TASK 1

a) ANALOG SYSTEM The signals may vary continuously over a specified range Takes an analog signal and converts it into a binary one Analog signal are replicas of sound waves that can be distorted with noise and drop the quality of transmission. Analog signals can be converted into digital signals by using a modem.

Illustration : analog multimeter

DIGITAL SYSTEM The physical quantities or signals may can assume only discrete values. Greater accuracy Digital signals use binary values to send and receive data between computers. Digital signals are easier and more reliable to transmit with fewer errors. Digital data has a faster rate of transmission when compared to analog, and gives better productivity.

Illustration : digital multimeter

b) SERIAL TRANSMISSION

A type of data transmission in which one bit of data is transmitted at a time, is called serial transmission. Data is sent sequentially one bit at a time over a single communication channel or line. Serial transmission is slower than parallel transmission.

PARALLEL TRANSMISSION

A type of data transmission in which a group of bits of data are transmitted at the same time over several parallel communication channels or lines is called parallel transmission. Each bit of data is transmitted over a separate communication line. It is very fast data transmission because multiple bits flow at a time.

c) SERIAL TRANSMISSION

ADVANTAGES The cable connection of serial link is simpler then parallel link and uses less number of wires. Transmission distance, serial link can send data to a remote device more far then parallel link. Serial link is used also for Infrared communication, now many devices such as laptops & printers can communicate via inferred link.

DISADVANTAGES Implies transfer data transfer bit by bit on the single (serial) communication line Serial data transmission is slow as compared to parallel transmission.

PARALLEL TRANSMISSION ADVANTAGES Parallel data transmission is less common but faster than serial transmission. Parallel transmission can increase the transfer speed by a factor of n over a serial transmission. DISADVANTAGES The factor of cost (the parallel transmission requires communication lines for example wires) Parallel transmission is usually limited to short distances.

d) Describe ADC and give one examples of an engineering application

Analog to Digital Conversion An electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal. Normally analogue to digital converter (ADC) needs interfacing through a microprocessor to convert analogue data into digital format. This requires hardware and necessary software, resulting in increased complexity and hence the total cost. The input to an analog to digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing

TASK2

a)

A special message for you

i) What actual bit strings would a computer transmit to send the message above, using ASCII with even parity ?

ALPHABETICAL a s p e c i a l m e s s a g e f o r y o u . . .

BINARY CODE 1100001 0100000 1110011 1110000 1100101 1100011 1101001 1100001 1101100 0100000 1101101 1100101 1110011 1110011 1100001 1100111 1100101 0100000 1100110 1101111 1110010 0100000 1111001 1101111 1110101 0101110 0101110 0101110

EVEN PARITY 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

ii) Given the results (a) in hex ALPHABETICAL a s p e c i a l m e s s a g e f o r y o u . . . HEX 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6C 20 6D 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 66 6F 72 20 79 6F 75 2E 2E 2E

TASK 3

a) i. How many different single-digit numbers are there in the octal system answers : 0-7

ii. In the number 17,20610 , the digit 7 is multiplied by ten raised to what power ? answer: 7x(10 )=7,000
3

iii. If you count up from 0 in the octal system, how would you write the number after 7 ? answer: number after 7 is 10 until 20 COUNTING OCTAL (0-7) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20

iv. What is the highest single-digit value in the base 16 numbering system? Answer with a base ten number. Answers: highest single-digit value in the base 16 is 916 when convert to base ten also 910

COUNTING DECIMAL (0-9) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 HEX(0-F) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

v. Using the octal base system, how would you write the number after 778 ? answer: 808

OCTAL (0-7) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 77 80

TASK 3

i.

1010 01002 Type of sensor Binary PD 1 TD 0 PC 1 TC 0 PB 0 TB 1 PA 0 TA 0

Pressure sensor tank at PC and PD has HIGH output. Therefore, the pressure tank has a problem.

ii.

B016 Hexadecimal-to-binary-conversion B 1011 Type of sensor Binary 0 0000 PD 1 TD 0 PC 1 TC 1 PB 0 TB 0 PA 0 TA 0

Pressure sensor tank at PC and PD has HIGH output. Therefore, the pressure tank has a problem

iii.

77H Hexadecimal-to-binary-conversion 7 0111 7 0111

Type of sensor Binary

PD 0

TD 1

PC 1

TC 1

PB 0

TB 1

PA 1

TA 1

Pressure sensor tank at PA and PC has HIGH output. Therefore, the pressure tank has a problem.

iv.

2058 Octal-to-binary-conversion 2 010 0 000 5 101 PD 1 TD 0 PC 0 TC 0 PB 0 TB 1 PA 0 TA 1

Type of sensor Binary

Pressure sensor tank at PD HIGH output. Therefore, the pressure tank has a problem.