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CONCISE GEAMMAE
MALAGASY LANGUAGE.
G.
W. PARKER.
LONDON
TRUBNER &
LUDGATE
HILL.
rights reserved.']
LONDON
ST.
P3
PREFACE.
i
symbols
to its
those of our
The characters chosen for it were own English alphabet, with the exception of
c, q,
:
u,
iv,
x,
sounds
in
Malagasy
but some, or
of these {especially w)
seem
Malagasy language
With
among
that
it
belongs to
nesian;
people,
although
it
is
Malay proper and the Eastern Polystill a puzzle why the Malagasy
of the
who are chiefly of African origin (with the exception Hova tribe), should use a Malay language.
of infixes
is
The use
the
a feature
language possesses in
common with
group
;
Malayo-Polynesian
and
the
on
this
subject
Mr. Keane
information:
feature
"The
has
kindly given
infix
following
valuable
syllable
in
283G32
iv
Ex.
Khmer:
Javanese
huruh, flame
hiomurub, to inflame.
Malay
Tag-ala
hasa, to read
Originally a prefix, as
it
is
in
Samoan
(ex. moto,
worked
its
way
into the
common
to
most
the
is
influence
as follows
:
of
foreigners
upon the
Malagasy language
(1)
The
influence of the
Arabs
is
seen in the
for the
names of
months,
Hova names
dress,
bed,
money,
The
French
is
seen in
tectural
many
all,
Above
much by
the
more
G.
W. PARKER.
MALAGASY GEAMMAE.
Letters.
The
and
Malag-asy
same
exception of
u,
w, and x.
Vowels
foliows
:
Diphthongs.
These
...
are
pronounced
as
as
...
... ...
a in psalm
a
ee
...
...
...
example^ tana,
(a)
chamaBleon.
e
i
date;
hiy, yes.
lildij,
weep;
too;
...
00
...
bny,
ay
ey
\ ^ }
pronounced
...
ao
ow
...
now.
same sound as
i,
but
is
New
Testament,
_y
is
used in the body of words taken from the Greek to represent the letter
0,
icpsiloti
:
when used
names
wo.'
in full, except
its
when the
first
noun followed by
followed by
its
agent.
clearly pronounced,
the only
means
of distinction
:
Examples
manana,
^
to possess.
after,
olana, twisting.
manina, to long
An
also
when
a final
cf,
not
when
final o precedes a
o.
Eujohonic Letters.
These
Euphonic h
is
generally inserted
derivative,
together,
of the root,
and the
avi/.
Euphonic
is
pronounced (but
g, h, k, ng,
viilciasa.
nh ; thus, mihasa,
'
to intend,^
pronoimced
Ajyparent Dij^htJiongs.
often, are
eo, io,
found
quickly
moreover,
makes
dio
Sometimes,
their
too, the
THE ALPHABET.
abrina,
'
built/
is
The
found
:
following"
less
often
and
oai.
Final a
-na,
by the
article ny- or
by
:
this
final
syllable,
cases.
and
also serves to
mark
Ex.
-^
known by
the people.
Verb.
-lea,
in -na,
or -tra,
Final a
is left
may
not be doubtful,
is
not followed
genitive or in the
ablative case.
Ex. Fantatra ny
olona,
known
i.e.
Consonants.
The
'
consonants
are
:
pronounced
as
in
is
always hard, as in
dz, in
adze.''
i is
'
gold.'
j as
s before e
and
pronounced as a soft sh
;
(ex.
misy
pronounced m\sh)
otherwise
it is
always pro-
nounced as
z as z, in
'
s in
'sun'
zone.'
The
and the
Malagasy as
Double Consonants.
dr,
dz
letters,
seem to
fuller
amp, which
Hova,
n and
ni
still
survive
:
among
ex.
Sihanaka, ambainy
mbamy
is
so used before d,
tr, ts, g,
and
k.
m
Hence the rule {not a compound)
or
Jii
:
b or p.
when
ii
or
in the
body of a word
9t
is
is
With
end in a vowel.
d, g, h,
As n
in the
will
and
t,
and
only
mb, mp.
nd, ndr, ndz (or nj) ng, nk, nt, ntr, nts.
/ is
h
I
..
replaced by p. .. k or g.
.. ..
r is strengthened
s
. .
by
d,
t,
becoming
., ..
dr.
ts.
..
d.
b.
..
..
d,
dz
..
EUPHONIC CHANGES.
These euphonic changes
quired
:
9
are
re-
among"
consonants
(1)
or m. or
(2)
When n
case.
is
inserted between
two words
as
(3)
away the
syllable.
final a, so
is
rejected before a
m
:
or or
(2)
when
the
of possession
is
similarly
rejected before a
or
n;
thus, rano-
maso, "eye-water'^
The
final
syllables
-na,
-ha,
and
final syllable.
When
one of
word
so contracted, it is
changed according
These
not
contracted)
are
on the antepenult.
is
When
always kept.
When
replaced
hat.'
a word
ending in -na,
-ha, or -tra,
is
joined
final
is
by an apostrophe
'
some-one's
From
Malagasy
10 A CONCISE MALAGASY GRAMMAR.
to the
may
akanim-bbrona
tiam-hady [tlana,
Xttidy),
'
loved by
one^s wife/
(3)
; as,
,
mandso-ddJco (ma-
nosofra,
(4)
loJco)
'
to
a limUing accusative;
{tsara,
tsara-fanahy
as
fanahy),
good
regards
disposition/
(5)
a noun in apposition;
as,
andrlan-drdy
(who are
as) father
and mother/
(6)
a subject; as,Uatarani-jJoza,(tatatra,fdza),
'
cut channels/
(7)
a predicate;
lb),
as, iiy
fonosin-db {fonbsina,
is
wrapped up
is
putrid/
(8)
an adjective;
'
as,
good things/
as,
'
(9)
nasdi-
nanab
to
{nasalna,
nanab),
bidden
do/
;
(10)
an adverb
as,
'
m/petra-pbana (inipetrakaj
fbana),
11
ROOTS.
In any language the study of the
important, but this
is
7-00^5
of the words
is
more
with the
though regular,
The two
classes of
Malagasy
first
syllable.
by a foreign
derivation, or
is
by assuming
accented was
Secondary roots j
from
all
of other words.
like the
Of
Besides these,
we
find
an
syllable
om
inserted into a
first
mo
(=?7ia)
12
Table op the
PREFIX.
chiei-'
EOOTS.
(ov lalao), 'play;' salasala, 'doubtful/
13
With regard
-Txa,
to
-na, -tra,
no
is simpl}'-
reduplicated, with
white
foUyfotsy, whitish.
;
Tbro, crushed
tdrotoro,
;
mandanda,
to
deny repeatedly.
Dissyllaljic
may
be
thus, in mitmuitana,
is
the root
is
repeated, while
contracted.
on
N.B.
As
trisyllabic roots
seem
all
-tra, it is
two
facts
(1)
seem to show
They
Hova;
as,
ir ay
ha and
uaka,
(2)
for 'one.'
in certain
as, jpdtsika
and potsitra.
(3) Dissyllabic roots,
tsorlaka, korlana.
14
Rule.
In
;
reduplicating* a word,
;
remember
(1)
that the
is
{H)
reduplicated
syllable,
and
(2) that
owing
(I.e.
the word
prefix
never altered,
all
word.
Thus
Primary root
Ditto, with prefix
. .
dlo,
.
fbtofra.
afototra.
mad]o,
madiodXo,
afotopbtofra.
madiodiovy,
afbtopotbrana.
keep the
or
when redu-
of the root.
Thus
Marina,
becomes marimarina,
...
Manao, verb
tao,
manaonao.
root to be redu-
Or an n
is
inserted, especially
when the
Thus
Maneso, root
eso,
becomes manesoneso.
(single, redupli-
by appending
an
affix, or (3)
Thus
root
mizara.
zaraina.
tzarana.
E00T3.
15
find
Sometimes
vowel
it
is
difficult
to
consonant; or
in the
change
its
in its
or (3), to a
change
consonant of
final syllable.
Boots, both
syllable of the
primary root,
N.B.
A secondary
roots.
root
may
be regarded as a primary
7ioi alter
the
Reduplicated
As
a prefix)
is
holds good
N.B.-
-l-a,
-na, or -tra^
are contracted
No prefix
but
affixes
nearer to the end of the word (g-enerally bringing the accent on to the antepenult).
N.B.
accent
A few
to shift
first
at all
on to the
(as in
But even
accent
still
rests
on the
16
EULE
for
all
VERBS.
The Malagasy Verb has three
passive,
voices,
and
the relative ;
No
changes
made for gender, number, or person. Of these two moods, the indicative serves
for every
mood,
itself serves.
Active Voice.
Table of Active Verbs.
(1)
EXAMPLES.
.
. .
MEANING.
to eat.
liumana
secondary
(2)
bomehy
(liehy)
...
.
to laugh.
withtafa-.
..
primary.
secondary
tafalatsaka
(/a;s(//>;a)
fallen
down.
tafat3imbadika(i-dd(A;a)
overturned.
(3)
^
.
. _) . .
^'"^^^
down.
better.
Miha
mihatsara
[tscira)
to
become
Man Maha
(4) Causative of (3
(o)
)
maneso
(eso)
....
.
.
.
to tamit.
mahar o
.
(dro).
to be able to protect.
mampilatsaka
mifaneso
(eo)
(Mteni-at)
.
.
to cause to fall
down,
Reciprocal of (3)
(6) Reciprocal
of (3)
(7)
causative
.
mampifaneso
(eso)
to
ask
permission of
Causative
of (3)
reciprocal
. .
.
one another.
mifampifira (era)
. .
to
cause
(people)
to
VERBS.
17
it.
SIMPLE.
18
Mi; Man-,
active prefixes.
3Ii-
(contracted into
M-
before
i)
tive verbs,
when
Man- forms verbs of either kind, but chiefly transitive verbs. Man- and Mana- (a long-er form) both seem contracted forms of the verb manab, to do, or make/ used as
'
a prefix.
is
a conis
Mahay,
'
to be able,'
This
the
prefix in the
Malagasy language,
as it
may
Malta-
N.B.
are often
confounded
but
the prefixes
to render
good
to
make
good.
make
a thing good
goodness.
Rules for the formation of the Verbs with the prefix 'man-.'
a.
If the
root
g,
begins
;
with
vowel
or
with the
consonants d,
simj)ly
and make
no chang-e.
VERBS.
b.
19
these three
The
or,
first
is
rejected :~k,
s, t, tr, ts,
and sometimes
h, are rejected.
is
;
The
first
changed
h some;
times becomes g
becomes d
becomes dr
be-
comes y
or,
(dz),
The
first
is
rejected
and
ihe pre-
fix
mam-)
h,
before
h, v,
f, or p.
But sometimes
Before
changed into
is
or o itself
is
kept.
or n, the prefix
Ma-
(or
a shorter form of
Man-,
of
Mood of
unless the
in a.
a monosyllabic diphthong
or, unless
the root
syllable
or, unless
the root
tra-.
is
two-syllabic, but
ending in -ha-na, or
(3)
Sometimes
:
changes
are necessary
Change
of a
final
this
becomes h or f,
tr
becomes
t,
r,
..
20
v,
or
z)
(or y) into
a or
e.
among
the vowels
The government of
cases
by Malagasy verbs
is
often
many
while others,
aviiiiy,
'
have both
;
constructions.
'
Thus, miteuy
'
to
speak to him
miteny azy,
to
reprove him
[i-e.
to
speak at him).
Again,
many Malagasy
refer to
verbs
take
two
accusatives,
which may
person and
and
Passive Voice.
Table of the various forms of the Passive Voice.
NAME.
1
2.
3.
EXAMPLE.
tapaka
voasasa (sasa) ....
zaralna (zara) ....
tsinjaraina (zara)
(tsara)
MEANING.
cut
off.
Roct passive
Passive in voa. .
* .
^vashed.
-ina.
.
divided.
secondary root,
abstract
divided into
lots.
made
good.
ampoizina
r
y
,
(fo) ....
expected.
antsakaina (tsaka)
retaining an- of verb f
in
.
.
fetched
(of
water from
/ -i.anavaratma (ava>
a
^
-well).
n\
man-
. .
^.^j.^.^^^
^ ^
moved northwards.
hated.
a7ika- of verb
in
manka-
. .
ankahalaina (hala)
VERBS.
NAME.
Passive retaining amptive
of
2i
MEANING.
EXAMPLE.
causa-
verb in
mamp.
. .
ampilazama
(laza)
...
caused to
be told,
tell
or to
ampif- of causative-reciproeal
verb
. .
in
..
mamp'if
4.
ampif andabarina..
(lahatra)
Passive in -ana
only)
(y/-o? roo^s
-
fotsiana (fotsy)
. .
5.
6. 7.
.. ..
..
-ena
vonjena (v5njy)
asebo (sebo)
..
saved, belped.
..a-
....
.
sbown.
cut
off.
Transposed passive
tinapaka (tapaka)
The
between a root-passive
that the former usually
and a passive
contained,
of a
root-passive
(like
the
im-
mood
:
of an
adjective)
'
meaning
as sitrana,
may
(lie)
be healed.'
But
sitrano,
si-
Voa
(literally struck)
is
voa-
the
agency of
idea.
another
-ina
is
Of
these
kind at
all
troublesome to
distinguish
is
-~
remember that
the ahstrad
noun
:
Example
haisaraina {passive
made
to possess goodness,
made good.
i
As
voices.
of the
affile is
the only
visible distinction
Example:
The
Eide
common)
calls attention
priucij.ally to
from
" i? made
ive
:
Example -^:" - -:
/.
is
.
Uii
is
so^ZiA-a
thing anointed
X.B.
this rule
may
the
lead the
foreigner
gross
absurdities/'
says
Rev,
W.
E. Cousins.
Passives in a-change
perative
their
accent
mood;
(imperative).
ni- or
tio-
to a root,
and the
first letter
Eule,
iu
and
-t'jia,
all
VERBS.
23
one or
the following five changes
voices
aud
classes,
:
all of
are necessary
1.
Append
mood
passive
mood
for
the imperative
mood
-e) for
and
of passives in
-a (in a few cases
a-, -ina,
and -ana.
and
~.
Exceptions
when
syllables,
when the root has two the second being accented when the root has two
;
ending in
-Jia,
-7ia,
-ka, or -tra.
For
roots in -na,
and
-tra,
a change occurs in
:
characteristic termination
r,
t,
k becomes h or /; becomes m.
4.
tr
becomes
or
/;
(often)
Insert
s,
v,
0.
(or y) into a or
ia (that
is, /
and
ai into
e.
contracted into
into vonjetia.
Rule for choosing ichich voice (active or passive) is to When " the agent and his act " are most in your be used thoughts, choose the active voice when " the result oj the'
24
act"
is
most
in
your
thoug-lits,
tJie
ivJiich
govern
accusatives:
Either
may
be made the
N.B.
(viz. in
When
a-
two passives
exist
from
the
same root
Relative Voice.
The
use
which
is
peculiar to the
Malagasy
first, its
very convenient.
It
is
voices, both in
and expresses
relative
voice
Omit the
Affix -ana,
mood; and -o, or -y, for the imperative mood; then treat the word (as regards changes)
as
if
it
The government
is
still
remains
of
ex-
pressed by the
passive.
sufl[ix
pronoun, as
if
Some
what
in
Also,
meaning of
active verbs
maha-
them.
VERBS.
25
1.
verb
its
its
direct
object.
2.
of relation
(a)
(b)
followed a verb,
An
towards, or from).
or measure).
mode (manner,
reason;
means, or instrument;
price).
Tenses of Verbs.
The
indicative
mood
these tenses
As
with Malagasy
verbs, n
is
Malagasy
VERBS.
27
Use and
force of efa.
As
by using the
It
may
be used before
voice,
less 'completeness.'
Examples
is siiW
Efa manao,
is
Efananao, was
or,
is
in the
Efa hanab,
Compound Future
before a past tense
;
Tense.
as,
This
is
formed by putting ho
'
nanao ho nankati),
he intended to
come
[or to
the Infinitive
Mood.
The
(1) as
indicative
in
an adjective or as a
to be understood
;
participle, especially
when
noun
(deed)
is left
mj manana,
'
the (men)
done;'
(3)
i. e. the rich ; ny nafao, ' the ny handidlana, the (instrument, &c.) for
cutting.
infinitive
It
may
as,
would be required,
article
;
noun, usually
or
'
with the
thieves.*
ny mangaiatra,
stealing,'
the
(N.B.
In such cases
(it).'
made
'is
clear
by the context, or
else it
remains doubtful)
as,
or
as de-
asaiJco
manao,
bidden
by me
to do
28
The dependent
but, among- the
it
depends, are
many
possible combinations
made
in this
:
dependent on a past.
(2) The future is more often used in this dependent manner than either the past or the present.
An
of any voice.
is
mood
expressed
either
by an impe-
pronoun,
as anarontsikaf
{i.e. let
us reprove him); or
or andeha, as
let
us
sing.-*
(N.B.
Of these
'
two, aoka
future;
maka
rano,
go (and)
A prohibition
as in
is
expressed, not
many
mood preceded
by
may belong
for
speak.
(N.B.
As there
no exact equivalent
the
may
be used prohibi-
Mo
VERBS.
29
Of
common
use, viz.,
EXAMPLES.
MahazOy implying practicability.
tay
malulzo
(bocanse hindered).
Mahay, implying
ability or skill.
tsy
mahay
maniio,
not
able to
(absence, or deficiency, of
skill).
tsy
mety mnnao,
not willing to do
(absence of consent ).
Till,
tsy
ta-hando,
not
desirous
to
do
(absence of wish).
Mhy, implying
tsy tiil^y,
there
is
none (non-exist-
ence).
N.B.
Mlsy
is
30
'
Otherwise tia
is
contracted into
te-hilaza,
(i.e.
wish to
'
wish
to die).
The
mctj/,
active
and
relative
must be followed by an
an
forms azo and hay, take either a passive or a relative after them,
iiot
active.
;
The pronoun
is
auxiliary verb
as,
azoko soratana,
able
by me
to
be
written'
Mlsy
oiten serves to
show that
it
Ex.
mandahnga
ny ohma, 'the people tell lies' (all, or some?); mlsy mandainga ny olona, some of the people tell lies.'
'
31
NOUNS.
TABLE OF NOUN-rOEMS.
EXAMPLE.
32
it^
to limit its
meaning;
as,
hana,
N.B.
often
'
and habitually
perhaps
man who
The
maha-
The
as follows
Cases of Kouns.
not
left to
be found out
from the context, one or other of the following caseindications are necessary
:
For an
immediately after or
For an accusative
all
NOUNS.
33
:
When
the noun
is
made
tranon'
definite
by the
article ny,
pronoun
friend
'.
as,
word end
;
the
final
-a
is
changed into -y
as,
fantatry ny vlona,
When
')n
the noun
is 7iot
made
definite
by the
article,
either
or
n (regardable
is
pronoun -ny)
inserted
'
hated by
-ha,
among the
sonants.^
consonants.
[See
the
as,
(art)
in
or,
case, or o after
The nominative
reference
is
The
may
be
(instrutzy,
meaning of an adjective
any of the three
voices).
This last
is
a very
. .
34
ADJECTIVES.
TABLE OF ADJECTIVE FORMS.
NAME. r primary
Singla root
EXAJtPLE.
.
MEANING.
good.
..
tsara
^ secondary
(
(.
sahirana (hirana)
tsaratsara
,
perplexed,
tolerably good, goodish.
Reduplicated
root
primary.
secondary
sahirankirana (hirana)
slightly perplexed.
. .
Adjective in wia-jUncontracted,
Ditto,
maditra (ditra)
obstinate.
.
contracted.,
maozatra
(ozatra).
sinewy, tough,
lowing
thong).
or
to
form a diphbefore
Adjective in
Ditto,
?n-,
or
marina (arina)
level, true.
before Aa- or
/ie-
mafy (hafy)
madiodio
(die)
hard.
rather clean.
not level, untrue.
Negative adjective
Adjective with limiting accusative
Antithetic
tive
tsi-marina (arina)...
tsara-bika
adjec-
compound
keli-malaza
little
The
is
Malagasy language
free use of verbs
;
by the
as adjectives
by the use of
vavana
'mouthed
'.
N.B.
*
In
'
moutlied ',
both from
'
mouth'.
;
By
By
-able
as,
wood^,
i.e.
wooden house.
eaten
and
hanina, 'able
(to be)
^,
i.e.
eatable.
VERBS.
35
Comparison of Adjectives.
Reduplication of an adjective nearly always lessens
its
meaning'
as, fotsy,
'
white
'
;
fotsifbtsy,
'
whitish
'.
But
always intensifies
its
meaning-
as,
fotsy diafutsy,
very white'.
No
to
is
show the
comparative degree
known by
a superlative degree,
by amy or
indrlnda ami/.
Or, by the omission of nbho or amy, any of these forms
may
some
ol)jcct being-
supplied
'
mentally
as,
tsaratsara
koJioa %o,
'
that
is
better
(than
other).
Or
being-
may
be used as a
superlative, no
put after
?
'
no tsara ?
?
'
which
(is
the)
good
(one)
i.e.
which
is
the best
Another idiom is what the Rev. W. E. Cousins calls " the conditional superlative ", a term which is best explained by the following examples
(a)
:
{Adjectiue.)
:
xxii.
';
15
Alio,
desired, if I desired
or, as
With
desired.
Verb.)
36
tsara
f tsara
Comparative
Saperlative.
X-
^ ^garatsara
kokoa kokoa
better.
)
)
C tsara indrindra
best.
B.
Comparative,
tsara
f
noho
better than.
kok6a noho) a
little
better than.
noho
Superlative.
tsara
amy ny
rehetra,
best of
all.
tsara indrindra
amy ny
very best
of all.
Tenses of Adjectives.
The Rule
follows
:
for forming"
is
as
make na-
in the past,
make no change
but
take ho
fo)-
the future.
the Te7ises of Adjectives.
Tabular view of
ADJECTIVES.
37
On
that the
syllable
;
of
hence we
may
us to
know
m- may
belong-
If the accent
first class,
is
it
belongs to the
If the accent
its
on the
first
syllable,
its
ma-
either has
a forms a diphthong
in
with the
malnty).
or
Any
adjective can be
made imperative
or optative
by
following the
root-passives
;
verbs
or those for
command
' '
;
or a
'
;
wish
is
intended to be expressed.
'
As, mazoto,
'
diligent
mazotoa,
*
be
diligent
'
faingana,
quick
faingcoia,
be quick/
Construction of Adjectives.
The following
transitive sense,
adjectives,
and some
others,
have a quasitheir
complement
them'.
in
as,
/eno azy ny
trcmo,
'
the house
is full
of
cases,
Malagasy no preposition.
38
adala,
akciihj,
'
about
'.
'.
mhnina,
mctnitra,
to'.
'
longing after
'.
near to
'
perfumed with
'
'.
malmbo,
sively
smelling
offen-
ampy, 'enoug-h
hetsal-a,
'
for'.
of.
'
'having-
much
'.
oi',
malahl'lo,
grieved
for'.
about
'
abounding' in
'
'sorrowing
of
',
he,
having
many
in
'.
mamo,
'intoxicated with'.
'suitable
for',
'abounding
dlhoTia,
')
,
mendriJca,
.
>
'
ruli 01
^^
a
'.
'worthy of.
sahy, 'without fear of.
sasatra, 'tired
taliaka,
*
feno,
)
'
gaga,
surprised at
^^^^^^
of.
',
'
henilm,-^
like
similar
^^,
to'.
hihoka, I
lubolxa (only another
dlholia).
form of
t'o/n/,
'
satisfied
with
'.
vitsi/,
be done'.
PRONOUNS.
The Personal Pronouns.
Of
shown
Singidar Number.
PEONOUNS.
Plural Number.
39
First, inclus.
,y
inha
izahay
Jnanareo
Izy
antsika.
-7ifs\Ica
-tslkc
exclus.
.
anay.
atiareo.
-nay
-nareo
-ay.
-areo.
-n', -y.
Second
Third
Izaho
azy.
-ny
is
is
generally used
its
when
predicate.
rule, especially
'),
say 1/
Isiha includes both the speaker and the person spoken
to,
or, isiJca,
The
two ways
(1) as predicates
as,
is
mine'.
(2) for
any
case,
;
with the
as,
prefixed
(the
noun
the
being- understood)
hito
ny ando,
'being* thine'
(lit.
of thee)
The inseparable
(1) (2)
or suffixed forms
may
denote
ny
vblaho,
'my
money'.
An
ablative case,
;
a relative verb
less often
as,
as, voasasojko,
washed by me'.
They
are
How many
'
are the
people
(3)
An
adjectives,
prepositions, &c.
suffixed
pronoun
is
40
amy
as,
miseho amiho,
'
to
appear to
me ^.
;
as,
maminaij,
sweet to us
'.
As
is
there
is
nambno
tena izy,
'
he killed himself.
The Rule
is
for
as follows:
;
-ka, or
-tra
contraction.
if
-lea,
or -ira;
the accent
and either
If the accent
may
in
as, tratro
except
pro-
in -ana,
of these
',
nouns
'
sasana,
'
washed
sasako,
Examples of
1.
To words
NOUN.
not ending in
-?za,
-ka, or -tra.
PREPOSITION.
VERB.
Azo, got.
azoko,
got by mo.
V61a, money.
('v61ako,
Amy,
to, at,
&c.
my
money.
or her
amiko, to mo.
^zonao,
j
(^
volany,
his
azony,
(her, or
thoo. him,
it).
aminao, to thee.
money.
/'volanay, our
fc.-
\ vcilantsika,
azonay,
,,
us.
aminay, to us.
amintsika, to ns.
p;;
azontslka azonarco,
azony,
us.
you.
aminareo, to you.
to
them, aminy,
them.
PRONOUNS.
2.
41
(N.B.
To words
ending" in
-?ia,
-Jia,OY-tra.
Only-
Satroka, a hat
satroko,
or, hats.
Hevitra, a thought,
hevitro,
my
basket.
my
hat.
my
thought,
jn
barony,
I
(,
his
(or
her)
heviny,
basket.
thought,
hevitray, our thought,
hevitsika, our thought,
^
5J
j
)
Demonstrative Pronouns.
These are very numerous, the choice of one rather than
another being regulated by the distance, real or imaginary,
of the object pointed out.
By
the insertion of
re,
they
become
plural
is
pronouns
or conceived,
oj)posed
to
what
is
seen
and actually
pointed out.
Place.
DEMONSTEATIVE PEONOUNS.
(Object seen
42
NUMERALS.
o ^^ ^ g ^_^;^ -^
4S
15 =y
plicatives,
These are made by prefixing fan- to the Multiand are seldom used in the higher niim-
bers.
They are
(in
^ S
i 'S o S S^a
'
c2 iS
'^
which respect they resemble the Fractionals), and may be followed by a possessive
pronoun -ny
case.
o o
sit
.s .s .H .s .2 .a . .3 .
'g
^ p ^
HH
-^
-5
a,
.a
.a .s .a .a .a .a .a
.2.2
.a .5 .s
j^
>^
^2;
"^ "3
B.ljf
:
t>
^
^
n'
2^
o
fcc
rt
-S
The Fractionals are made from the Cardinals by prefixing ampaha-, and then affixing -ny. ^^' ^^'O'^ *^^ Ordinals by prefixing aw-, changing
^J-Sn'a
y into
/j,
-ny.
K'CjS
^^la^
:5-^&^*^
-l^l^,i "
Q
Eq
'^^T-.
a ~' <i-
roa
d(y(/)aA'(^e/oj/,
'two-thirds of
it'.
^ ^
K* Eh "^
i^
loha,
o
"'^
.a
'3
g
S
'^
cf
^'^"
is the iisual word for ) the Ordinals are merely the Cardinals with faha- prefixed to them, as in the case of
Voalohany (from
'.
'head
'
first
The remainder
of
fe
7^
fahiraika.
< O
44
N.B.
The Multiplicatives
in-,
are
made from
the Cardinals
by prefixing
nf into mjJ
{imhdlo,
{impito,
;
imns
impolo)
nv into
mb
;
imbalopolo)
(injato).
nz into nj
isa, roa,
&c.
manlsa,
iray,
'
iray, as a
numeral adjective
irano
(as
one house
and
iraika, in
compound numbers
Hova
dialect,
but as equivalent
the other
and instead
of,
isa
and iray,
in several of
dialects of
Madagascar.
in
N.B.
In counting
:
first,
'
then
'
roanibinifolo {roa
amhy ny
fblo),
twelve
two an addition
to the ten).
mandeha
as,
*
(to
maha
(to fetch)
must be added;
indray mlika
one go \
tsy azo
it
(or
'
izy),
cannot be eaten
once', or
a^
The Ordinals
And
is
trdnonao
Fahadlmy.
?
a.s,fiihaflrymda ny
"
How many
(fathoms in length)
your house
Five
".
Distributives are
prefixing
tsi;
Cardinals and
tsiroaroa,
'
as, tsira{n)y,
one by one
';
two
by two
'.
Some
man-, as follows
how many
miroa,
to be
THE ARTICLE.
45
Firma? (passive participle o? miflry) divided into how many ? telbina, divided into three efarina, divided into
;
four^
&c.
it
They
also
;
have imperative
it
moods
teloy,
divide
into three
efaro, divide
(a thing-) thrice.
' ;
intelbina,
'
being-
done
Number
into
of days
is
abstract
^
nouns in ha
ana
as^
hafiriana
'
how
many days
hatelbana,
indrb-midro, [indrba
' ;
andro),
four days
Hwo
',
days'*;
'
three days
hefcvrana,
'
&c.
is
N.B.
The
only
known
in the
'.
two days
Another
thing- to be
remembered
noun
is
that, while
an adjec'
(as,
trano tsara,
is
a good
[i.e.
'
the cardinal)
'.
a noun
as,
rba lahy,
two men
THE ARTICLE,
The Definite
ny, which
is
Article.
There
is
article,
used before
common
a (when used)
1.
article, it is
;
much used
to turn other
'
as,
ny manbratra,
the art of
writing', or
Hhe
people
who
write
46
2.
a class;
as,
ny vbrona,
birds
'
(or,
the birds).
This
is
;
the
as,
ny Malagasy, 'Malagasy'
3. ing'
'
[as
a nation).
It
is
likeness
'.
talialm, c^c.)
as,
toy
ny vbrona,
by a
like birds
4.
It
is
when made
'
definite
suf-
fixed
5.
'
pronoun
It
is
as,
ny satroko,
the hat of
me
as,
',
i.e.
my
hat.
mj marina,
truth ^
6.
With
relihtra (all),
article
as,
'.
ny olona
ny olona maro,
h
1.
'
many
people
'.
(when omitted)
as,
Herodra mpanjaka,
{or,
King Herod).
;
as,
Rainay
izay
any an-danitra,
3.
Our
father
as,
who
(art) in
lo,
heaven'
is
Before predicates;
Before accusatives
satroko
'that
my
hat'.
4.
when they
mental, or limiting.
5.
equivalent to
i:ay;
as,
navallny
azi/.
THE ARTICLE.
47
The
Indefinite Ay'ticle.
The
:
indefinite article,
supplied in one or
By omitting ny
oxen)
;
as,
nahlta omhy
alio,
'
saw an
ox',
[or,
(2)
in the
rela-
(3)
by using the
pronoun
iziiy,
in
an
izay adala?
(4)
*
one
as,
mlsy blona
a person
some persons)
let
visited
him
';
misla miinl-aty ny
anTilzi-laliy,
come
here'.
common
to
per-
ri, ra,
ray.
Hay
Of
these, i
proper
common nouns
used as
names of persons;
{or, that)
man
'.
'
no.'
JV^o ' is
a particle
which
is
sive,
copula
to
and not a substitute or equivalent for the English " It serves is'. As the Rev. W. E. Cousins says
' :
make an emphatic
assertion,
Ny
Jcitoza
'.
no tsar a raha
'
mihantona; fa ny thiy
tsy tsdra
mihcintona
It
is
hitoza
48
A CONCISE MALAGASY GRAMMAR.
is
'
g-ood
i.e.
when hung
no
The reasons
nally an article
(1)
may have
been origi:
No
is
(2) It
(not,
(3)
as, iza
no tsara
ha no ny
which
is
To emphasize
(1)
or discriminate.
subject
;
in assertive sentences
is
as, izy
'.
no
ha/iiao izany,
'
it
he
who
shall
do that
;
in interrogative sentences
'
as,
aiza no alchanao,
'?
where
is it
N.B.
))e
to a question
;
would
as, ha no Which is it' ? the answer being, 'This is it '. But where no is not used, the answer would be a predicate as, iza hy ? or, ha moa hy ? Who is he '? the answer uoukl
izy?
'
be very different,
'
He
is
my
brother', &c.
ny tsara no hano,
{i.e.
in hortative sentences
'
as,
let
USE OF '^NO/''
49
'it
(2)
An
adjunct;
as,
made)
that'.
;
is
to be given
as,
ny handrina no
'it is
manlry
which
' ;
vole,
ny henatra,
the
the
forehead
is
hair,
i.e.,
shame
is
reason
why
the forehead
is
is
In such
cases, lib
often added
as,
ny akoho
no ho
Vehihe,
ny
make
the
B.
Non-emphatic uses
(1)
of 'N6^
As
as,
azy,
'
you did a
As
As As
and. -ina.
(3)
This is found in a shortened, form of nbny. " Hare-mahasoa", p. 146. Nbny tsy,'h\xt for'.
a shortened form o^nbho in a comparison (rarely
(4)
so used).
KB. Of
W.
E. Cousins says
'
:" The
7ib
'
is
no unfair
in speaking
Malagasy".
oO
ADVERBS.
In the Malagasy
lang-uag-e
of
A. But adverbs of
qualiti/ or
manner
are
kw,
their place
being- supplied
1.
by adjectives;
as,
mihira tsara,
''to
sing well'.
is
A
its
useful idiom,
still
the re-
keeping
exchanged
for
noun
in the
as, tsara-filura,
singing \
2.
wa3's
';
by verbs
as,
apr.traha
mitsivalana,
'
placed
cross ways'.
ADVERBS.
13,
51
The Adverbs of
following
eny, yes.
tsla, no.
tsy, not.
:
sendra, perchance,
tahiny, perchance,
of prohibition).
Of
the
two
last words,
tahiny
is vised
of suppositions,
raha tahiny
mahUa
C.
azy
if
Of
place
where?
?
going where
avy tatza
{lit.
what place
2.
Of time :
oviana (past) rahovlana (future), when
[contracted from raha, oviana]
.
3.
Of manner,
ahoana,
&c.
how?
!)
(used
also
as
an interjection.
How
manao
(past,
nanao
future, hanao)
ahoana, in
what manner, of what kind or quality ? [literally, doing what ? or, acting how ?]
52
how?
(implying
difficulty or impossibility).
[literally,
done how
its
?]
ahoana,
how can
I do
it ?)
or a
noun
tra,
(as,
'how
what
do as regards a way of
is
escape?)
common
use
The following
The
eiy,
here
eo,
etsy,
eny,
eroa,
ery,
there
there.
aty, ato,
here
aroa, ary,
of.
to the
vague
clearly
e to
what
is
seen,
;
and
as,
ety an-tanakn,
;
here in
my
hand'
ad am-hata, in a box'
eo imasonao,
'
(as,
any
but
it is
not compulsory,
Tenses of JJvcrJis
Tlir onlv
ADVERBS.
53 and
(2) interrogation
:
(1) time,
and of
these,
is
am
be here
atza,
where
taiza,
will be ?
manhto
before
there.
them
as,
mankaty, to come
here
manhamj,
go
Of
has an imperative
{ankanesana) ,
mood {mankanesa) or a relative These are made to serve with all the
as,
other
here';
adverbs of place;
nahbana no
there'?
tsy
nankanesanao tany
why
did
you not go
'
motion
he
is
coming thence, he
is
coming
hither'.
indefinite in
as,
meaning by being
(or,
atohoato
ato ho ato),
hereabouts
teohoeo, thereabouts.
They
when used
lately).
E.
The
{jjast).
)
>
to-morrow.
(jjast).
54
A CONCISE MALAGASY GRAMMAR,
Eehefa, rehe/efa, presently.
Raha afaka
{i.e.
atsy
days).
ho
atsy
hoTiba,
after a
time,
some
Bahatrizay, hereafter
Falimy, formerly.
(indefinite future).
(faha-
is
so used
with
many words
AnJcehitrlny , ankehitrio, , , > now, at the present time. , ^ , Izao, amin izao, j
.
Vao faingana
(or
hamgana), quite
-j
recently.
MandrHra
mi andro,
TontoLo andro,
,,
.-,.-,
I all
day long.
until
;
Mandrahariva
ing-),
[mandraka,
hariva,
even-
continually
Matetika, often.
Indraindray
[i.e.
*^"^
used
^^
.f.^ with
jj^^ny words.
Tuy
intsoui/,
no longer,
\
.
Amin'
izaii (present),
,
.
Tam/n
tz'iy
>
)
{past),
mo-
niaraka tamin'
{2)a.st).
izay, at that
moment, immediately,
Sahady, already,
so early.
ADJECTIVES.
F,
55
are the
The
:
chief adverbs
of
following"
Fatratra, earnestly.
Tsimdramora,
easily.
Tsihelikelij , little
by
little.
by
Koa,
too, also.
Avy,
S
(as,
nomena
sikajy
')
avy
^
izy,
'
baiky, or saika,
<
thing
nearly,
,.
but
not quite,
yaiku, or vama,
V eiiected).
Samy
marina
Samy,
fied
word
as,
samy marina
'
(or,
Avokoa,
avokoa) Izy rehetra,
vidually) true'.
they are
all (indi-
The
up to
')
is
name
of
PREPOSITIONS.
There
are
only a
few prepositions
in the
Malagasy
these are
compound
prepositions
i- to
formed by prefixing
a-,
am-, an-, or
nouns.
56
PEEPOSITION.
GOTEENMENT.
Amy
The meaning of amy is so variable, from, and it has to serve for so many of in, by, with, our English prepositions, that it
for,
at or on time), &c.
(of practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a
verb.
2n7j
belonging- to.
Akaiky
near
to.
Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the sufBx pronouns as, amiko, an;
ilako.
except.
Hatra is (1) generally joined with OMy ; as, hill rainy ny andre/ana ki
katrdmy ny atsinammn from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place:
,
Amharalca
until.
Mandraka
Araka
.
hatreto, thus far. hitherto or (3) is merely followed by a noun with ny or izay before it as, hcUry ny oma/y, since yesterday hdtr' izay
as
nainako, since
.
my
birth.
according
after.
is
to,
(This
Ambdraka and mandraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by
fdha;
as,
ambdra-
follow.
pireriko
;
(root
my
Hatra
return mdndra-pdhafatiiry, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative as, mdndra-panao;
dzy, until
your doing
it.
Aka]ky takes
Ho, ho any
for, to.
noun or the separate form in the accusative case as, akaiky ando
;
(or akaikindo),
near you.
Noho
on account
because.
of,
Noho and
nominative case.
Ho
Tandrify
.
takes after
azy, for
it
opposite to.
as,
hi)
him,
to
be
as,
his.
hd
Ho
'
azy, also
;
means
'of its
own
accord' as, manhy ho azy ny hiizo, the tree grows of its own accord '; miseko ho azj, ' visible of itself ',
ADJECTIVES.
57
phrases
or
The
following-
are
the
chief prepositional
compound
i-
prepositions
:
made by
to nouns
or,
/o reduplicated
?),
in the
in the midst
of.
Aloha
(/o/ia),
ahead, before.
Aorlana, behind.
Amdrona [mbrona), on
{or,
the edge
of,
on the brink
margin)
of.
of.
Atslmo, south
Atsinanana {tslnana
Avaratra {varatra
{am-)
?),
east of
of.
?),
north
Amhany
Ambody
Arnbony (vdny
above, upon,
{vody), at the
of.
rump
(or, tail)
of,
at the
bottom
Ambadika
(i.e.
as of a
or,
fb reduplicated
?),
in
Ampita
(^ita),
of,
across (a river).
Anaty
.
among.
on the other side of. / Andany [iany), ) An-dbha [lolia), on the head of, on, at
,
,
!-
the head
of.
Andre/ana, west
of.
58
A CONCISE MALAGASY GRAMMAR.
i'la),
in the intervals
side of.
Ankavia
hand
hand
of.
at the right
Antenatena
{tena), in the
body
{or,
substance)
(o?-,
of.
Antampona (tampona), on
(i-)
the top
summit)
of.
of.
Imaso {maso),
in the eyes
of.
(o?*,
sig-ht) of.
back
of,
behind.
The want
ways
:
of prepositions
is
1.
By
certain verbs,
to or
from
(as
avy, tniala,
(as
motion
2.
manodldina).
By
in
sitional force
and govern
where
as,
mandaimja
'
to tell a
lie to
azy,
to tell about
to tell to
him^.
3.
The
CONJUNCTIONS.
positional force
as,
59
aJio,
'
nitondrhny rano
was
whom
he brought water^.
accusatives,
Many
Malag-asy verbs
in English
govern two
which
smear
5.
before one of
it
them
oil'.
as,
manbsotra
sblilia azy,
'
to
with
''By"
or
relative
Of"
For
CONJUNCTIONS.
The
follows
1.
:
chief
conjunctions^
divided
into
classes,
are
as
Copulative:
liba, also
;
ary, sy,
Disjunctive
or;
nh, whether
is
or, either
sa, fa, or ?
Ary
with
sy.
;
Amana
as,
in pairs
sady adds
Sa and
fa,
60
as,
handeha va
or not'?
3.
%zy,
six,
(or,
fa) tsia ?
'
Adversative
nefa,
fa, but
kanjo,
yet
(or,
.mingy
kanjo
saingy
as,
'
finish that,
but
it is
4).
Conditional
if;
nxjny tsy,
had
it
not been
for,
but
for, (/i7e-
ralhj,
Mf
5.
Causal
fa,
because
;
(j-easoii)
na dla
aza,
;
although
(^concession)
satria,
because
(cause)
Declarative
licking , 4'c.,
No
is
way
gaga
alio
'
am
surprised
Inferential
d\a,
is
ary,
then,
therefore.
In this
sense ary
sentence.
fore
go
';
'
and we go
'.
CONJUNCTIONS.
61
koa, and so, so as;
8.
lea,
;
A:a
sometimes
'
yet',
as,
malaza ho lahy,
ka, tsy
mandry
an-efitra,
(i.e.
'
famed
as a (brave)
man, yet
not lying9.
Temporal
nony, when
dleny,
j:>ro-
gression of events).
Reliefa
;
(ralia
efa)
means
when
'
as,
finished \
Fony
as,
when
the earth
Nony
implies a succession
Bleny
implies
something-
passing
away
as, dien^/
still
young'.
Malagasy conjunctions
1.
viz.
as,
They
2.
ary dla
fa
satrla.
conjunctions;
fa,
but,
3.
They generally do
;
as,
miteny
aminao sy Izahay
{lit.
we)'.
62
INTERJECTIONS.
Table of the chief Interjections.
EMOTION
EXPRESSED.
Surprise
( endraij, endre, ddre, odre, (pro.
INTEEJECTI0X3.
"^
ah
J
oh
Denial
Desire
f hy
\
anga
(
.
Exclamation
or calling
e,
.
(pronounced oh!),
Sorrow
Regret
indiisy
inay, injay
.....
.
ho
ha
alas
(
oh that-! would
that-!
Note.
With regard
to
it
the
interjection
sanatria
forbid that
oriw'in
'
'
!),
perhaps
:-
Sanatry
is
;
the
it is
name
by
the Malagasy
also the
name given
to
an earthen pot
when
*
it
diviner
is
'
or
"When
carried
said
by the
diviner
'
to
have had
its
origin
the pot
believed to
left there,
itself,
it
and
is
consequently
'
the person
(i.e.,
who
leaves
exclaiming
!
Sanatria,'
May
it
In
is
its origin)
is
there
so familiar
to
the Bible,
scape-
goat, 4'c.
interjections.
63
As
its
usual
place
is
at
the
But
or (c)
may
;
follow
(h)
the
subject,
(a)
indicated
only by the
it
;
sense
indicated
more
it,
closely
it
by
dJia
before
indicated
subject.
2.
by no before
when
As regards
its
it
immediately
'I reproved
follows
verb
as,
alio,
him sharply\
Unless
as,
aza
mamcdy
him roughly
(if
With a
as, natblotro
or,
'
them by me yesterday
nanariko mafy
imason-
IN.B.
When
and
(c)
more prominent
(a), (6), 4.
with exceptions
to
Rule
1.
above.
its
noun;
as,
lekilahy
64
5.
it
or not).
The excep-
when
tanana anlcava';
ny vahbaagent,
dRanavalona
6.
rehetra,
all
verb
as,
novondin' ny
Even
struction
in the case of
/o),
compound verbs (as, marriindra-fb when the passive or the relative conall
with
it,
noun
verb
'
as,
(Active)
namindra-
fb taminao ny tbmpon-trbsa,
to
you'.
(Relative)
namindran'
ny
tbmpon-trbsa
creditor'.
fb
Ka
lib
cntiko
handa ny
a
in
And
so I will
make
a little parable
{lit.
parable shall be
[lit.
refusing
to refuse)
Grammatical Notes.
Ka,
final conjunction,
'and
so'.
Oliabblana,
ohatra,
'measure',
a figure of speech.
INTERJECTIONS.
parable, proverb.
being- rejected
65
It
is
here
it is
the nominais
The
root vblana (a
word)
used by
'
to
be
silent', 'speechless';
still
use mivblana as
is
Oha-teny
used as a
synonym of
bliahblana.
It
means
its
^lY^Ze;
past tense
is
future
is lib hely.
Nb, discriminative
parable ".
particle.
is,
"I
will
but by making- a
';
-Tio is
Hb
noun
unknown
a verbal
JEJntina
in
also exists.
;
but future, hd
Ho
entina
is
here dependent
Entina
in enti-manao,
'
used in making'.
Handa,
into
active verb in
la,
being changed
;
euphony
(future tense)
it
means
to
hb
entiJiO,
Ny,
definite article,
here
66
tao
liei'e
relative verb
hanaovana.
first
person
'a.
noble',
'
It
means
a judge
its
root
is
renty,
'
substance',
the prefix va- being either a substitute for the usual adjectival prefix
ma- {maventy
is
used
among some
of the tribes
Both
ciJiy
and andriambavhnty
relative verb
by the
hanaovana.
The
ment of the
active construction,
ahy andrlamhavenfy.
'<^^s^
" /^.^!f:l!2^
/^
s
I/-
^.i
la.-]
^ f ^r
>
6 y
CL
^' J
y
y ci
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