Example: Maine

Data Analysis Using SPSS Descriptive Statistics

Mercury levels in sh Limits: Alexander Ploner
Institute for Mathematics and Statistics

0.43 ppm (state) 1.0 ppm (federal) 125 of 1073 accessible lakes sampled (total: 2314 lakes) Mixed samples from 3 to 5 predatory sh Variables: dependant: Hg-content independant: lake properties

16. April 2002

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Statistical Measures

Measures of Location

Location Spread/variation Shape: symmetry atness Comparison with standard error

Mode Mean Median Quantiles (quartiles) Robust estimators trimmed mean M-estimators back

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Measures of Variation

Measures of Shape

Variance Standard deviation (Range) Interquartile range back

Skewness/Symmetry: < 0: long tail to the left > 0: long tail to the right Kurtosis: < 0: atter than standard normal > 0: peakier than standard normal back

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Standard Errors (s.e.)

Graphical Representations of Variables

Measure of variation for an estimated parameter p Rule of thumb for approximately normal behaviour: p se: 70% condence interval for p p 2se: 95% condence interval p 3se: 99.9% condence interval back

Interval scale: histogram stem-and-leaf display boxplot Nominal/ordinal scale: barchart (piechart)

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Graphical Comparisons of Variables

Interactive Graphics

Nominal*Interval: boxplots Nominal*Nominal: stacked or clustered barchart Analysieren/Deskriptive Statistik/Kreuztabellen Graken/Balken/Gruppiert or /Gestapelt Interval*Interval: scatterplot and scatterplot matrix Graken/Streudiagramm/Einfach or /Matrix or /3D Nominal*Nominal*Interval: clustered boxplots Graken/Boxplot/Gruppiert Graken/Galerie for overview!
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Highly congurable: barchart boxplots scatterplot etc.

Specically: 3D Plot barchart with error bars

Descriptive Statistics

Assumptions & Diagnostics

Normal or approximate normal distribution quantile plot

Checking Common Assumptions About Data

Equal variances between groups of data boxplots spread vs. level plot

Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics

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Testing Assumptions

Statistical Tests

Normality: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test Shapiro-Wilks test (small sample) H0: normal distribution Equal variances: Levene-test H0: equal variances Signicant result indicates violation of assumption!

Model assumptions: e.g. normal distribution Null- and alternative hypothesis Calculation of test statistic Probability of the calculated value assuming H0 is valid = p-value, empirical signicance Accept or reject H0 depending on xed signicance level , e.g. 0.05

Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics

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Error Types for Tests

Decision H0 H1 Type I Error: propability Type II Error: propability

Reality H0 H1 ok Type II Error Type I Error ok

Transforming Data

Power: 1 = probability of rejecting incorrect H0 Statistical tests control only !

Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics

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Transformations

Power Transformations

(Nonlinear) Change of scale Purpose: normality symmetry variance homogenity Problem: Interpretation Useful: power transformations

Function of data x for all p R: y= xp p=0 ln(x) p = 0

Ladder of powers: p = 1: identity p < 1: moves bump to the right p > 1: moves bump to the left For p {0, 1, 0.25, 0.5, 2 etc. } often interpretation possible

Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics

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Example: Cars

For 60 types of cars (1990): type (small, compact etc.) price mileage (miles/gallon) reliability (1-5)

Relationships? Buying Decision? Assumptions?

Descriptive Statistics

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