2/21/2012

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Explain the basic concept of reinforced concrete design Describe and explain the limit state design (ultimate & serviceability limit state) Discuss the concept & importance of partial factor of safety in structural design List and elaborate on the types of loadings subjected to a structure

DESIGN DEFINITION:

process of material selection and determination of elements sizes of the structure to be built. In consideration of the loadings subjected to the structure.

To provide a structure which throughout its intended life span: Possess an acceptable margin of safety against collapse whilst in use; Serviceable and perform its intended purpose whilst in use; Sufficiently strong (robust) to cater for subjected loadings Economic to construct (construction cost) Economic to maintain (maintenance cost)

2/21/2012

A composite material that combines concrete with steel reinforcements. The combination of these materials provide a strong durable building material that could cater for both compressive and tensile stress.

PROPERTIES STRENGTH IN TENSION STRENGTH IN COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN SHEAR DURABILITY FIRE RESISTANCE

CONCRETE POOR GOOD FAIR GOOD GOOD

STEEL GOOD GOOD (BUT SLENDER BARS WILL BUCKLE) GOOD CORRODES IF UNPROTECTED POOR SUFFERS RAPID LOSS OF STRENGTH AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

2/21/2012

COLUMN

Compression

Compression

Tension

Tension

A simply-supported concrete beam is subjected to vertical UDL load, w kN/m. When subjected to loadings, the beam will deflect.

Upon bending, this beam response will produce two different region of stress state, i) compression stress at the top of the beam ii) tension stress at the bottom of the beam * There are no stress at the neutral axis (dotted line in the figure above)

2/21/2012

Compression

Steel reinforcement

Tension

Compressive stress: by concrete which is strong in compression Tensile stress: catered by steel reinforcements which is strong in tension
catered

Concrete is a variable material As the load is applied, the ratio between the stresses and strains is approximately linear at first and the concrete behaves almost as an elastic material. Eventually, the curve becomes no longer linear and it behaves more as a plastic material.

PLASTIC STATE

Typical stress-strain curve for concrete in compression Concretes strength generally increases with age.

2/21/2012

Concrete strength is assessed by measuring the crushing strength of cubes and cylinders made from the mix. The samples are then cured and tested after 28 days according to standard procedures. The strength of concrete is identified by its class:

CLASS C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C28/35

fck (N/mm2) 16 20 25 28

USAGE Plain concrete Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete Pre-stressed concrete / RC subject to chlorides Reinforced concrete in foundations

Example :

C30/37

30

Class 25/30

The characteristic cylinder crushing strength (fck) of 25 N/mm2 and cube strength of 30 N/mm 2

There are higher strengths of concrete. These are just examples that are commonly used.

In reinforced concrete design, the tensile strength of concrete is normally assumed to be zero.

Types of steel: Hot rolled high yield steel Cold worked high yield steel The specified characteristic strength, fyk is 500 N/mm2 The bars are commonly identified by H (for high yield steel)

2/21/2012

Maximum tensile stress Load falling off due to neckling of the specimen Tensile force Reduced crosssectional area

Fracture point Effect of strain hardening Minimum yield stress Localized reduction in bar diameter

Stress

Linearly elastic region

Tensile force

Strain Typical stress-strain curve for steel

Neckling in a tensile test specimen

Reinforcing bar still has a considerable margin of safety within its maximum loadcarrying capacity beyond the yield point. Modulus of elasticity of steel can be taken as 200 kN/mm2

OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN: achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not become unfit for its intended use In other words: It will not reach its limit state There are two principle types of limit states: Ultimate limit state (ULS) Serviceability limit state (SLS)
to

DEFINITION: This requires the structure to be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety against collapse, designed to ensure safety of the occupants and the safety of the structure itself. The possibility of buckling, overturning and accidental damage (eg: explosion) has to be taken into account.

2/21/2012

DEFINITION This requires the structure to be able to ensure the occupants to be comfortable. Generally, the most important SLS are: 1. Deflection (the appearance of the structure or the comfort of the occupants should not be affected) 2. Cracking (must not affect the appearance and efficiency of the structure) 3. Durability (must be considered in terms of the proposed life of the structure and its conditions of exposure)

Other limit states are: Excessive vibration, fatigue, fire resistance

A document about the best practice by engineers and also experienced researchers. Current code of practice in Malaysia is the Eurocode 2. For reinforced concrete design, these are the codes of practice being used: BS EN 1990 : 2002 - Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design BS EN 1991-1-1 : 2002 - Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures (densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings) BS EN 1992-1-1 : 2004 - Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures

The set of applied forces (or loads) for which a structure is to be designed. The standard loadings are given in BS EN 1991 : Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures

Actions which are normally constant during the structures life. Include the weight of the structure itself and all static components. Examples:

The main categories of actions are: actions, Gk Variable actions, Qk

Permanent

Self-weight

of all permanent structures such as beams, columns, floors, wall, roofs and finishes. Permanent partitions

2/21/2012

These actions are more difficult to determine accurately. Estimates are based on standard codes of practice or past experience. The values adopted are based on observations and measurements and it is less accurate than the assessment of dead loads. Examples: Weights of buildings occupants, furniture, machinery, and retained earth or water. The standard values can be obtained from BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 (Actions on Structures)

Although wind is a variable action, it is kept in separate category. Since the partial factor of safety for load combination are already specified.

Allowance of possible variations such as constructional tolerances. This is applied to the strength of materials and actions.

Design strength =

characteristic strength (fk) partial factor of safety (m)

To cater for errors during construction or manufacturing process. Steel : manufactured in a factory with stringent care (smaller partial factor of safety) Concrete: Constructed on site (leads to higher partial factor of safety)

2/21/2012

Persistent & transient Limit State Ultimate (ULS) Flexure Shear Bond Serviceability (SLS) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 Concrete Reinforcing Steel

Accidental Concrete Reinforcing Steel

Design load = Characteristic loads x partial factor of safety

To cater for errors/inaccuracies due to:

1.0 1.0 1.0

Design

assumptions and inaccuracy in calculation Possible unusual load increment Unforeseen stress redistribution Constructional errors

Persistent or transient design situation For checking static equilibrium of a structure For the design of structural members As an alternative to (a) and (b) above to design for both situations

Permanent actions (G k)

Leading variable action (Qk,1)

Accompanying variable actions (Qk,i)

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Design situation All

Permanent actions 1.0

Variable actions 1.0

1.1

0.9

1.5

1.5

1.35 1.0 1.5 0 1.5 0

For the design at ultimate limit state, the load combination that will be used is (wind load is excluded):

1.35

1.15

1.5

1.5

Design load = 1.35 gk + 1.5 qk