGLE
a circle be used instead of the ellipse of Art. 20, the
gudermanian of the hyperbolic sectorial measure will be equal to the radian measure of the angle of the corresponding circulai
sector (see eq. (6), and Art. called the gudermanian angle
as
3,
;
Prob. 2). This angle will be but the gudermanian function v,

;
merely a number, or ratio and this number is equal to the radian measure of the gudermanian angle 0, which is itself usually tabulated in degree measure thus
above defined,
is
/7r
(47)
'10
Prob. 55.
Show that
the gudermanian angle of u
may be
construct*
ed as follows:
Take the
principal radius
OA
initial
of an equilateral hyperbola, as the as the terminal line, and
OP
line, of the
sector
whose measure
is
u\
from
M,
the foot of the ordinate of
P, draw tangent to the circle whose diameter is the transverse axis;

then
MT
AOTis
Prob. 56.
the angle required.* Show that the angle
never exceeds 90.
A
Art.
9,
Prob. 57.
The
bisector of angle
AOT
bisects the sector
A OP
and Prob.
53, Art. 21),
and the
line
AP.
(see Prob. 13, (See Prob. i, Art. 3.)
Prob. 58. This bisector is parallel to TP, and the points 2\P are in line with the point diametrically opposite to A. Prob. 59. The tangent at P passes through the foot of the
oidinate of
7 and
1
intersects
Prob. 60.
The
angle
TM on the tangent at A. APM half the gudermanian angle.

is
ART.
Let
then
23.
DERIVATIVES OF GUDERMANIAN AND INVERSE.
sec
therefore
Again,
therefore
= sec v = v tan vdv = sec vdv = d(gd~ v} = dv = = </(gd u)

v
l
gd
u,
,
gd-
v,
cosh
sinh udu,
du,
sec vdv.
(48)
cos
vdu
;/
sech u du,
(49)
sech
du.
Prob. 61. Differentiate:
y
y
sinh u
gd
u,
tanh u sech u
gd
u,
y y
= =
sin v
+ gd"
,
v,
tan v sec v
-f-
gd"
#.
and denoted by /. *This angle was called by Gudermann the longitude of His inverse symbol was U.; thus u = H.(/tt). (Crelle's Journal, vol. 6, 1830.)
de
Lambert, who introduced the angle 6, named it the transcendent angle. (Hist, I'acad. roy de Berlin, 1761). Hottel (Nouvelles Annales, vol. 3, 1864)
called it the hyperbolic amplitude of u, and wrote it amh u, in analogy with the Cayley (Elliptic amplitude of an elliptic function, as shown in Prob. 62. Functions, 1876) made the usage uniform by attaching to the angle the name
of the mathematician
who had used
it
extensively in
tabulation and in the
theory of
elliptic
functions of modulus unity.
SERIES FOR
GUbERMANIAN AND
ITS INVERSE.
Prob. 62. Writing the "elliptic integral of the

the form
first
kind"
in
J
=
f+
*#_
Vi-
K* sin* 0'
is,
being called the modulus, and
the amplitude; that
am
u,
(mod. K),
show
that, in the special case
when K
=
gd
i,
u
cos
am
= =
gd" 0,
sech
w,
tan
am am
u u
//,
sin
am
//
tanh
if,
sinh #;
and that thus the
elliptic
functions sin
am
//,
etc.,
degenerate into
the hyperbolic functions,
when the modulus
is
unity.*
ART.
24.
SERIES FOR GUDERMANIAN AND ITS INVERSE.

//,
Substitute for sech
sec v in (49), (48) their expansions,

1
Art. 16, and integrate, then u gd u
= gd-V = v +
X + - rfh" + W + frS +1^ +

T&U'
sines,
//),
(50)
. . .
(51)
No
,
constants of integration appear, since gd u vanishes with and gd" ^ with v. These series are seldom used in compu1
tation, as
gd u
is
best found and tabulated by
means
of tables
of natural tangents
and hyperbolic
gd u
from the equation
tan-^sinh
and
a table of the direct function can be used to furnish the

;
numerical values of the inverse function
or the latter can be
obtained from the equation,

gd~'^
sinh "'(tan v)
cosh~ (sec
1
z>).
?',
To
obtain a logarithmic expression for gd""

gd' v =11,
' l
let
v = gd u,
led Hottel to
* The relation gd u
=am
u,
(mod.
i),
name
the function
gd
u,
In this the hyperbolic amplitude of u, and to write itamh u (see note, Art. 22). connection Cayley expressed the functions tanh u, sech u. sinh u in the form
sin
gd u, cos gd u, tan gd u, and wrote them sg u, eg //, tg u, to correspond with the abbreviations sn u, en u, dn u for sin am u, cos am u, tan am u.
Thus tanh u
It is
sn u, (mod. i); etc. sg u note that neither the elliptic nor the hyperbol'c functions received their names on account of the relation existing between them in a
well to
special case.
(See foot-note,
p.
32
therefore
sec v
sec v
}-
= cosh u, = cosh u tan v

sin
z;
l
tan v
sinh
=
v) '
sinh u 9
-\-
=. eu ,
f
,
I
.
cos
sin (Jff
/t
cos
= gd
i
v,
log. tan (iff
+ +
,
tan
-f
'
* ' Jf/) f
z;)
*/).
i * * Evaluate Prob. 63. 17
T3
8d u
^3
U
u ~]
%&~ lv
.
J=o
sin
~i
(52)
.
v ~\
.
Jz/=o
fifth
Prob. 64. Prove that gd u

order,
is
an infinitesimal of the
when w
== o.
Prob. 65. Prove the relations

iff
+ %v=
25.
u tan~ e
l
iff
^v
tan"V~*.
ART.
GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
Drawing two rectangular axes, and laying down a series of points whose abscissas represent, on any convenient scale, successive values of the sectorial measure, and whose ordinates represent, preferably on
the same scale, the corre-
sponding
values
of
the
function to be plotted, the
out by this series of points will be a

locus traced
graphical representation of the variation of the function as the sectorial meas-
GRAPHS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

ure varies.
33
The equations
:
of the curves in the ordinary carte-
sian notation are

Fig.
Full Lines.
Dotted Lines.
A
B
C
D
Here
.r is
y= y= y= y=
cosh x,
sinh x,
tanh x,
= sech x y = csch x y = coth x

y
gd
.r.
written for the scctorial measure

//,
numerical value of cosh

variables x,
etc.
It is
and y for the thus to be noted that the

//,
x numbers x and y
== cosh
y are numbers, or ratios, and that the equation merely expresses that the relation between the
is
taken to be the same as the relation beits
tween a
sectorial
measure and
characteristic ratio.
The
tanh u are given in the //, //, tables at the end of this chapter for values of u between o and For greater values they may be computed from the devel4.
numerical values of cosh
sinh
opments
of Art. 16.
:
The
curves exhibit graphically the relations
sech u
=
<
I,
csch"
=tanh
cosh u
coth u
sinh u
tanh u
I,
cosh u
sinh
(
sech u
>
I,
;/
>
)
gd u <i?r, etc.
//,
= tanh u) = cosh o = = oo oo cosh

)
sinh u,
cosh
tanh
sinh
u,
gd
//)
= cosh = gd
o,
(
//,
etc.;
I,
= 0,
(
tanh o
csch (o)
=00
etc.;
sinh
oo)
00,
tanh
= oo)
i.etc.
sinh x is given by the equation slope of the curve y cosh x, showing that it is always positive, and that dy/dx the curve becomes more nearly vertical as x becomes infinite.
The
Its direction
of curvature
is
proving that the curve
obtained from d*y/dx* concave downward when x

is
= sinh x,
is
nega-
The point of inflexion is tive, and upward when x is positive. and the inflexional tangent bisects the angle at the origin,
between the axes.
34
The
direction of curvature of the locus

=. sech x(2 tanh
7
= sech x
is
by d?y/dx*
i),
and thus the curve
is
given con-
cave downwards or
a according as 2 tanh
upwards
;r
i
is
negative or positive. The inflexions occur at the points
= tanh- 707, = .881, = .707 and the slopes of y

x
1
the
inflexional
tangents
are
The curve y
-i--
csch
is
\
\
\
asymptotic to both axes, but approaches the axis of x more

rapidly than
it
approaches the
axis of y, for \\hen
3,7
is
c
that
is
so small as
.T.
The
10 only I, but it is not till/ csch x,y=. sinh x curves y

.
cross at the points
.881,^
I.
Prob. 66. Find the direction of curvature, the inflexional tantanh x. gd^,.r gent, and the asymptotes of the curves y Prob. 67. Show that there is no inflexion-point on the curves
cosh
Prob.
jc,
coth
jr.
68.
Show
that
y = tanh #
tanh x
any
line
= mx + n
meets the curve
Hence prove that in either three real points or one. mx -f n has either three real roots or one. the equation tanh x From the figure give an approximate solution of the equation
=x
i.
ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS.
Prob. 69. Solve the equations:
35
2\ sinh
gd x
=x
cosh
=x+
Jo:;
\n.
Prob. 70. Show which of the graphs represent even functions, and which of them represent odd ones.
ART.
26.
The
14,
following useful indefinite integrals follow from Arts.
15,23:
Hyperbolic.
Circular.
1.
Ainh
u du
cosh
u,
fsin u du
=
=
sin
cos
2.
/"cosh u du
=
=
=
sinh u,
fcos u du
//,
3.
/tanh u du
log cosh
//,
/ tan u du
=
=
=
log cos u,
4.
/coth w
f///
log sinh
cot
*/ *///
log sin
//,
5.
/csch udu
= log tanh sinh-^csch
/esc K
^///
log tan -,
=
6.
;/),
=
y sec
//
cosh -'(esc
!
),
sech
rfw
gd
du
==
gd~
//,
dx
=
=
<f
"I
S ' nh
" i*
dx
^
/ t
,
^
sty li*
1
=
=
SU1
"
x
a
*.
,
ax
///*l/^
.
cosh~ a
\
-
** x
V/ Va*-=i x
,
cos"
/dx
-y(Art. 19).
= -tanh- .x>tyf
dx
a
^r-tan- ,^
1
* Forms 7-12 are preferable to the respective logarithmic expressions on account of the close analogy with the circular forms, and also
This advantage
clearly in 13-20.
because they involve functions that are directly tabulated.

appears more
36
J^ ^ "1
r -d*
"i
^J^> a
= -COthf
, 1
x
-,
r
7-j ?
dx
/ a V
+x
a 1
a
i
-COt-'-, a
.
dx
/dx +
x Va*
From
derived
:
=====
*'
= # csch-
;r
1
--,
/ ^ ^
/*
dkr
a V^r - a
-=
l
these fundamental integrals the following
may be
13
r J ~,
17
_.
Vac-b*
cosh"
Vrt
I
rt:^-
Vtfac
~
.
+ _, ^ positive, ac<b
<J
= "7=-
rt^r
Va
I
cos
4" ^
T7^="' vb ac
"
"
^ "egative.
dx
^^r 4- b
ZT
tanh
~
Thus,
ac
<
/A
"+
~ ac
1 1
V
-
= tanh~ (.5)tanh- (.3333)=. 5494

1
^-4^+3
=-coth~ v (^~2)=coth- 2~cothl
^J 4
.3466^.2028.^
tanh'Y.s) v
-5494-
t/8
^r / - ------r-
25
^-^
t
tanh-'(jr v
2)
'J
I ^tanh-'o
-
2 6
=-
(By interpreting these two integrals as areas, show graphically that the first is positive, and the second negative.)
--/dx
(a-x)Vx-b
^__
2 _. _ ____
Va-b
tanh~ A /
Ixb
T, a-6'
*For tanh- 1 (.5)
interpolate between tanh (.54)
.4930, tanh (.56)
.5080
(see tables, pp. 64, 65); and similarly for tanh- 1 (.3333).
or
Vb
=
2
tan
Xb
\ / -7 ~~ a b
2
,
or
b
Vab
=
z*,
..
com
the real form to be taken.
(Put
and apply
9, 10.)
dx
Ibx
-7
I
A
or
------
^/ba
coth-
V
2
^
b-a'
,
bx -
or
\
f
a -b
__ tan
/*
\ / \J
* 1] a-b*
the real form to be taken.
-^
By means
to depend on
^) '
- -"'
2
coslr -.
of a reduction-formula this integral
is
easily
made
It may also be obtained by transforming 8. the expression into hyperbolic functions by the assumption x a cosh u, when the integral takes the form
/c?
sinh
1
ndu=.
j (cosh 2u
[*
\)du
= ~/i (sinh
a
2u
cosh
2//)
//
//,
//
which gives 17 on replacing a cosh

3
;/
by
^r,
and a sinh
by
(x*
interpretation of the result is evident, as it expresses that the area of a rectangular-hyperbolic segment AMP\s the difference between a triangle
rt
)*.
The geometrical
OMP
and a sector OAP.

18.
<!'
- xî* = -*(a* - *)* + -V
sin1
19.
(j^
+
3
fl
)*rfr
= -x(x* +
2
a
)*
sinh-
20.
ysec
0^/0
= J\\ + tan 0)*rf tan = tan 0(i + tan* 0)* + = 4 sec tan + i gd"
tanh w
-fis
sinh- (tan 0)
0//.
21.
/ sech
flf= i sech
^ gd
Prob. 71. Prob. 72.
What
Show
the geometrical interpretation of 18, 19?

1
that / (0,*
+ 2 ^ + ^)^ reduces
to 17, 18, 19,
38
respectively:
H\PRBOLIC FUNCTIONS.
when a
is is
positive, with ac
< &*
when a
is
negative;
and when a
positive, with ac
>
If.
Prob. 73. Prove
/ sinh u tanh u du
cosh u coth u du
=
=
sinh u
gd
u,
cosh u
+ log tanh
Prob. 74. Integrate
measured from the vertex, and
if s be the length of arc the angle which the tangent line makes with the vertical tangent, prove that the intrinsic equation of 3 ! tan the curve is ds/d<(> +/gd~ 0. a p sec 2p sec 0, s a sec 0, Prob. 76. The polar equation of a parabola being r
Prob. 75. In the parabola
/ = $px,
=
referred to
focus as pole, express s in terms of 0. Prob. 77. Find the intrinsic equation of the curve y/a and of the curve y/a log sec #/0.
its
= cosh x/a
Prob. 78. Investigate a formula of reduction for / cosh* #</,#;

also integrate
1 by parts cosh" *
</r,
tanh" 1 a: ^r, (sinh" jr)Vjr; and

m n / cp$ xs\n xdx
show that the ordinary methods
of reduction for
can be applied to / cosh* x sinh n x dx.
ART.
27.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS.
As vector quantities are of frequent occurence in Mathematical Physics; and as the numerical measure of a vector in terms of a standard vector is a complex number of the
iOrm x-\-iy>
in
which
x,
are real, and
stands for
r,
it
becomes necessary
in treating of
any
class of functional oper-
ations to consider the
meaning
of these operations
when
per-
formed on such generalized numbers.*

applicable,
it
The
geometrical
defini-
tions of cosh//, sinh u, given in Art. 7, being then

is
no longer
necessary to assign to each of the symbols

VP
*The
u e of vectors in electrical theory

(first
shown
in
Bedell and Crehore's
The advantage published in 1892). of introducing the complex measures of such vectors into the differential equaAlternating Currents, Chaps, xiv-xx
tions is shown by Stein metz, Proc. Elec. Congress, 1893; while the additional convenience of expressing the solution in hyperbolic functions of these complex
numbers
is
exemplified
Engineers, April 1895*
by Kennelly, Proc. (See below, Art. 37.)
American
Institute
Electrical
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS.
39
cosh (x -f- iy\ sinh (x -\- iy), a suitable algebraic meaning, which should be consistent with the known algebraic values of
cosher, sinh x> and include these values as a particular case
when y
assigned should also, if possible, be such as to permit the addition-formulas of Art. 1 1 to be made general, with all the consequences that flow from them.
= o.
The meanings
Such ments in
definitions are furnished

Art. 16,
by the algebraic developwhich are convergent for all values of //, real
definitions of cosh (x
-f- iy),
or complex. are to be
Thus the
sinh (x
-f- iy)
COSh (*
+ /=
+jj(
sinh (*
(x
iy)
+ -,(* + z' +
*
From
these series the numerical
values of cosh (x
-\-
iy\
sinh (x-\-iy) could be computed to any degree of approximaIn general the results will come tion, when x and y are given. out in the complex form*
cosh (x
sinh (x
+ iy) = a + i&
-f- iy)
=^
-f- *V/.
The
other functions are defined as
in
Art.
7,
eq. (9).
Prob. 79. Prove from these definitions that, whatever u
may
be,
cosh
cosh
y,
sinh
(
.
i/)
sinh u,
cosh u
d
sinh u,
j*
1
sinh u
= cosh
#,
T-jCOsh
*It
is
=w
cosh mu,
that the
j-
sinh
w = nf sinh
w//.f
to be borne in
mind
braic operators which convert
symbols cosh, sinh, here stand for algeone number into another; or which, in the Ian*
guage of vector-analysis, change one vector into another, by stretching and

turning.
f
The generalized hyperbolic functions

///,
usually present themselves in Mathe-
matical Physics as
the solution of the differential equation dP0/</*
m*fa
(See
where 0,
Art. 37.)
u are complex numbers, the measures of vector
quantities.
40
ART.
28.
ADDITION-THEOREMS FOR COMPLEXES.

for cosh (u
The addition-theorems
f')
etc.,
where
#,
v are u v
9
complex numbers, may as real numbers, then, by Art. n,

cosh (u
-f-
be derived as follows.
First take
v)
.=
cosh u cosh
z/-|~
sinh u sinh v\
.
hence
)+...=(i
+ f + ...)(i + --,*'+.
.)
This equation is true when //, v are any real numbers. It must, then, be an algebraic identity. For, compare the terms of the rih degree in the letters //, v on each side. Those on
the
left
arc
f
(w-f-
?>)
and those on the
right,
when
collected,
form an rth-degree function which is numerically equal to the former for more than r values of u when v is constant, and for
more than
tions of u
r values of v
when
;/
is
constant.
Hence the terms
of the rth degree
and
z>.*
on each side are algebraically identical funcSimilarly for the terms of any other degree.
written
v,
is
Thus the equation above

is
an algebraic identity, and

real or
true for
all
values of
//,
whether
it
complex.
Then
writing for each side its symbol,
follows that
-j-
cosh (u
-f- ?')
=
--
cosh
?;,
;/
cosh v
sinh u sinh v\
(53)
and by changing v into

cosh
(;/
?')
cosh
is
;/
cosh v
sinh u sinh
v.
(54)
In a similar manner
sinh (u
v)
found
?/
sinh
cosh v
cosh u sinh
v.
(55)
In particular, for a complex argument,

'
cosh (x
sinh (x
iy)
= cosh x cosh iy = sinh x cosh iy iy)

all
sinh
x x
sinh
sinh
y/>
cosh
f
iy.
)
(5 6)
*"
If
two rth-degree functions of a single variable be equal
for
more than r
values of the variable, then they are equal for

algebraically identical."
values of the variable, and are
FUNCTIONS OF PURE iMAGlNARlES.
41
sin #, cos Uj
u,
Prob. 79. Show, by a similar process of generalization,* that if exp u f be defined by their developments in powers of then, whatever u may be,
sin
(//
v)
z;
cos
exp
(//
+ + v)
)
= sin u cos v + cos u sin = cos u cos ~~ sm # sin = exp exp

?; i/
v,
z/,
z f.
Prob. 80. Prove that the following are identities:
cosh
2
14
sinh u
cosh
//
+
= =
sinh w
sinh u
|
cosh u
cosh
sinh
//
= = exp = exp
i,
//,
u),
(
[exp
+ exp
exp(
//)],
//
J[exp u
)].
ART.
29.
FUNCTIONS OF PURE IMAGINARIES.
In the defining identities
cosh u
2.
f//
r//
+
-}-
.,
4.
6
-
sinh
//
= +
//
-;/"
-f
j
//
.,
3*
put for u the pure imaginary

cosh i> =:
sinh
i
ty,
then
.
/ -f ~y -
=
.
cos 7,
(57)
i>=i>
+ -I(i' -f J
'
(/
'
=*' sin 7,
(58)
and,
by
division,
tanh iy
tan y.
(59)
* This method of generalization is sometimes called the principle of the " permanence of equivalence of forms." It is not, however, strictly speaking, a
"
principle," but a method; for, the validity of the generalization
has to be
demonstrated, for any particular form, by means of the principle of the algebraic identity of polynomials enunciated in the preceding foot-note. (See
Annals of Mathematics, Vol. 6, p. 81.) f The *ymbol exp u stands for "exponential function of u," which cal with f when u is real.
is
identi-
These formulas serve to interchange hyperbolic and

functions.
circular
is real,
The
hyperbolic cosine of a pure imaginary
and the hyperbolic sine and tangent are pure imaginaries.
The
tanh
//,
following table exhibits the variation of sinh u, cosh u, exp ;/, as u takes a succession of pure imaginary values.
* In this table .7
is
written for | 4/2,

:
.707 ....
Prob. 81. Prove the following identities

cos y
sin.}'
cosh
iy
=
iy
i[exp
-.[exp
iy
+ exp
exp
/))],
- sinh
/>
/],
iy,
(
cos ^ cos
j>
cos
Prob. 82
= cosh iy + sinh ry = exp sin y = cosh /y sinh ry = exp sin i> = sinh ^. /y = cosh y,
sin
j^
i
/y),
Equating the respective real and imaginary paits on n each' side of the equation cos ny * sin ny i sin y) , (cos y express cos ny in powers of cos 7, sin y ; and hence derive the cor-
responding expression for cosh

Prob. 83.
ny.
Show
that, in the identities (57)
and
(58),
y may be
replaced by a general complex, and hence that

sinh (x
iy)
/ sin
(y
ix) 9
FUNCTIONS OF X
cosh (x
sin
(or
/
-f iy IN
THE FORM
-\- t
Y.
43
cos
(.#
/>)
= cos (y ^ />), = sinh ^ = cosh (7 ^ ix).

/
(>'
wr),
Prob. 84.
sinh
From
the product-series
for sin
derive that
for
sn *
sinh
= *i -
= *i + ,i + --.i +
..
ART.
30.
FUNCTIONS OF x
+ iy
IN
THE FORM Jf+i'K
By
the addition-formulas,
= cosh x cosh iy sinh x sinh = sinh cosh y/ cosh x sinh y% sinh (x iy) sinh /j = sin y, cosh iy = cos y, but = cosh cos y -\-i sinh sin y, hence cosh y/) = sinh x cos sin ^. i cosh sinh y/) = # + #, sinh (x -\-iy) c-\- id, Thus cosh (x iy) sin y, # = cosh cos y, # = sinh [ sin j. cos y, d = cosh c = sinh
cosh (x
-f-
iy)
-f-
ijr,
-\-
or
-f-
(;tr
-{-
.ar
.r
(.r -f-
j/ -|-
.#
if
-f-
then
^r
j;
(60
or
^r
From
these expressions the complex tables at the end of
this chapter
have been computed.
= X-\- iY\ let the iy, Z Writing cosh z^=-Z, where s = x Z be represented on Argand diagrams, in complex numbers z, the usual way, by the points whose coordinates are (x, y\ (Jf, F); and let the point z move parallel to the ^-axis, on a
will describe an ellipse ;, then the point whose equation, obtained by eliminating y between the equasinh m sin y, is tions cosh m cos^,
given line
X=
Y=
(cosh
mf
"^
__
/ Mu (sinh
;
*M \
=I
'
and which, as the parameter

con focal
ellipses,
*# varies, represents a series of the distance between whose foci is unity.
44
Similarly,
if
the point z move parallel to the .r-axis, on a given will describe an hyperbola whose equa;/, the point tion, obtained by eliminating the variable x from the equations X=- cosh x cos ;/, Y sinh x sin ;/, is
line/ =
X*
(cos
;/)'
F
;/.
_
a
(sin w)
and which, as the parameter
varies, represents a series uf

ellipses.
hyperbolas con focal with the former series of
These two systems of curves, when accurately drawn at close intervals on the Z plane, constitute a chart of the hypciand the numerical value of cosh (in -f- in) can br bolic cosine
;
read off at the intersection of the ellipse whose parameter is with the hyperbola whose parameter is w.* A similar chart can
be drawn for sinh (x+iy), as indicated in Prob. 85.

Periodicity of Hyperbolic Functions.
The
sin sin
functions sinh
and cosh u have the pure imaginary period sinh (u + 2in) =sinh u cos m+i cosh u cosh (u + 2ix) =cosh u cos 2n + i sinh u
2ix.
For
= sinh 27r = cosh

27:
u, u.
The
functions sinh
is
u and cosh u each change sign when the

For
sinh w,
argument u
cosh (w
increased by the half period in.
sinh (w-HVr) =sinh
= cosh u -H'TT)
u cos n + i cosh u cos n + i sinh u
sin TT=
sin TT=
cosh u.
The
function tanh
the last two identities,
u has the period in. For, it follows from by dividing member by member, that tanh (u+in) =tanh u.
it
By
a similar use of the addition formulas

sinh (u + în)
is
shown
that
=i
cosh u,
cosh (u + J/TT)
=i
sinh u.
of these periodic, half-periodic, and quarter-periodic the hyperbolic functions of x+iy are easily expressible relations, in /terms of functions of x + iy', in which y' is less than JTT.
* Such a chart is given by Kennelly, Proc. A. I. E. E., April 1895, and is used by him to obtain the numerical values of cosh (x iy) sinh (x ty) which present themselves as the measures of certain vector quantities in the theory of
By means
alternating currents.
and of y between o and
(See Art. 37.) The chart is constructed for values of x 1.2; but it is available for all values of y on account of
t
the periodicity of the functions.
FUNCTIONS OF X + iy IN THE FORM
X+iY.
45
The
hyperbolic functions are classed in the modern fanction-
theory of a complex variable as functions that are singly periodic with a pure imaginary period, just as the circular functions are
singly periodic with a real period,
and the
elliptic
functions are
doubly periodic with both a real and a pure imaginary period.

Multiple Values of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. It follows from the periodicity of the direct functions that the inverse
functions sinh" 1
and cosh" 1
have each an
indefinite
number
partic-
of values arranged in a series at intervals of zin.
That
ular value of sinh"" 1
which has the

\K
is
coefficient of i not greater
than \n nor
m\ and that particular value of cosh"" 1 m which has the coefficient of i not greater than n nor less than zero is called the principal value
necessary to distinguish between the general value and the principal value the symbol of the former thus will be capitalized
it
less
than
called the principal value of sinh" 1
of cosh" 1 ^.
When
;
is
Sinh""
m = sinh" m + zirn, Cosh" m = cosh"" m -f 2irx, Tanh" m = tanh" m +irx

1
in
which
r is
any
integer, positive or negative.
Complex Roots
of Cubic Equations.
It is
well
known
that
the roots of a cubic equation are all real they are expressible in terms of circular functions. Analogous hyperbolic expressions
when
are easily found
when two
of the roots are complex.
Let the
cubic, with second term removed, be written
Consider
first
the case in which b has the positive sign.
Let
x=r
sinh u, substitute, and divide
by
3
,
then
sinh
u + ^ sinh u = - ,.
3 Comparison with the formula sinh u + l sinh
=J
sinh yi
3*
gives
=3
7' 4
7* r
r=2&*,
P r
i
I
r~' 4
M=-sinh~ 1 T}j
O
whence
therefore
sinh3=-Tj,
I
x= 20* sinh
sinn" TI
c\
)
>
46
in
which the sign of

let
b*
is
to
be taken the same as the sign of
c*
Now
be n\
the principal value of sinhr 1
^,
found from the
tables,
then two of the imaginary values are

of
n2in
\3
hence the
).
three values
x
to
are 26* sinh
- and
3
2 ft* sinIj(-
The
3/
last
two reduce
Next,
Mfsinh
\
i\/3 cosh
U
O I
j.
It
may
let the coefficient of x be negative and equal to 36. then be shown similarly that the substitution x=r sin
leads to the three solutions

26*
sin,
3
6* (sin
\/3 cos-),
3
where
If
w= sin"
TT.
0*
\
all
37
These roots are
real
when c%b*.
c>b*,
the substitution
#=rcoshw
leads to the solution
#= 26* cosh
which gives the three roots
26* cosh -, 3
6*
(
(-cosh"~ l
JT),
cosh
in
which the sign of

Prob. 85.
b* is
wherein n = cosh" 1 TT , ) & 3/ to be taken the same as the sign of
/V T sin h "~
*
c.
Show
that the chart of cosh (x
-f- iy)
can be adapted
to sinh (x
+ /?), by turning through a right angle; also to sin (x +iy). sinh 2r 4- /sin 2V n ^ -. Prob. 86. Prove the identity tanh (x + ty) = cosh 2x cos 2y = + *A be written in the " modulus Prob. 87. If cosh (x + and amplitude" form as r(cos + /sin 0), = exp /^, then
,
.
.
-f-
tv),
r*
=a
tan ^
= cosh = ^/a = tanh

7
-f b*
jc
sin'j^
= cos ^
9
sinh* x,
tan
j>.
Prob. 88. Find the modulus and amplitude of sinh (x Prob. 89.
iy).
Show
that the period of exp

;;/
is ia.
Prob. 90.
. *
When
.
is
real
and
>
i,
cos" 1
m =
i cosh""
sin"
01
*
2
cosh
_, J
m.
i,
When
01 is real
and
<
cosh"
m=
cos"
01.
tHE CAfENAfcY.
47
ART.
31.
THE CATENARY.
inextensible string is suspended from two fixed and takes up a position of equilibrium under the points,
action of gravity.
It is
A flexible
in
required to find the equation of the
curve
Let
AP
T
hangs. the weight of unit length, and s the length of arc measured from the lowest point A then ws is the weight
which
it
w be
of the portion
AP.
This
is
balanced by the terminal tensions,
acting in the tangent line at P, and
in
the horizontal
tangent.
Resolving horizontally and vertically gives
T cos
in
//,
T'sin
=
s _,
ws,
which
is
the inclination of the tangent at P\ hence
tan0
wheie
c
is
_=
ws
written for
H/w,
;
constant horizontal tension
the length whose weight therefore
is
the
ds
x
c
.,,*.,* = smh- -, smh c = c

1
s
c
= dy y =
ax
-7
,
cosh -,
c
,*
which
axis of
is
x drawn
the required equation of the catenary, referred to an at a distance c below A.
The following trigonometric method illustrates the use of the gudermanian The " intrinsic equation," s c tan 0, c sec ds c sec* ds cos 0, hence dx, d<t> gives
:
dy ~dss\\\ 0,=rsec whence y/c = sec

%
tan 0*/0; thus
x=c
gd~* 0,
;
= sec gd x/c = cosh */* = tan gd ;r/r = sinh ^/^. sfc A
^=
and
chain whose length is 30 feet is suspended from two points 20 feet apart in the same horizontal; find the parameter c, and the depth of the lowest
Numerical Exercise.
nninK
48
The equation
by putting lo/c
s/c
= z,
sinh x/c gives i$/c may be written 1.5^
ining the intersection of it appears that the root
= sinh lo/V, which, = sinh z. By examthe graphs of y = sinh#, y = of this equation z = 1.6, nearly.
1.5,3:,
is
To
find a closer
approximation to the
sinh z
1.5$
root, write the
equation
in the
lorm/(s)
/(l.6o)
o, then,
by the
.0244, .0024,
tables,
/(i.62)
^(1.64)
= = =
2.3756 2.4276
2.4806
2.4000
2.4300
2.4600
= = =
-f .0206;
.
whence, by interpolation, it is found that /( 1.6221) = o, and The ordinate of either of # = 1.6221, c 10/2 = 6.1649.
the fixed points
is
given
by the equation
y/c
cosh x/c
~
y
cosh lO/c
cosh 1.6221
2.6306,
from tables; hence

vertex
=. 16.2174,
and required depth of the
=y
10.0525 feet.*
Prob. 91. In the above numerical problem, find the inclination

of the terminal tangent to the horizon.
be drawn from the foot of the Prob. 92. If a perpendicular 1 is equal to the conordinate to the tangent at 7 prove that Hence show that is equal to the arc AJ\ stant c, and that
,
MN
MN
NP
-W is the involute of the catenary, and has the propthat the length of the tangent, from the point of contact to the erty axis of jc, is constant. (This is the characteristic property of the
the locus of
tractory).
Prob. 93.
The
tension
T at
any point
is
portion of the string whose length

point.
is equal to the weight of a equal to the ordinate y of that
Prob. 94
feet
An arch in the form of an inverted catenary f is 30 wide and 10 feet high; show that the length of the arch can be
2
obtained from the equations cosh z

3
i,
25
3O
sinh
.
* See a similar problem in Chap. I, Art. 7. " For the iheory of this form of arch, see " Arch in the Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
CATENARY OF UNIFORM STRENGTH.
49
ART.
If
32.
CATENARY OF UNIFORM STRENGTH.
the area of the normal section at any point be made proportional to the tension at that point, there will then be a
will
constant tension per unit of area, and the tendency to break be the same at all points. To find the equation of the
curve of equilibrium under gravity, consider the equilibrium of an element PP whose length isrfi, and whose weight is gpoads,
1
where
weight
GO is
is
the section at P, and p the uniform density. This balanced by the difference of the vertical components
of the tensions at
Pand P' d( T sin

d(
hence
0)
T cos 0)
if
= gpoods, =o
;
therefore
T cos
ff,
T= //sec 0.
becomes
Again,
the tension at the lowest point, and G? O be the section at the lowest point,
then by hypothesis cy/c0
T/ff=
sec 0, and the
first
equation
//<r/(sec
sin 0)
= gp&)
ds,
sec
<f)ds,
or
c d tan
sec
where
c stands for the constant

ca )
;
(of section
whose weight
hence,
is
ff/gpoo^ the length of string equal to the tension at the
lowest point
ds
c sec 0^/0,
s/c
gd-'0>
the intrinsic equation of the catenary of uniform strength.
Also
dx
= ds
=
cos
c */0,
dy
= ds sin
= c tan
d<f>
hence
cfa
y=
c log sec 0,
is
and thus the Cartesian equation

y/c
in
log sec x/c,

is
which the axis of x
the tangent at the lowest point.
Prob. 95. Using the same data as in Art. 3i find the parameter and the depth of the lowest point. (The equation x/c = gd s/c which, by putting i$/e = z, becomes IQ/C = gd i$/t gives
c
9
50
%dz~$z.
f(z)
From
= gd z
If the graph it is seen that z is nearly 1.8. f z, then, from the tables of the gudermanian at the
end of
this chapter,
= + .0432, 2 667 = + .0072, /(i.po) 1.2739 1.2881 1.3000 = .0119, 7(1.95) = 1.9189 and c= 7.8170. Again, whence, by interpolation, z y/c = log* sec x/c but x/c = lo/V = 1.2793; and 1.2793 radians = 73 '7' 55"; hence j= 7.8170 X .54153X2.3026 = 9.7472, the
/(i.8o)
= = =
1.2432
1.2000
required depth.) Prob. 96. Find the inclination of the terminal tangent.
Prob. 97.
Show
that the curve has
two
vertical asymptotes.
oo,
Prob. 98. Prove that the law of the tension T, and of the section at a distance s, measured from the lowest point along the
is
curve,
H
and show that
is
T=& = cobh
,
s
c
;
<o
section.
in the
above numerical example the terminal section
3.48 times the
minimum
Prob.
= c cosh s/c. W = H sinh s/c,
99.
Prove that the radius of curvature is given by Also that the weight of the arc s is given by in which s is measured from the vertex.
33.
ART.
THE ELASTIC CATENARY.
An
elastic string of
ral state is
uniform section and density in its natususpended from two points. Find its equation of
equilibrium. Let the element d<r stretch into ds\ then, by Hooke's law, ds d<r(i &T), where A is the elastic constant of the string;
hence the weight of the stretched element

gpaods/(i
ds,
=^
+ IT).
Accordingly, as before,
d(Ts\r\ 0)
=gpvds/(
and
hence
in
T cos
#/(tan
/*
= H = gpooc, sec 0), 0) = ds/(i +

I*
;
which
stands for A/f, the extension at the lowest point
THE TRACTORY.
therefore
j/V
51
*
ds
= <:(sec'
ju(sec
1 -j" A
sec 0)d?0
1
= tan +
tan
+ gd"
=
0),
[prob. 20, p. 37
the intrinsic equation of the curve, and reduces to that The coordinates x, y of the common catenary when yu o.
which
is
may
ting
be expressed
in
terms of the single parameter

/* }*
dx
= ds cos = r(sec + = ^(sec* + dy = ds sin

=
1
by put-
sec*
8
0X0,
*/0.
sec 0) sin
Whence
tan 1 0.
result of
gd"
tan 0,
= sec
-4-
/*
These equations are more convenient than the eliminating 0, which is somewhat complicated.
AKT.
34.
THE TRACTORY.*
the equation of the curve which possesses the property that the length of the tangent from the point of contact to the axis of x is confind
To
stant.
Let
PT
P'T' be two
such
let
c,
conthat
secutive
tangents
PT=P'T' = = /; draw TS
to/"r'; then
is
and
OT
M
perpendicular
if
evident
that
PP' = ds, it ST' differs
from ds by an infinitesimal of a higher order. Let /Tmake with OA, the axis of y\ then (to the first order of an angle
infinitesimals) PTd</>
=/
is
= TS = TT cos 0; that = cos t = c gd~'0, sin 0), y c sin 0, = ^(gd~

ctt<f>
is,
<t>dt,
!
c cos 0.
all
This
a convenient single-parameter form, which gives
*This curve
p. 242)
;
and
in
is used in Schiele's anti-friction pivot (Minchln's Statics, Vol. I, the theory of the skew circular arch, the horizontal projection
of the joints being a tractory. (See "Arch/' Encyclopaedia Britannica.) gd t/c furnishes a convenient method of plotting the curve. equation
The
values of x>
as
increases from
is
o to
i/T.
The
value of
s,
ex-
pressed in the same form,

ds
found from the relation

c tan
.r
= ST' = dt sin
=
0^/0,
j
At the point ^4, o, Cartesian equation, obtained
o,
= o,
= log, sec 0. * = o, j=.

<:
The
by eliminating
1
0,
1
is
= gd*
If
//
[cos"
v
-)
/
sin [cos'
*
-\ ^/
cosh"
/i
?-.
==
be put for //, and be taken as independent variable, // tanh //, j//^: sech w, 5/^ gd log cosh //. ;r/
,
Prob. 100. Given
2C,
.2658^,
1.0360^.
show that At what point
is /
= 74 = c?
35', s
1.3249^,
Prob. 101.
(See Prob. 92.)
o'
Show
that the evolute of the tractory
is
the catenary.
0; and
Prob. 102. Find the radius of curvature of the tractory in terms derive the intrinsic equation of the involute.
ART.
35.
THE LOXODROME.
!n
On the surface of a sphere a curve starts from the equator a given direction and cuts all the meridians at the same
angle.
To
:
find its
in latitude-and
equation longitude co-
ordinates
Let the loxodrome cross
two consecutive meridians
AM, AN'm
the points/3 Q\
,
let
PR be
;
a parallel of lati-
MN= dx, RQ = dy,
all in
radian measure
and
let
the angle
MOP=RPQ = a\ then tan a = RQfPR, but PR = MN cos MP* hence dx tan a = dy sec/, and x tan a = gd~ y, there
!
no integration-constant since y vanishes with x

quired equation
*
is
being thus the re-
gd (x tan
a).
Jones, Trigonometry (Ithaca, 1890), p. 185.
COMBINED FLEXURE AND TENSION.
53
To
find the length of the arc
OP:
Integrate the equation

s
ds
= dy esc
of,
whence
= y esc a.
sails
To
illustrate numerically,
suppose a ship
northeast,
is
from a point on the equator, until her difference of longitude 45, find her latitude and distance
:
Here tan a
radians: s
40.980.
I,
andj/
= gd
= gd \n =
The
gd(.;854)
= .7152
is
= y 1/2 =
1.0114
radii.
latitude in degrees
the ship set out from latitude y^ the formula must be modified as follows: Integrating the above differential equaIf
tion between the limits (x^ j,)

(*,
!
and (x^y^ gives
- *,) tan
gd" >,
- gd-'j/,;
hence gd" /a = gd~'j, -f- (X, x^ tan <*, from which the final latitude can be found when the initial latitude and the difference of longitude are given.
(/a
The
distance sailed
is
equal to
~7i)
csc
radii,
a radius being 60
i8o/7r nautical miles.
Mercator's Chart.
parallel straight lines,
line y'
In this projection the meridians are and the loxodrome becomes the straight
= x tan
ar,
hence the relations between the coordinates of
corresponding points on the plane and sphere are x'
= x,
y
is
= gd~ y.
;
Thus the
latitude
tabulated under the the values of
name
of
magnified into gd y, which " meridional part for latitude

is
"
y"
y and
of y' being given in minutes.
A chart
constructed accurately from the tables can be used to furnish graphical solutions of problems like the one proposed above.
Prob. 103. Find the distance on a
rhumb
line
between the points
(30
N, 20
E) and (30
S,
40
E).
ART.
36.
COMBINED FLEXURE AND TENSION.

is
A beam
other,
that
is
b'ult-in at
one end
carries a load
P at
Q
the
ap-
and
also subjected to a horizontal tensile force
plied at the
same point;
its
to find the equation of the curve
assumed by
neutral surface: Let x>
be any point of the
54
elastic curve, referred to the free
end as
origin, then the
bend-
Px. ing moment for this point is Qy notation of the theory of flexure,*
Hence, with the usual
which, on putting/
mx = u, anddy/t/x* = d*u/dx*>
becomes
whence
that
is,
A cosh nx + B sinh nx y = mx + A cosh nx + /? sinh

u =.
9
[probs. 28, 30
#.
The
must be
arbitrary constants A,
are to be determined by the
terminal conditions.
zero,
At
the free end
= o, y = o
y
hence
and
= #/;r /? sinh nx -J- = /# 4- nB cosh #

y
-f-
ax
but at the fixed end,
x=
/,
and dy/dx
=. o,
/,
hence
5=
and accordingly
^ y=
w/
/^r
cosh
-=
/,
f^ sinh
-
nx
.
? cosh nl
To
obtain the deflection of the loaded end, find the ordinate
of the fixed
end by putting x
deflection
giving
= m(l -- tanh nl).

2X2
Prob. 104.
Compute
the deflection of a cast-iron beam,
inches section, and 6 feet span, built-in at one end and carrying a load of 100 pounds at the other end, the beam being subjected
to a horizontal tension of 8000 pounds.
E=
*
15
io
6
,
deflection
= sV(7 2 "" 5
Q = 8000, P =
tan ^
I
[In this case
100
hence n
-44)
= A(7 2
/ = 4/3, = 1/50, m = 1/80, 44-^9) = -34 inches.]

1
Menriman, Mechanics of Materials (New York,
1895), pp. 70-77, 267-269,
ALTERNATING CURRENTS.
55
Prob. 105. If the load be uniformly distributed over the beam, say per linear unit, prove that the differential equation is
or
=
-f
-///*,
n
and that the solution is>'= A cosh nx
B sinh nx + MX* +
Show
also
how
to
determine the arbitrary constants.
ART.
37.
ALTERNATING CURRENTS.*
is
In the general problem treated the cable or wire
regarded
as having resistance, distributed capacity, self-induction,
and
leakage
cases.
circuit
The
of
although some of these may be zero in special line will also be considered to feed into a receiver
any description
clude the particular cases
in
and the general solution will inwhich the receiving end is either
electromotive force may, without
grounded or insulated.
loss of generality,
The
be taken as a simple harmonic function of the time, because any periodic function can be expressed in a Fourier series of simple harmonics.f The E.M.F. and the
current,
may differ in phase by any angle, will be have given values at the terminals of the receiver supposed to circuit; and the problem then is to determine the E.M.F.
and current that must be kept up at the generator terminals and also to express the values of these quantities at any intermediate point, distant x from the receiving end the four
; ;
which
line-constants being supposed

r
known,
viz.:
= resistance, in ohms per mile, = coefficient of self-induction, in henrys per mile, c = capacity, in farads per mile, g = coefficient of leakage, in mhos per mile. J
/
It is
shown
in
standard works
that
if
any simple harmonic

Harmonic Functions. on the Application
Theory
of
* See references in footnote, Art. 27.

t
t Byerly,
This
article follows the notation of Kennelly's Treatise
of Hyperbolic Functions to Electrical Engineering Problems, p. 70.
Thomson and
Sound, Vol.
I.
Tait, Natural Philosophy, Vol.
I.
p. 40; Raleigh,
p. 20; Bedell
and Crehore, Alternating Currents,
p. 214.
function a sin
(<*>
a and angle
27T/G0,
6,
be represented by a vector of length then two simple harmonics of the same period
-f- 0) 0,
but having different values of the phase-angle
can be
the
combined by E.M.F. and the current
adding their representative vectors.

at
Now
any point of the from the receiving end, are of the form
e
circuit, distant
=e
sin (&?/ -f #)
*i
snl (<&*
#')>
(64)
in
which the
all
maximum
are
functions of x.
and the phase-angles 0, ff' These simple harmonics will be reprevalues /

*\,
9
1
sented by the vectors

are the
l
e /&,
t
iJO
whose numerical measures
which
complexes e (cos tt -{-/sin #)*, i, (cos ff -\- j sin #'), be denoted by e, L The relations between e and i may be obtained from the ordinary equations f
will
di
c
de
-'
de
=n +
w^
l
di
l
>
for, since de/dt
w^
cos
(o>/
+ 0) =
sin (ut
+ +
^
TT),
then
will
be represented by the vector otfi/0+ \K\ and

of the
;
by the sum
two vectors ge /6, cwe^/Q -f- ^x whose numerical measures are the complexes ge, juce\ and similarly for de/dx in the second equation thus the relations between
;
the complexes
e, i
are
jx
(g
+ ;0&
g = + ;0i.
(f
(66)J
i. symbol/ is used, instead of i, for V and Crehore, Alternating Currents, p. 181. The sign of dx is changed, because x is measured from the receiving end. The coefficient of leakage, g, is usually taken zero, but is here retained for generality and sym-
* In electrical theory the

f Bedell
metry.
t
derives
These relations have the advantage of not involving the time. Steinmetz them from first principles without using the variable /. For instance,
r
he regards
to
i,
+jwl
as a generalized resistance-coefficient,
is
which, when applied
gives an E.M.F., part of which

i.
with
dielectric
phase with /, and part in quadrature Kennelly calls r -f jul the conductor impedance; and g -f- juc the admittance; the reciprocal of which is the dielectric impedance.
in
ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Differentiating and substituting give
57
and thus
are similar functions of x to be distinguished terminal values. only by their It is now convenient to define two constants z by the * equations
e,
cf
(r
j o)l) (g
+ juc}
ZQ
= a/ (g +
jV)
(68)
and the
differential equations
may
then be written
-*
the solutions of which are
e
-"
I
<w
ajc
=A
cosh ax
+ JB sinh a^,
^4
cosh
+ B' sinh ojc,
wherein only two of the four constants are arbitrary; for substituting in either of the equations (66), and equating
coefficients, give
(g
whence
+ MM = B B' = A/z
<*
;
'>
(S
Q,
A = B/zQ
f
Next
I
ceiver be denoted
the assigned terminal values of e, i, at the reo gives E A, by E, / then putting x f and thus the general sowhence B z 7, B A', /2
let
lution
is
= E cosh a# + z I sinh a#,

Q
= / cosh ojc H
a
isinh a^,
ô
r
J
z
(7)
* Professor Kennelly calls
the attenuation-constant, and
the
surge-
impedance of the
line.
t See Art. 14, Probs. 28-30;
and Art.
27, foot-note.
68
If desired,
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS'.
these expressions could be thrown into the ordir nary complex form -}-jY', by putting for the let-\-jY, ters their complex values, and applying the addition-theorems
% Y, X' 9 quantities Y' would then be expressed as functions of x and the repre where e? X*-\-Y*, sentative vectors of e, i, would be ^/0,
for the hyperbolic sine
and cosine.
The
i? = X" +
Y'\ tan 8
2,^0',
7 Y/X, tanT
= ~Y'/X'.
For purposes of numerical computation, however, the formulas (70) are the most convenient, when either a chart,* or a
table,! of cosh
,
sinh
is
available, for
complex values of
u.
mile,
Prob. io6.J Given the four line-constants: r 2ohms per i == 20 millihenrys per mile, c microfarad per mile, 1/2 o; and given w, the angular velocity of E.M.F. to be 2000
radians per second; then
= 40 ohms, conductor reactance per mile; = 2 + 407 ohms, conductor impedance per mile; + /w/ we = .001 mho, dielectric susceptance per mile; g + /we = .001; mho, dielectric admittance per mile; = iooo/ ohms, dielectric impedance per mile; (g + ;w)"~ a = (r+ /w/) (g + /we) = .04 + .oo2/, which is the measure
w/
r
l
of .04005/177
8';
therefore
X
a = measure
So
.0050 .2000;, an abstract coefficient per mile, of dimensions [length]" l ,

of .2001/88
34
= <x/(g + /we) =
200
s/
ohms.
Next let the assigned terminal conditions at the receiver be: I = o (line insulated); and E = iooo volts, whose phase may be taken as the standard (or zero) phase; then at any distance x,
by
(70),
= E cosh ax,
E*
sinh
2o
ax
in
which ax
Suppose
is ai>
it is
abstract complex.
must be kept up
J
required to find the E.M.F. and current that at a generator 100 miles away; then
t See Table II.
* Art. 30, foot-note.
The data
for
this
example are
taken from
Kennelly's artidf
(1.
c.
p. 38).
ALTERNATING CURRENTS.
e .= 1000 cosh (.5
59
(.5
but, by page 44, cosh

.
+ 207), I = 200(40 /)"' sinh + 207), = cosh (.5 + 2o/ 6nj) (.5 + 207) = cosh + 1.157) = .4600 + -475 /
(.5
obtained from Table II, by interpolation between cosh and cosh (.5 -f 1.27); hence
e
(.5
!!/)
~ 460 + 4757 = <?,(cos + /sin #), = 45 55', and where log tan B = log 475 log 460 = .0139, = 661.2 volts, the required E.M.F. e = 460 sec = sinh (.5 + 1.157) = .2126+ 1.0280/9 Similarly sinh (.5 + 297)
l
and hence
'
(*
+ /)( 2126 +
f
I.028/)
where log tan
10.7427,
ff'
79
= "^('495 = (cos 0' + /sin 0'), = 1495 sec #'/t6oi = 45',

i,
/,
5.25 amperes, the phase
and magnitude of required current.
Next
e
let it
be required to find e at x
8; then
-f-
1000 cosh (.04

^JT/,
07")
1.67")
10007* sinh (.04
.037),
by subtracting tween sinh (o
and applying page 44. and sinh (o -|- .if) gives
Interpolation be-
sinh (o
Similarly
+
+
037)
.037)
last
sinh
(.1
= ooooo + 02 99S/ = .10004 + .030047'.

'
Interpolation between the

sinh (.04
two gives
3/)
= .04002 + .029997.
29.99+40.027" =^,(cos
Hence/ =7(40.02
where
log tan
volts.
+ 29.997)=
126
0+j sin
51'
#)>
= .12530, 0=
let it
51',*,
=
e at
29.99 sec I2 6
= 5-i
Again,
e
be required to find
16; here
= 1000 cosh (.08 + .067"), 3-27") = .9970 + o/, cosh (.1 + .o6/) = 1.0020 -f .0067; but cosh (o + .067") cosh (.08 + -o6/) = i.ooio +.00487", hence e= iooi+4.8/= ^,(cos 6^+/sin ^), and = 180 17', t = 1001 volts. Thus at a distance of about where
1000 cosh (.08 Ht
16 miles the E.M.F.
is
the
same
as at the receiver, but in opposite
60
phase.
for
Since e
is
which the phase is exactly 180 is n/.2 = 15.7. Similarly the phase of the E.M.F. at x = 7.85 is 90. There is agreement in phase at any two points whose distance apart is 31.4 miles.
In conclusion take the more general terminal conditions in line feeds into a receiver circuit, and suppose the current in advance of the elecis to be kept at 50 amperes, in a phase 40 sin 40) tromotive force; then / 5o(cos 40 38.30 32.14/2
proportional to cosh (.005
+ .2j)x
the value of
which the
+/
and
substituting the constants in (70) gives
e=
icoo cosh (.005

460-] 4757
+ ,2j)x + (7821 + 62367)
sinh (.005
+ .2j)x
sin #),
-4748+93667=
4288+98417 ^(cos #+7
where 0= 113 33', <?, = J Q73 volts, the E.M.F. at sending end, This is 17 times what was required when the other end was insulated.
Prob. 107.
(i + /)HI,
If
where n 2
i
= o, g = o, / = o; = wrc/2, w = r/2wc;
2
t
then a
(i
+ j)n,
is
and the
tan 6
solution
\ 2
ii
E ^cosh
2nx
+ cos 2nx,
cos 2nx,
= tan nx tanh nx,

=
tan nx coth nx.
=
2Wi
E I/cosh 2nx
tan 0'
1 08. If self-induction and capacity be zero, and the reend be insulated, show that the graph of the electromotive ceiving force is a catenary if g j* o, a line if g = o. Prob. 109. Neglecting leakage and capacity, prove that the
Prob.
solution of equations (66)
is I
= /,
E+
r
(r
+ jul)Ix.
how
Prob. no. If x be measured from the sending end, show equations (65), (66) are to be modified; and prove that
= E cosh ax zjo sinh ax, I = I where E I refer to the sending end.

e
.
cosh ax
-- E
z
sinh ax,
ART.
I.
38.
MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS.
#), in
The
The
length of the arc of the logarithmic curve
y= M(cos\\ //+logtanh
2.
which
M= I/log
0.
y
u
a, sinh
length of arc of the spiral of Archimedes
= a* = r = ati is
is
#(sinh 2u
3.
+ 2), where sinh u =

f/b*
a
In the hyperbola x*/tt

is
the radius of curva;
ture
p=
(#
sinh
;/
b*
cosh* u)*/a6
in
which
sinh u
//
is
the
measure of the sector

4. In
A OP,
i.e.
cosh u
= x/a,
=y/b.
an oblate spheroid, the superficial area of the zone
MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS.
61
between the equator and a parallel plane at a distance y is 5 = irP(sinh 2u 2u)/2e wherein b is the axial radius, e eccentricity, sinh u
5.
/ parameter of generating ellipse. length of the arc of the parabola 2px, measured from the vertex of the curve, is /= ^/(siiih 2u in which 2//),
t
= ey/p
and
The
y=
sinh u
~y/p
The
3/^r
= tan
0,
where
is
the inclination of the termi-
nal tangent to the initial one.

6.
centre of gravity of this arc
is
given by
nr/^cosh u
i),
64/;7
p* (sinh 4;*
is
and the surface of a paraboloid

7.
of revolution
5= 2n yL
its ter,
The moment
is
of inertia of the
same
-f-
arc about
minal ordinate
/=
^[xKx
2x\
wP*N\
s ' nn
where
is
the mass of unit length, and
yV=
8.
J-
sinh 2u
sinh
4+ iV
6.
The
centre of gravity of the arc of a catenary measured

is
from the lowest point

4/j/
given by
^(sinli
;/
2u -f
;
2#),
/JF= c\u sinh
cosh u
-f- i),
in
its
which
= jr/f
b
and the moment

is
of inertia of this arc
about
terminal abscissa
/ = /^ rV
(
sin ^ 3 W
~H t sin ' 1
;/
~~
u cos ' 1
')'
Applications to the vibrations of bars are given in RayVol. I, art. 170; to the torsion of leigh, Theory of Sound, in Love, Elasticity, pp. 166-74; to the flow of heat prisms
9.
and
Byerly, Fourier Series, pp. 75-81; to wave motion in fluids in Rayleigh, Vol. I, Appendix, p. 477, and in
electricity in
Bassett,
Hydrodynamics,
arts.
120,
384; to the
theory of
in Maxwell, Electricity, arts. potential in Byerly p. 135, and to Non-Euclidian geometry and many other subjects '172-4;
in
Gunther, Hyperbelfunktionen, Chaps. V and VI. Several numerical examples are worked out in Laxsant, Essai sur lea
fonctions hyperboliques.
(&
ART.
In Table
sinh
,
39.
EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
cosh
#,
the numerical values of the hyperbolic functions tanh u are tabulated for values of u increasing
.02.
from o to 4 at intervals of may be used.
When
u exceeds
4,
Table IV
in
Table II gives hyperbolic functions of complex arguments, which

cosh (x
iy)
=a
t& 9
sinh (x
if)
=c
for
wf,
and the values of

and of
#, b, c,
are tabulated
1.5
values
of
x
.1.
ranging separately from o to

is
at intervals of
in
When
interpolation
necessary
it
may be performed
three
For example, to find cosh (.82-}- 1.341): First find stages. cosh (.82+ l-30 by keeping/ at 1.3 and interpolating between
the entries under x
.8
and*
.9
next find cosh
(.82 -f l-4*)
by keeping y at 1.4 and interpolating between the entries under x = .8 and jr = .9, as before then by interpolation between cosh (.82 1.41) find cosh( .82 i-34*) 1.31) and cosh (.82
;
in
which x
is
kept at
great,
)
of j/,
however
The table is available for all values means of the formulas on page 44: by
.82.
sinh (x
It
+ 2** = sinh^r,
x
is
cosh (x-\- 2tn)

greater than
1.5,
= cosh
x, etc.
sel-
does not apply when

occurs
in practice.
but this case
dom
This table can also be used as a
com
plex table of circular functions, for

cos (y
ix)
= a ^p ib,
x
sin
(y
ix)
is
=
by
and, moreover, the exponential function
given
^/),
exp
in
=^
^r
i(*
which the signs of c and */are to be taken the same as the sign of jr, and the sign of i on the right is to be the product of
the signs of
x and
of i on the
left.
(See Appendix, C.)

,
manian angle
Table III gives the values of v= gd and of the guder0= 180 v/n> as u changes from o to I at inter-
EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
vals of .02,
6iJ
from
%
to 2 at intervals of .05, and from 2 to 4 at
intervals of
i.
cosh
IV are given the values of gd log sinh u, log as u increases from 4 to 6 at intervals of .1, from 6 to u, 7 at intervals of .2, and from 7 to 9 at intervals of .5.
In Table
,
In the rare cases in which

sary, reference
more extensive
In the
tables are neces-
may
be
made
to the tables* of
first
Glaisher,
and Geipel and Kilgour.
ian angle (written k) is taken as increases from o to roo grades at intervals of .01, the corresponding value of u (written Lk) being tabulated. In the usual
case, in
Gudermann, Gudermanthe independent variable, and

the
which the table
is
entered with the value of
//,
it
gives
by interpolation the value of the gudermanian angle, whose circular functions would then give the hyperbolic functions
of
//.
When
is
is
large, this angle
is
so nearly right that inter-
this inconvenience Gupolation dermann's second table gives directly log sinh u, log cosh //, log tanh u, to nine figures, for values of u varying by .001 from 2 to 5, and by .01 from 5 to 12.
not reliable.
To remedy
Glaisher has tabulated the values of

nificant figures, as
varies
10,
to
2,
by
.1
from o to
by .001 and by I
and c~* to nine sigfrom o to i, by .01 from O from o to $00. From these
e*
t
.
the values of cosh x, sinh
are easily obtained.
Geipel imd Kilgour's handbook gives the values of cosh;t, sinh r, to seven figures, as x varies by .01 from o to 4. There are also extensive tables by Forti, Gronau, Vassal, and there are four-place tables in Byerly's Callet, and Houel Fourier Series, and in Wheeler's Trigonometry, (See Ap;
pendix, C.) In the following tables a dash over a that the number has been increased.
Gudermann
title
final digit indicates
in Crelle's Journal, vols. 6-9, 1831-2 (published separately Theorie der hyperbolischen Functionen, Berlin, 1833). Glaisher in Cambridge Phil. Trans., vol. 13, 1881. Geipel and Kilgour's Electrical Handbook.
under the
TABLE
I.
TABLES.
TABLE
I.
65
66
TABLE
II.
VALUES OF COSH
(JT
+ iy)
AND SINH
(x -f
iy).
TABLES.
6?
TABLE
II.
VALUES OF COSH
(x
+ fy)
AND SINH
(x
iy).
68
TABLE
II.
VALUES OF COSH
(x
+ iy)
AND SINK (x
iy).
TABLES.
TABLE
II.
69
iy)
VALUES OF COSH(*
AND SINH(*
iy.)
70
TABLE
III.
TABLE
IV.
APPENDIX.
A.
HISTORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL.
What is probably the earliest suggestion of the analogy between the sector of the circle and that of the hyperbola is found in Newton's Principia (Bk. 2, prop. 8 et seq.) in connection with the solution of a
dynamical problem.
fied sine
On
the analytical side, the
first
hint of the modi-
(1722), for the area of the prolate spheroid so as to give that of the oblate one,
and cosine is seen in Roger Cotes' Harmonica Mensurarum where he suggests the possibility of modifying the expression
by a
certain use of the operator
\/i. The
actual inventor of the
hyperbolic trigonometry was Vincenzo Riccati, SJ. (Opuscula ad res Phys. et Math, pertinens, Bononiae, 1757). He adopted the notation Sh.<, Ch.< for the hyperbolic functions, and Sc.<, Cc.0 for the circular ones.
He
a construction for the solution of a cubic equation.
proved the addition theorem geometrically and derived Soon after, Daviet
de Foncenex showed
tions
how
to interchange circular
and hyperbolic func-
the
by work
the use of
resting
i, and gave the analogue of De Moivre's theorem, more on analogy, however, than on clear definition
(Reflex, sur les quant, imag., Miscel.
Turin
Soc.,
Tom.
i).
Johann
Heinrich Lambert systematized the subject, and gave the
serial devel-
opments and the exponential expressions. He adopted the notation sinh ft, etc., and introduced the transcendent angle, now called the gudermanian, using it in computation and in the construction of tables
(1.
c.
page
30).
The important
is
history of the subject
place occupied by indicated on page 30.
Gudermann
in the
of the circular and hyperbolic trigonometry naturally a considerable part in the controversy regarding the doctrine played
The analogy
of imaginaries, which occupied so

tury,
much
attention in the eighteenth cen-
and which gave
birtU to the
modern theory
of functions of the
72
complex variable.
importance of the
"
In the growth of the general complex theory, the
singly periodic functions"
became
still
clearer,
and
was gradually developed by such

log. et trig., Florence, 1782);
writers as Ferroni (Magnit. expon.
Dirksen (Organon der tran. Anal, Ber-
lin, 1845); Schellbach (Die einfach. period, funkt., Crelle, 1854); Ohm (Versuch eines volk. conseq. Syst. der Math., Nurnberg, 1855); Hoiiel
(Theor. des quant, complex, Paris, 1870).
Many
other writers have
helped
in systematizing
and tabulating these
functions,
and
in
adapting
them
following works may be espementioned: Gronau (Tafeln, 1862, Theor. und Anwend., 1865); cially Forti (Tavoli e teoria, 1870); Laisant (Essai, 1874); Gunther (Die
to a variety of applications.
The
Lehre
1881).
The last-named work
and bibliography with numerous

hill, in
contains a very full history Professor A. G. Greenapplications.
various places in his writings, has shown the importance of both and inverse hyperbolic functions, and has done much to popularize their use (see Did. and Int. Calc., 1891). The following articles
the direct
on fundamental conceptions should be noticed: Macfarlane, On the definitions of the trigonometric functions (Papers on Space Analysis,
N.
Y., 1894); Ilaskell,
On
functions (Bull.
Arts.
N. Y. M.
the introduction of the notion of hyperbolic Attention has been called in Soc., 1895).
30 and 37 to the work of Arthur E. Kennelly in applying the hyperbolic complex theory to the plane vectors which present themselves in the theory of alternating currents; and his chart has been described on page 44 as a useful substitute for a numerical complex It may be worth mentioning in this table (Proc. A. I. E. E., 1895).
connection that the present writer's complex table in Art. 39 is believed to be the earliest of its kind for any function of the general argument
+ iy.
B.
(See Appendix, C.)
EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSIONS AS DEFINITIONS.
definitions of sinh
For those who wish to start with the exponential expressions as the u and cosh u, as indicated on page 25, it is here pro-
posed to show
how
these definitions can be easily brought into direct
geometrical relation with the hyperbolic sector in the form #/a=cosh 2 2 S/Kj y/b sinh S/K, by making use of the identity cosh u sinh w= i,"
and the differential relations d cosh tt=sinh u du d sinh w==cosh u du, which are themselves immediate consequences of those exponential Let 0-4, the initial radius of the hyperbolic sector, be definitions.
y
EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSIONS AS DEFINITIONS.

taken as axis of #, and
its
73
OB=b,
angle
AOB=w,
conjugate radius OB as axis of y\ let OA = a, and area of triangle AOB=K, then JRT
Ja&sinw. Let the coordinates of a point P on the hyperbola be x and y, then x2/a2 yi/b2 =i. Comparison of this equation with the 2 sinh 2 u=i permits the two assumptions #/a=cosh u identity cosh
and y/b=smh
u,
wherein u
is
a single auxiliary variable; and

,
it
now
remains to give a geometrical interpretation to u=S/K, wherein S is the area of the sector OAP.
of a second point
and
to prove that
Let the coordinates
POQ POQ
y-\-Ay^ then the area of the triangle is, by analytic geometry, %(xJy ydx)sin aj. Now the sector a ratio whose limit is unity, hence the bears to the triangle
be
x+dx
and
POQ
differential of the
sector
Ja&sin w(cosh
sinh2
S may be written dS=$(xdy y <fo)sin o>= u)du=Kdu. By integration S=Ku, hence

;
u=S/K,
the sectorial measure (p. 10)
this establishes the
fundamental
geometrical relations
#/a=cosh S/K, ;y/6=sinh S/K.
C.
RECENT TABLES AND APPLICATIONS.

extensive
tables
of
The most
hyperbolic
functions of real
arguments are those published by the Smithsonian Institution, prepared by G. F. Becker and C, E. Van Orstrand (IQOQ).
For complex arguments the most elaborate tables are those of
Professor A. E. Kennelly: "Tables of Complex Hyperbolic " Circular Functions (Harvard University Press, 1914).
and
Three-digit
tables of sinh
and cosh
of
x+iy, up to
x= i and
E. Miller in a paper, .01, given y=i by steps " Formulae, Constants, and Hyperbolic Functions for Transmission" in the General Electric Review Supplement, Schenline Problems
of
are
by W.
ectady, N. Y.,
May,
1910.
There are interesting applications and an extensive bibliography " The Application of Hyperbolic in Professor Kennelly 's treatise on " Functions to Electrical Engineering Problems (University of
London
"
Press, 1912).
Bangle
hyperbolic hyperbolic sectorial measure," the analogy being due " " for the circle and ellipse sectorial measure to the fact that the "
for
is
It should
be noted that this author uses the term
"
an actual angle
(p.
n).
The convenient term "angloid" has

S.
been suggested by Professor
Epsteen.
INDEX.
Addition-theorems, pages 16, 40.
Admittance of
dielectric, 56.
Complementary triangles, Complex numbers, 38-46.
10.
Algebraic identity, 41.

Alternating currents, 38, 46, 55. Ambiguity of value, 13, 16, 45.
Applications of, 55-60. Tables, 62, 66.
Conductor resistance and impedance,

58.
Amplitude, hyperbolic, 31.

of
complex number, 46.

28, 30, 47, 51, 52.
Construction for gudermanian, 30.

of charts, 43. of graphs, 32.
Anti-gudermanian,
35. 45-
Anti-hyperbolic functions, 16, 22, 25, 29,

Applications, 46
et seq.
Convergence, 23, 25. Conversion-formulas,

sectors
18.
7,
Arch, 48, 51.

Areas, 8, 9, 14, 36, 37, 60.
Corresponding points on conies,
28.
and
triangles, 9, 28.
Argand diagram,
Bassett's
43, 58.
Currents, alternating, 55.
Curvature, 50, 52, 60.
Hydrodynamics, 61.
Cotes, reference to, 71.
Beams, flexure of, 54. Becker and Van Orstrand, 73. Bedell and Crehore, 38, 56.
Byerly's Fourier Series,
Callet's Tables, 63.
etc., 61, 63.
Deflection of beams, 54.
Derived functions,
20, 22, 30.
Difference formula, 16.

Differential equation, 21, 25, 47, 49, 51,
52, 57-
Capacity of conductor, 55. Catenary, 47. of uniform strength, 49.

Elastic, 48.
Dirksen's Organon, 71. Distributed load, 55.
Cayley's Elliptic Functions, 30, 31.
Electromotive force, 55, 58. Elimination of constants, 21.

Ellipses, chart of confocal, 43.
Elliptic functions, 7, 30, 31.
integrals, 7, 31.
Center of gravity, 61.

Characteristic ratios, 10.
*
Chart of hyperbolic functions, 44, 58.

Mercator's, 53. Circular functions, 7,
29, 35> 4i, 43-
sectors, 7, 31.
u,
14, 18, 21, 24,
Equations, Differential (see).
of complex numbers, 39, 41, 42. of gudermanian, 28
Numerical, 35, 48, 50. Evolute of tractory, 52.
Expansion
in series, 23, 25, 31.
76
Exponential expressions, 24, 25, 72.
INDEX.
Hyperbolic functions of complex
bers, 38 et seq.
num-
Ferroni, reference
to, 71.
relations
Flexure of beams, 53.
relations to
Foncenex, reference to, 71. Forti's Tavoli e teoria, 63, 71.

Fourier
series, 55, 61.
29. relations to circular functions, 29, 42. tables of, 64 et seq.
among, 12. gudermanian,
variation of, 20.
Function, anti-gudermanian (see).

anti-hyperbolic (see). circular (see).
elliptic (see).
Imaginary, see complex.
Impedance,
34.
Integrals, 35.
Interchange of hyperbolic and circular

(see).
gudermanian
hyperbolic, defined, n. of complex numbers, 38.

of pure imaginaries, 41.
functions, 42.
Interpolation, 30, 48, 50, 59, 62. Intrinsic equation, 38, 47, 49, 51.
of
sum and
difference, 16.
Involute of catenary, 48. of tractory, 50.

Jones' Trigonometiy, 52.
periodic, 44.
Geipel and Kilgour's Electrical Hand-
Kcnnelly on alternating currents, 38, 58.

Kennelly's chart, 46, 58; treatise, 73.
Liisant's Essai,
etc., 61, 71.
book, 63.
Generalization, 41.
Geometrical interpretation, 37. treatment of hyperbolic

functions, jet seq., 16.
Lambert's notation, 30.
Glaisher's exponential tables, 63.
Leakage
place in the history, 70. of conductor, 55.
Graphs, 32.
Greenhill's Calculus, 72.
Elliptic Functions, 7.
Limiting ratios, 19, 23, 32. Logarithmic curve, 60.

expressions, 27, 32.
Gronau's Tafeln, 63, 72. Theor. und An wend.,
Love's
72.
elasticity, 61.
Loxodrome,
52.
definitions, 72.
Gudermann's
notation, 30.
29.
Macfarlane on
Gudermanian, angle,
Gunther's Die Lehre,
function, 28, 31, 34,47, 53, 63, 70.

etc., 61, 71.
Maxwell's Electricity, 61. Measure, defined, 8; of sector, 9 Mercator's chart, 53.

Miller,
et seq.
W.
E., Tables, etc., 73
Haskell on fundamental notions, 72. HoiiePs notation, etc., 30, 31, 71.
Modulus,
31, 46.
Moment
of inertia, 61.
Hyperbola, 7
et seq.,
30, 37, 44, 60.
Multiple values, 13, 16, 45.
Hyperbolic functions, defined, addition-theorems for, 16.

applications of, 46
derivatives of, 20.
et seq.
n.
Newton, reference
to, 71.
et
Numbers, complex, 38
seq.
Ohm,
reference to, 71.
expansions
of, 23.
Operators, generalized, 39, 56.
exponential expressions for, 24.
graphs
of, 32.
Parabola, 38, 61.

Periodicity, 44, 62.
integrals involving, 35.
INDEX.
Permanence of equivalence, Phase angle, 56, 59.
41.
Self-induction of conductor, 55.

Series, 23, 31.
Physical problems, 21, 38, 47 Potential theory, 61.
et seq.
Spheroid, area of oblate, 58

Spiral of Archimedes, 60.
Product -series, 43. Pure imaginary, 41.

Ratios, characteristic, 10.
Steinmetz on alternating currents, 38.

Susceptance of dielectric, 58.
Tables, 62, 73.
limiting, 19.
Rayleigh's Theory Reactance of conductor, 58.
of Sound, 61.
Terminal conditions, 54,

Tractory, 48, 5 1.
58, 60.
Reduction formula, 37, 38.

Relations
among
functions, 12, 29, 42.
Resistance of conductor. 56.
Rhumb
Van Orstrand, C. E., Tables, 73. Variation of hyperbolic functions, 14* Vassal's Tables, 63.
Vectors, 38, 56. Vibrations of bars, 61,
line, 53. Riccati's place in the history, 71.
Schellbach, reference
to, 71.
Sectors of conies, 9, 28.
Wheeler's Trigonometry, 6l.

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=

OSMANIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

The Late Mansfield Merriman and Robert

Modern Mathematics. By DAVID EUGENE SMITH.

By the Lato GEOROK BRUCE HALSTED.

Synthetic Projective Geometry.

No. No. No.

JOHN WILEY &

CHAPMAN & HALL,

MANSFIELD MERRIMAN AND ROBERT

NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS.

CHAPMAN & HALL,

RAUNWORTH CO INC BOOK MANUFACTURERS BROOKLYN, NEWYOHK

Higher Mathematics, the

in 1896, contained eleven chapters

to readers in special lines of

It is the intention of the publishers

monographs same seems

to time, if the call for the

the topics which are under

consideration are those of elliptic functions, the theory of

group theory, the

astronomy, mechanics, and mathematical physics

hope of the editors that

may be included. publication may

complex plane, where one class of transcenda real or a pure imagf

THE THE THE THE THE

CATENARY CATENARY OF UNIFORM STRENGTH ELASTIC CATENARY TRACTORY LOXODROME

APPENDIX. HISTORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSIONS AS DEFINITIONS

CORRKSPONDKNCE OK POINTS ON CONICS.

bolic functions a preliminary discussion

treatment of the hyperis given on the relations

The method adopted

convenient to begin with the theory of

obtain a definition of corresponding points,

conic, and O^A^ OJi^

(-*,, J,), (*,.;',);

the early attempts of mathemati.

cians at the rectification of the ellipse.

a certain extent this

because we employ the name hyperbolic function to deelliptic

note cosh u sinh u, etc., by analogy with which the

circular functions cos #, sin 0,

sector and tsiangle

respectively with the Tiiese definitions will apply also

the conies coincide, the points

I\ being then referred

pairs of conjugate diameters of the

the ratio which

example, the measure of the sector A^O^P^

AREAS OF CORRESPONDING SECTORS.

AREAS OF CORRESPONDING TRIANGLES.

AREAS OF CORRESPONDING SECTORS.

have equal meas-

are corresponding points.

be proved conversely by an obvious reductio ad

joining <9, to the mid-point of spectively, to the median as

CHARACTERISTIC RATIOS OF SECTORIAL MEASURES.

then the ratios

are called the charact

RATIOS EXPRESSED AS TRIANGLE-MEASURES.

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS FOR

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS FOR ELLIPSE.

functional relations that exist between the sectorial

(-,, J,), (,.;',);