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Concept of an international universal auxiliary language Introduction

It is a matter of fact that the world is becoming a global village with the expansion of modern communication. Thus there is a growing need for a quick and easy to learn auxiliary language for a global or regional exchange of ideas ,views and technology. Today's modern languages can't satisfy these needs because they are relatively difficult to learn and full of illogical elements in grammar ,spelling and speaking. So the question arises which modern language could be the ideal international auxiliary language? The logical and simple answer is none. As said before there is for example English that is a kind of lingua franca in international relations, but it has so much irregularities, especially in spelling, which creates confusion and makes it difficult to learn for a non native speaker. But not only the linguistically obstacles of a modern languages disqualify them to be the international auxiliary language, there is also a political one. It is very difficult for people to accept voluntarily a foreign language as the auxiliary language of the world, especially if this language is linked with suppression or any kind of force and dominance. So a Chinese or Russian will probably never accept English as the auxiliary language. And to be honest, every major modern European language can be associated with suppression and dominance over other nations. All these imperfections of modern living languages harm the idea of a global society and a standardized universal language for all human beings, or at least for a region or continent, not to mention the costs caused by translation services in trade, diplomacy, science etc. and errors that occur regularly by translating- which brings only more damage to the human kind. The only logical solution is a creation of a new planned language based on logical structures and rules, easy to learn for almost every human being and liberated of any connections to existing states and nations. Therefore, we created a planned language called Unlingua whose main purpose is ,as its name says, to bring people together throughout one common language. Of course, a new planned language has to rely on certain vocabulary and grammatical structures that are well known to the most ,at least european based languages. So for this purpose we based our language on the concept of Lingua franca nova (LFN) because of these main reasons: 1. LFN has the most international vocabulary because it is vastly derived from Latin (as the longest existing lingua franca on the soil of Europe) ,

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by a pidgin language with simplified grammar in the medieval Mediterranean area called Lingua franca and therefore the grammar of Unlingua is heavily influenced by LFN.

We are aware of the fact that Unlingua is not yet a living language and that the theoretical bases established by its grammar have to be tested in the most natural way for a language and that is by extensive speaking and writing . Only so we can detect in full range the imperfections of this language and correct them to make it a real universal or regional language.

So what are the advantages of Unlingua?

1. It has a limited number of phonemes. It sounds similar to Italian or Spanish. 2. It is phonetically spelled. No child should have to spend years learning irregularities. 3. It has a completely regular and simple grammar. It is approximately as restrained in this regard as English or Indonesian. 4. It has a limited and completely regular set of productive affixes for routine word derivation. 5. It has well-defined rules for word order, in keeping with many major languages. 6. Unlingua is a kind of a language based on a logical instinct. So it has just few necessary grammatical rules that allow the speakers to understand each other throughout the given framework , but also to be creative and flexible. 7. It is designed to seem relatively "natural" to those who are familiar with Latin and Romance languages, without being any more difficult for others to learn.

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Theoretical Basic Grammar of Lingua Unlingua

1. Spelling and pronunciation
1.1. Alphabet
Unlingua (hereafter: Un) uses the most widely known phonetic alphabet in the world: Roman (or Latin) Roman abcdefghijlmnoprstuv Roman capitals ABCDEFGHI JLMNOPRSTUV

1.2. Vowels
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are pronounced as in Spanish: A: [a] as in Spanish or French papa; similar to the vowel in palm E: [e] as in Spanish peso or French t; similar to the vowels in get or gate I: [i] the vowel in feet O: [o] as in Spanish poso or French beau; similar to the vowels in caught or coat U: [u] the vowel in moon

1.3. Consonants
The following letters are consonants: B: [b] as in big C: [k] as in computer D: [d] as in dog

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F: [f] as in fat G: [g] as in get H: [h] as in hot J: [_] as in jealous L: [l] as in lat M: [m] as in man N: [n] as in not P: [p] as in pot R: [r] as in roll S: [s] as in set T: [t] as in ten V: [v] as in vat

2. Sentences
. The subject always precedes the verb, and the object always follows: I puera gusto i musica. The girl (subject) likes (verb) the music (object). I can dormi. The dog (subject) sleeps (verb). En i note, las stela apare. In the night (prepositional phrase) the stars (subject) appear (verb). Me dona a tu esta pomo. I (subject) give (verb) to you (prepositional phrase) this apple (object).

3. Words
There is no visible distinction between verbs, nouns , adjectives ... That means that one world can either be a noun, adjective or a verb , depending of the position in the sentence and the context used in. (e.g. construi- can be construction or construct) or by using signal words (i.e. , ia, ve for verbs) But there is an exception concerning the nature of a word. So for example some words can only be adjectives or nouns or pronouns or other types of words. That means that the language is totally non-reflexive like Chinese or Indonesian (no conjunctions, declensions , plural etc. ) words don t change their form nevertheless the situation or mood.

3.1. Plural
There is no classical plural. It is signalized by using quantifiers or throughout the context of the sentence.

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bela multe many beauties Tota i stela all the stars .

3.2. Gender

Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the adjectives mas and fem are used: un cavalo mas a male horse, a stallion un cavalo fem a female horse, a mare But there are a few words for family relations that mark females with -a and males with -o: ava, avo grandmother, grandfather fia, fio girl, boy neta, neto granddaughter, grandson sobrina, sobrino niece, nephew sposa, sposo wife, husband tia, tio aunt, uncle There are also a few pairs that use different words for the two sexes: fem, om woman, man madre, padre mother, father seniora, senior lady, Mrs; gentlaman, Mr sorer, frater sestar, brother

4. Determiners
4.1. Predeterminers
Tota means all. It indicates the entire quantity of the nouns referent,

which must be plural if countable. Tota lingua es asurde. All languages are absurd. Me va ama tu per tota tempo. I will love you for all time / the whole of time.
Amba means both. It can be used in place of tote when the entire

quantity is known to be only two. Amba gamba es debile. Both lags are weak.

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Semantically, tota and amba are no different from quantifiers, but they are treated as a separate class because of their syntax: they precede all other determiners in a noun phrase, including le. They can also be used as pronouns.

4.2. Articles
indefinite article- un. definitive article-i

4.3. Demonstratives
The demonstratives point to the nouns referent, locating it in time or space or the discourse itself. Esta means this/that Me posese esta domo. I own this house. Esta i libro es mervalio. These book/books is/are wonderful.

4.4. Interrogatives
The interrogative determiners are one way to create questions.
Ce asks what or what kind of:

Ce animal es acel? What animal is that?

Cual asks which or what. It implies that there is a particular range of

possibilities: Cual fenestra es ia rompe? Which windows are broken? Cual picto te prefere? Which paint do you prefer?
Cuanto asks how many with a plural countabla noun, and how much

with an uncountable noun: Cuanto casa es en le strada de tu? How many houses are on your street?
Ce, cual, and cuanto are also used as pronouns.

4.5. Possessives
Me, te, nos, vos, and el are personal pronouns, but are also used as possessive determiners.

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I Ipopotamo aperi i buca de el . The hippopotamus opens its mouth. (reflaxive) Nos regarda i dente de el. We look at its teeth. (not reflaxive) Possession can also be indicated with a phrase like de me: Esta es i casa de me. This is my house. Acel es i casa de tu. That is your house. Esta es de me e acel es de tu. This is mine and that is yours.

4.6. Quantifiers
Quantifiers are determiners that help express the amount or quantity of

the nouns referent: no no un one, a du, tre, cuatro two, three, four cualce whichever, any sole only multe many, much pauc few, little plu more i plu most min fewer, lass i min least

4.7. Similarity determiners

Three additional determiners are concerned with similarity and difference: Mesma means the same: Tu porta i calseta mesma como me. Youre wearing the same socks as me.
Altere means other:

I solve altere ia es plu bon. The other solution was better.

Tal means such, i.e. of this or that kind:

Tal cosa es nonposibile. Such things are impossible.

5. Pronouns

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5.1. Personal pronouns

me I, me tu you (one person) el he, she, it, him, her nos we, us vos you (more than one person) los they, them
Tu is singular and vos is plural in all situations, both formal and casual.

The pronouns do not distinguish gender, even in the third person singular.
On is a general indefinite pronoun, like on in French or man in German.

It means people in general or an arbitrary person or, in idiomatic English, they or you. It often avoids the need for a passive verb because
Un doesnt use the passive form of expression .

On dise ce tu va parti. They say you are going to leave. On debe repete i verbo. You should repeat the verb. / The verb should be repeated.
Se is the reflexive pronoun for the third person, both singular and plural. It

refers to the subject of the current verb, but is never the subject itself: El limpi se. It cleans itself. Los lava se. They wash themselves. The pronouns me, tu, nos, vos, and el are used without change as possessive determiners (my, your, etc), but has no possessive pronouns (mine, yours, etc). Instead, phrases like el de tu, los de nos are used, or the relevant noun is simply repeated with the appropriate possessive determiner: Me ia trova i libro de me, ma tu no ia trova i libro de tu. I have found my books, but you havent found your books. Me ia trova i libro de me, ma tu no ia trova los de tu. I have found my books, but you havent found yours.

5.2. Determiner pronouns 5.3. Interrogative and relative pronouns

Uni has three pronouns that are used to create questions: ce what (= ce/cual cosa) cual which ci who, whom (= ce/cual person)

5.4. Other pronouns

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There are four special pronouns that refer to people. They are only used in the singular: algun somebody, someone (= alga un, alga person) cualcun anybody, anyone, whoever (= cualce un, cualce person) cadun everybody, everyone, each person (= cada un, cada person) nun nobody, no one (= no un, no person) The equivalents of algun, cualcun, cadun, and nun for things are alga cosa (something), cualce cosa (anything), cada cosa (everything), and no cosa (nothing).

6. Adjectives
. In Un , adjectives do not change to indicate number or gender. However, any adjective can be reused unchanged as a noun, whose meaning is a person or a thing that has that adjectives quality. The resulting noun obeys the normal rules for nouns Marilyn es un blonde, e las seniore prefere las blonde. Marilyn is a blonde, and gentlamen prefer blondes.

6.1. Position
Adjectives follow the noun they modify. un can bon a good dog un can plus bon a better dog (modified by plus) i enfante mal the bad child un can mal instrui bon a bad dog well trained i enfante bon comprende mal good children poorly understood

6.2. Comparison
Comparative adjectives are formed by adding the adverbs plu (more) and min (lass). Than is ce: I cosina es plu calide ce i jardin. The kitchen is hotter than the garden. Esta lecto es min comforto ce me ia previde. This bed is less comfortable than I expected. Superlative adjectives are formed by adding the adverbs la plus (most) and la min (least): I sol es i ojeto i plu calide en i sistema de sol. The sun is the hottest object in the solar system. Ordinal numbers can be combined with the superlative construction:

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Vega es i stela sinco i plu briliante en i selo de note. Vega is the fifth brightest star in the night sky. Equality comparisons use the combination ...como (so as): I arbor ia es alta como un casa. The tree was as tall as a house. On es juvene como on senti. Youre as young as you feel.

7. Adverbs
7.1. Position
In Un, adverbs and adjectives have the same form. The difference is made clear by positioning: adjectives follow nouns; adverbs follow verbs and precede other words: I om ia studia atente i testo. The man studied the text carefully. (modifying a verb)

7.2. Comparison
Comparison of adverbs is exactly like comparison of adjectives.

8. Verbs
In Un, verbs do not change to indicate such things as tense or mood. Instead, adverbs are used especially the proverbs ia and va to indicate the tense. Any verb can be reused without change as a noun. Also , there is no passive form, only active. (i.e. instead saying: He was robbed. In Un it would be : Someone robbed him.- Alcun furto el or The thief was caught by the police The police caught the thief- I polisia catura i furtor. or by using on: On debe repete i verbo. You should repeat the verb. / The verb should be repeated.

8.1. Tense
The future tense is marked with va (a word of French origin). Past tenses, including perfect and pluperfect, are marked with ia (of Chavacano origin). These are special adverbs that precede the verb. The present tense unmarked: Me canta I sing / I am singing. Me va canta. I will sing / I am about to sing. Me ia canta. I sang / I was singing / I have sung / I had sung.

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Un does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. I ate, I used to eat, I have eaten, I had eaten). However, one can easily clarify the temporal sequence of two actions by marking the earlier one with jam (already): Cuando tu ia encontra nos, nos ia come jam. When you met us, we had (already) eaten. Un does not directly indicate conditional and subjunctive moods. The presence of si and donce (if, then) are normally enough to suggest a conditional meaning, and verbs such as duta (doubt), vola (want), desira (desire), espera (hope), and debe (must) often suffice to suggest the subjunctive.

8.2. Imperative
The imperative, or command form of the verb, is unmarked. It differs from the present tense in that the subject is omitted. The subject would normally be tu or vos, i.e. the person addressed. Ta can be used if a subject has to be included: Para! Stop! Pardona me. Excuse me / Sorry. Vade a via, per favore! Please go away!

8.3. Negation
Verbs are negated with the adverb no, which precedes both the verb and va or ia: Me no labora hodie, e me no va labora deman. Im not working today, and I wont be working tomorrow.

9. Conjunctions
9.1. Coordinating conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction joins two components of the same type, producing a larger component of that type. For example, two noun phrases joined by e form a larger noun phrase. There are four coordinating conjunctions: e and (both components are equally valid) o or (one of the components is valid; possibly both are) no not, and not, but not (the first component is valid; the second one isnt)

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ma but (both components are equally valid, but contrast with each other)

9.2. Subordinating conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to the containing sentence, indicating its role in that sentence.
Ce (that) introduces a noun clause: Me pensa ce tu nesesa un vacanse. I think (that) you need a vacation.

The following conjunctions introduce adverbial clauses: si if (condition), whether (question) postea,ergo then, therefore (conclusion) afince so that, in order that (intention) per ce because (reason) ce than (comparison)

10. Numbers
10.1. Cardinal numbers
The basic cardinal numbers are: sero zero un one du two tre three cuatro four sinco five ses six sete seven oto eight nove nine des ten sento hundred mil thousand milion million des-un 11 des-du 12 des-nove 19 dudes 20 dudes-un 21 dudes-sinco 25 sento-un 101

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sento-des-du 112 tresento-dudes-un 321 cuatrosento 400 novesento-sinco 905

Mil and milion are always written as standalone words, separating each

group of three digits: mil setesento-sesdes-tre 1763 du mil un 2001 tre mil des-cuatro 3014 cuatrodes-sinco mil sessento-setedes-oto 45 678 novesento-otodes-sete milion sessento-sincodes-cuatro mil tresentodudes-un balone rosa 987 654 321 red balloons

Negative numbers are expressed with min: min sinco grado minus five degrees

10.2. Ordinal numbers

When a number precedes a noun, it is a cardinal number, indicating a quantity: tre homine e cuatro fem three men and four women But when a number follows a noun, it is an ordinal number, indicating a position in a sequence: i om tre the third man
Prima is a common alternative to ordinal un, but it cant be used for

higher ordinals that happen to end in 1: I pagina prima the first page sala cento-un room 101
Numero can be used as a dummy noun to support an ordinal number:

El es le numero tre. He is number three / He is third.

10.3. Fractions
One use of the suffix -i is to form words for fractional numbers: di half tri third cuatri quarter, fourth desi tenth des-di twelfth cuatrodesi fortieth senti hundredth tresento-sesdes-sinci 1/365

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mili 1/1000 dudes-mili 1/20 000

11.4. Multiplas
The suffix -upla forms words for numeric multiples: duple double, duo, pair, couple truple triple, trio cuatruple quadruple Phrases with ves express how many times something happens: a un ves once, one time a du ves twice, two times a tre ves thrice, three times

12. Vocabulary: Is based on LFN vocabulary but should be used within the given grammatical framework and spelling of Unlingua .