METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

Presented By Sumesh.C.K Lecturer in Mech.Engg SCT college of Engg

Characteristics
The performance of an instrument is described by quantitative qualities, termed as characteristics.

1. Static

characteristics :

Measurements of applications in which parameter of interest is more or less constant ; or varies slowly with time are called Static characteristics .

2. Dynamic

characteristics:

These characteristics quantify the dynamic relation between the input and output

Static characteristics Reproducib ility

Accuracy

Sensitivity

Drift

Static error

Dead zone

Dynamic characteristics

Speed of response

Measuring lag

Fidelity

Dynamic error

1. Static characteristics
1.a. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy :
The closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being measured is called accuracy.

Precision:
Precision is a measure of reproducibility of measurements.

High accuracy, but low precision

High precision, but low accuracy

1. b. Sensitivity:
The ratio of the magnitude of output signal to the input signal or response of measuring system to the quantity being measured is called sensitivity.

1. c. Repeatability and reproducibility:

Repeatability : It pertains to the closeness of output readings when the same input is applied repetitively over a short period of time with the same measurement conditions, same instrument and observer, same location and same conditions of use maintained throughout. Reproducibility : It relates to the closeness of output readings for the same input when there are changes in the method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument, location, conditions of use and time of measurement.

1. d. Readability:
Is with which the reading of an instrument can be read

1. e. Calibration:
The process by which all the static performance characteristics are obtained in one form or another. It involves a comparison of particular instrument with standards.

1. f. Drift: Drift is an undesired gradual departure of the instrument

output over a period of time that is unrelated to changes in input, operating conditions or load. Zero-drift: whole instrument calibration shift by the same amount Span-drift: calibration from zero changes proportionally Zonal-drift: over a portion or span of an instrument

1.

e. Static error:
The difference between the best measured value and the true value of the quantity is known as static error.

1.

f. Dead zone:
The largest change of input quantity for which there is no output of the instrument is termed as dead zone.

1. g.Magnification:
Increase in the magnitude of the output signal to make it more readable.

2.Dynamic characteristics
2. a. Speed of response(Responsiveness):
Rapidity with which the measurement system responds to changes

2. b. Measuring lag:
Retardation or delay in the response of a measurement system

2. c. Fidelity:
Degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the measured quantity without any error

2. d. Dynamic error(Measurement error):

Difference between true value of the quantity changing with time and the value indicated by the measurement system

Errors in measurements
Types of errors
1. 2. Gross errors Systematic errors a.Instrumental errors b.Environmental errors c.Observation errors

3. Random errors

1. Gross errors:
Error due to human mistakes in reading, recording and calculating.

2. Systematic errors:
Caused by sensitivity shift, zero off-set, known non-linearity.

a.Instrumental errors:
Caused by loading effect of instruments, misuse of instruments , assumbly etc. b.Environmental errors: Caused by the conditions external to the measuring devices.

c.Observation errors:
Caused by the carelessness of operators, parallax , wrong scale reading, incorrect conversions etc.

3. Random errors:
Accidental, small and independent. Caused by friction, backlash in the movement, mechanical vibrations, hysteresis etc

Standards of linear measurements

Standards of linear measurements

Line standards

End standards

Wavelength standards

1. Line standards:
Length is measured as a distance between centres of two engraved lines. Characteristics of line standards Low accuracy Quick and easy to use The leading edges are subjected to wear No built in datum Subject to parallax error

2. End standards:
The length is measured as a distance between two flat parallel faces. Characteristics of end standards High accuracy No time for measurement It has built in datum Not subjected to parallax error Wavelength standards

3. Wavelength standards

The wavelengths of monochromatic light might be used as invariable unit of length. One meter is redefined in terms of wavelength of orange krypton radiation as 1m=1650763.73 wavelength. Advantages of wavelength standards Not influenced by atmospheric conditions No need to store under security Easily available Easily transferred o other standards Very accurate comparative measurement can be done Easily reproducible