CHAPTER 3 AREA, VOLUME AND MOMENT CALCULATIONS BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

In order to ensure that the design has satisfactory performance, a series of calculations need to be carried out. For example, the displacement volume and the location of the center of buoyancy must be determined for different waterlines to satisfy the buoyancy and initial stability condition. This will require three dimensional volume and static moment calculations. Except in simple cases such as a rectangular barge, the calculation of areas, volumes, moments and the position of centroids is not straightforward. These properties could be calculated mathematically, provided that the hull surface is defined by a mathematical function. However, this is not the case for the great majority of ship hull forms as they are mostly based on empirical shapes. Therefore alternative techniques based on mathematical representation or numerical integration need to be used. The latter method is easier to apply and gives more accurate results in most cases.

3.1. Analytical Formulae for Area and Moment Calculations

Y y=f(x)

xa dx y ya

L x Figure 3.1. Typical two dimesional hull form curve Figure 3.1 shows a typical hull form curve. The area under the curve is given by
L L

A = dA = ydx
0 0

This integration indicates that the are under the curve is given by the summation of an infinite number of elemantary rectangels with height y, and width dx.

3.1

The static moment about X axis is given by the summation of the moment of each elementary rectangle about X axis, i.e. L L y 1 M x = ydx = y 2 dx 2 20 0 The static moment about Y axis can be obtained in a similar manner as follows
L L

M y = ydxx = xydx
o 0

The coordinates of the centroid can be obtained by dividing the quotient of static moment about related axis divided by area, or,
L

xa =

My A

xydx
0 L

and

ya =

ydx
0

Mx = A

1 2 y dx 2 0
L

ydx
0

Let iy be the second moment, or moment of inertia, of the area of the elementary rectangle about Y axis. The total moment of inertia about Y axis is given by,
L L

I y = i y = x 2 ydx
0 0

The moment of inertia about an axis parallel to the Y axis through the centroid can be obtained by the parallel axis principle
2 I ya = I y x a A

It is clear that the least longitudinal moment of inertia is that about an axis through the centroid. To calculate the second moment, or moment of inertia, about X axis, the area under the curve may be considered as comprised of elementary rectangles dxd as shown in Figure 3.2. The moment of inertia of each rectangle about X axis is given by i x = 2 dxd Thus the total moment of inertia about X axis is
L L y L y

Ix = ix =
0

0 =0

2 dxd = dx
0

=0

2 d =

1 3 y dx 3 0

3.2

Y y=f(x) dx

d y

L x

Figure 3.2. Moment of Inertia about X axis

3.2. Calculation of Area Under a Curve by Numerical Integration

All integrations described in the previous section can be reduced to area calculations. For example, the moment of inertia about X axis is given by

Ix =

1 3 y dx 3 0

This integral can be converted into an area calculation by substituting t=y3 /3, as follows
L

I x = tdx
0

Thus, the static moment and moment of inertia calculations can easily be carried out as area calculations. In order to calculate the area under a curve, the form of the curve is assumed to be represented by a mathematical equation in the following form
y = f ( x ) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + ... + a n x n With the length of the base taken as L the area under the curve is expressed as
3.3

(3.1)

A = f ( x )dx = (a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n )dx

0 0

This integral can be solved as follows

x2 x3 x n +1 L2 L3 Ln +1 A = a 0 x + a1 + a2 + ... + a n = a 0 L + a1 + a2 + ... + a n 2 3 n +1 0 2 3 n +1

(3.2)

To derive an approximate numerical technique, the area will be assumed to consist in measuring (n+1) ordinates, y0, y1,,yn, as shown in Figure 3.3. A = p 0 y 0 + p1 y1 + p 2 y 2 + ... + p n y n Number of ordinates (y) must be the same as the number of constants (p). (3.3)

Y y=f(x)

y0

y1

yn

Figure 3.3.
y values in Equation (3.1) can be substituted into Equation (3.3), which yields
2 n 2 n A = p 0 (a 0 + a 1 x 0 + a 2 x 0 + ... + a n x 0 ) + p1 (a 0 + a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 1 + ... + a n x 1 ) + ...

+ p n (a 0 + a 1 x n + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n ) n n the terms may be rearranged as follows A = a 0 (p 0 + p1 + p 2 + ... + p n ) + a 1 (p 0 x 0 + p1 x 1 + p 2 x 2 + ... + p n x n ) + ...

n n + a n (p 0 x 0 + p1 x 1 + p 2 x n + ... + p n x n ) 2 n

(3.4)

3.4

The area calculated from Equation (3.2) or Equation (3.4) must be equal, hence the by equating the coefficients a0, a1, .an p0 + p1 + p2 + ... + p n = L L2 = 2 L3 = 3 = . Ln +1 = n +1

p0x0 +
2 p0x0 +

p1 x 1 +
2 p1 x 1 +

p 2 x 2 + ... + p n x n p 2 x 2 + ... + p n x 2 2 n . . . pn x n n

(3.5)

n n p 0 x 0 + p1 x 1 + p 2 x n + ... + 2

The solution of these equations will yield the unknown p coefficients. The area then can be calculated by using Equation (3.1). This general form can be simplified by reducing the order of the polynomials and more useful techniques can be obtained. Some of these techniques are explaind in the following sections.

3.2.1. Trapezoidal Rule

The simplest numerical integration rule is the trapezoidal rule which assumes that the curve is represented by linear functions between the ordinates. The trapezoidal rule can be obtained by taking n=1 in Equation (3.5).
p0 + p1 =L L2 2

p 0 x 0 + p1 x 1 =

By taking into account the boundary conditions; x0 = 0 and x1 = L p0 + p1 =L L2 2

p1 L = Thus

p1 =

L 2

and

p0 =

L 2

By substituting these coefficients into Equation (3.3), A = p 0 y 0 + p1 y1 = L ( y 0 + y1 ) 2

3.5

which is exactly the area of a trapezoid with parallel sides y0 and y1 and a height L. The trapezoidal rule can be applied to longer curves. For example, consider the curve shown in Figure 3.4 which has 7 ordinates. The area between the first two ordinates is A1 = h ( y 0 + y1 ) 2

The area between the second and third ordinates is A2 = h ( y1 + y 2 ) 2

Similar expressions can be written for the areas between the 3., 4., 5., 6. and 7. ordinates. The total area can be obtained by summation of all subareas A= h h h h h h ( y 0 + y1 ) + ( y1 + y 2 ) + ( y 2 + y 3 ) + ( y 3 + y 4 ) + ( y 4 + y 5 ) + ( y 5 + y 6 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2

Y y=f(x)

y0

y1

y2

y3

y4

y5

y6

Figure 3.4.
Then the area under the curve is A= h ( y 0 + 2 y1 + 2 y 2 + 2 y 3 + 2 y 4 + 2 y 5 + y 6 ) 2

Hence the trapezoidal rule can be generalised for a curve with n+1 ordinates (n intervals) as follows A= h ( y 0 + 2 y1 + 2 y 2 + ... + 2 y n 2 + 2 y n 1 + y n ) 2

3.6

In some cases, particularly when the number of ordinates is large, a table in the following format may simplfy the calculation.

Ordinate 0 1 2 . . . n-2 n-1 n

y y0 y1 y2 . . . yn-2 yn-1 yn

Multiplier 1 2 2 . . . 2 2 1

Product y0 2y1 2y2 . . . 2yn-2 2yn-1 yn

The area is A =

h . The trapezoidal rule can be applied to any number of ordinates. 2

3.2.2. Simpsons First Rule

The trapezoidal rule assumes that the hull form curves are represented by a series of straight lines. This may not be a realistic representation for many ship design curves. A better approximation, known as Simpsons first rule, assumes that the actual curve is represented by a second order polynomial, y = f(x) = a0 + a1x+a2x2 , between the ordinates. To derive an formula for area we take n=2 in Equation 3.5.

p0

+ p1

+ p2

=L L2 2 L3 = 3

p 0 x 0 + p1x1 + p 2 x 2 =
2 2 p 0 x 0 + p1x1 + p 2 x 2 2

At least three ordinates, as shown in Figure 3.5, are required to solve this system of equations. By substituting x0 = 0, x1 = L/2 and x2=L, p0 + p1 p1 + p2 =L

L L2 + p2L = 2 2 2 L L3 2 p1 + p2L = 4 3

3.7

y=f(x)

y1 y0 h L h

y2

Figure 3.5.
Then p1 = 2L L and p 0 = p 2 = . These can be substituted into Equation 3.3, which yields the area 3 6 A = p 0 y 0 + p1y1 + p 2 y 2 = L h ( y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2 ) = ( y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2 ) 6 3

This is known as Simpsons first rule for area calculation, In order to generalise the rule let us consider a curve with 5 ordinates as shown in Figure 3.6.

y y=f(x)

y0

y1

y2

y3

y4

h x

Figure 3.6.
3.8

The total area can be considered as a summation of two sub areas A1 = h h h ( y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2 ) + ( y 2 + 4 y 3 + y 4 ) = ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + 4 y 3 + y 4 ) 2 3 3

Then the Simpsons first rule can be generalised as follows A= h ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + 4 y 3 + 2 y 4 + ... + 2 y n 2 + 4 y n 1 + y n ) 3

It should be noted that the number of ordinates must be odd numbers, i.e. 3,5,7,9,. Simpsons first rule can be applied in a tabular format as shown in the following table. The area is h A = where h is the equal spacing between the ordinates. 3 Ordinate 0 1 2 . . . n-2 n-1 n y y0 y1 y2 . . . yn-2 yn-1 yn SM 1 4 2 . . . 2 4 1 Product y0 4y1 2y2 . . . 2yn-2 4yn-1 yn

3.2.2.1. Simpsons First Rule with Intermediate Ordinates

Some ship design curves, such as waterlines, have more curvatures at the ends. For a more accurate area calculation additional ordinates may be required at the ends. Consider the curve with 5 ordinates , as shown in Figure 3.7. Two additional ordinates (half ordinates) are used for better representation of the curve. The total area can be calculated by applying Simpsons first rule for different parts of the curve
A = A1 + A 2 + A 3 = 1h h 1h ( y 0 + 4 y 0.5 + y1 ) + ( y1 + 4 y 2 + y 3 ) + ( y 3 + 4 y 3.5 + y 4 ) = 32 3 32 h (0.5 y 0 + 2 y 0.5 + 1.5 y1 + 4 y 2 + 1.5 y 3 + 2 y3.5 + 0.5 y 4 ) 3

3.9

y0

y0.5

y1

y2

y3

y3.5

y4

h/2 A1

h/2

h A2

h/2 A3

h/2 x

Figure 3.7.
This expression can be generalised for a curve with n+1 ordinates (n intervals) as follows: A= h (0.5 y 0 + 2 y 0.5 + 1.5 y1 + 4 y 2 + 2 y3 + ... + 2 y n 3 + 4 y n 2 + 1.5 y n 1 + 2 y n 0.5 + 0.5 y n ) 3

This formula can also be expressed in a tabular format as follows

Ordinate 0 0.5 1 2 3 . . . n-3 n-2 n-1 n-0.5 n

y y0 y0.5 y1 y2 y3 . . . yn-3 yn-2 yn-1 yn-0.5 yn

SM 0.5 2 1.5 4 2 . . . 2 4 1.5 2 0.5

Product 0.5y0 2y0.5 1.5y1 4y2 2y3 . . . 2yn-3 4yn-2 1.5yn-1 2yn-0.5 0.5yn

3.10

The area is, A =

h where h is the equal spacing. 3

Some ship sections may have excessive curvature at one end and an intermediate ordinate may improve the accuracy of the area calculation. Consider the typical section curve shown in Figure 3.8. y3

h y2 A2

h y1 h/2 y0.5 h/2 y0 A1

Figure 3.8.
The area of the section can be calculated by appliying Simpsons first rule for two different parts separately A = A1 + A 2 = 1h h h ( y 0 + 4 y 0.5 + y1 ) + ( y1 + 4 y 2 + y 3 ) = (0.5 y 0 + 2 y 0.5 + 1.5 y1 + 4 y 2 + y 3 ) 32 3 3

This expression can be generalised for curves with n+1 ordinates (n intervals) as follows A= h (0.5 y 0 + 2 y 0.5 + 1.5 y1 + 4 y 2 + 2 y3 + ... + 2 y n 2 + 4 y n 1 + y n ) 3 h 3

The tabular format of this expression is shown in the following table where the area is, A = with h being the equal spacing.

3.11

Ordinate 0 0.5 1 2 3 . . . n-3 n-2 n-1 n

y y0 y0.5 y1 y2 y3 . . . yn-3 yn-2 yn-1 yn

SM 0.5 2 1.5 4 2 . . . 4 2 4 1

Product 0.5y0 2y0.5 1.5y1 4y2 2y3 . . . 4yn-3 2yn-2 4yn-1 yn

3.2.3. Simpsons Second Rule

This rule can be obtained by taking n=3 in the general equation (3.5). Thus the curve is assumed to be represented by a third order polynomial, y = f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 , between the ordinates p0 + p1 + p2 + p3 = L L2 = 2 L3 3 L4 = 4 =

p0 x 0 + p1 x 1 + p2 x 2 + p3 x 3 p0 x 0 2 + p1 x 1 2 + p2 x 2 2 + p3 x 3 2 p0 x 0 3 + p1 x 1 3 + p2 x 2 3 + p3 x 3 3

At least four ordinates, as shown in Figure 3.9, are required to solve this system of equations. The boundary conditions are x0 = 0 by substituing into the above system p0 = p3 = L 8 ve p1 = p 2 = 3L 8 x1 = L 3 x2 = 2L 3 x3 = L

3.12

y y=f(x)

y0

y1 y2 y3 x h h h

Figure 3.9.
Then the area under the curve is A = p 0 y 0 + p1 y1 + p 2 y 2 + p 3 y 3 = L 3h ( y 0 + 3 y 1 + 3 y 2 + y 3 ) = ( y 0 + 3y 1 + 3y 2 + y 3 ) 8 8

This rule can be generalised for the cases where the number of intervals is multiple of 3, i.e. n = 4,7,10,13, A= 3h ( y 0 + 3y1 + 3y 2 + 2 y 3 + ... + 2 y n 3 + 3y n 2 + 3y n 1 + y n ) 8

The tabular form of Simpsons second rule is shown in the following table Ordinate 0 1 2 3 . . . n-3 y y0 y1 y2 y3 . . . yn-3 SM 1 3 3 2 . . . 2 Product y0 3y1 3y2 2y3 . . . 2yn-3
3.13

n-2 n-1 n

yn-2 yn-1 yn

3 3 1

3yn-2 3yn-1 yn

The area is, A =

3h where h is the equal spacing between the ordinates. 8

Higher order Simpsons rules can be derived by taking n=4,5,6,7, however, higher order polynomials tend to oscillate and the first and second rules are accurate enough for most naval architectural calculations. The following table presents the coefficients for Simpsons rules upto the 7. order. The area is calculated by A = p 0 y 0 + p1 y1 + p 2 y 2 + p 3 y 3 + ..... where yi are the ordinates and pi area the coefficents given in the table.

N
2 3 4 5 6 7

po
h 2 h 3 3h 8 14h 45 95h 288 41h 140

p1
h 2 4h 3 9h 8 64h 45 375h 288 216h 140

p2
h 3 9h 8 24h 45 250h 288 27 h 140

p3
3h 8 64h 45 250h 288 272h 140

p4
14h 45 375h 288 27 h 140

p5
95h 288 216h 140

p6
41h 140

3.2.4. (5,8,-1) Rule

Some ship design curves may have appendages which are outside the boundaries of the main curve. The trapezoidal rule can be applied to calculate the area of these parts, however it is also possible to derive a special rule based on Simpsons first rule. Consider the additional area (shaded) shown in Figure 3.10. Assume that the curve is represented by a second order polynomial in the form y=f(x)= ax2 + bx + c. Then the shaded area is

3.14

A ad = ydx = (ax 2 + bx + c)dx = a

0 0

h3 h2 +b + ch 3 2

y=f(x) y

y0 yek h L h

y1

Figure 3.10.
a, b and c coefficents are determined by applying the boundary conditions

x=0 x=h x = 2h
Then
c = y ad b=

y = y ad = c y = y 0 = ah 2 + bh + y ad y = y1 = 4ah 2 + 2bh + y ad
a= y ad 2 y 0 + y1 2h 2

3y ad + 4 y 0 y 1 2h

by substituting these coefficents into the area equation A ad = This rule is known as (5,8,-1) rule. h (5 y ad + 8 y 0 y1 ) 12

3.2.5. Chebyshevs Rule

The Newton-Cotes rules, presented in the previous sections, are based on the assumption that the spacing between the ordinates are equal. However, Chebyshev has shown that it is possible to derive
3.15

rules in which the coefficients are all equal to unity. In Chebyshev rules the spacings are not equal and depend on the order of the rule. The general Chebyshev rule is expressed as follows

. A= L N yi N i =1

where L is the integration interval and N is the number of ordinates. Let us consider the simplest case where N=2 as shown in Figure 3.11. In this case the location of ordinates are 1L L x1 = x 2 = ( ) = 0.5774 . Then the area under the curve is 22 2 L A = ( y1 + y 2 ) 2

y=f(x)

y2 y1

-L/2

x2

x1

L/2

Figure 3.11.
The location of ordinates for higher order Chabyshev rules are given in the following table. N
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0 0 0 -

Location of ordinates as a percentage of half length

0.5773 0.7071 0.1876 0.3745 0.2666 0.3239 0.1027 0.1679 0.0838 0.7947 0.8325 0.4225 0.5297 0.4062 0.5288 0.3127 0.8663 0.8839 0.5938 0.6010 0.5000 0.8973 0.9116 0.6873 0.9163

3.16

3.2.6. Gauss Rule

This rule combines the Newton-Cotes and Chebyshev rules. The rule seeks to find the most suitable locations and coefficients for ordinates. The area under the curve is calculated by A = L Ci y i
i =1 N

where L is the integration interval, yi are the ordinates at location xi and Ci are the coefficents given in the following table N 2 3 4 5 N 2 3 4 5 xi 0.38725 0.16999 0.00000 Ci 0.27778 0.32607 0.28444

-0.28868 -0.38725 -0.43057 -0.45308

028868 0.0000 -0.16999 -0.26923

0.43057 0.26923

0.45308

0.50000 0.27778 0.17393 0.11846

0.50000 0.44444 0.32607 0.23931

0.17393 0.23931

0.11846

3.17

3.2.7. Cubic Spline Approximation

The above mentioned methods assume that ship form curves can be represented by polynomials of suitable order. However, since the curves defining ship forms are empirical, it is very difficult to find a single polynomial which will fit to the actual curve. This will, inevitably, result in errors in area and moment calculations. An alternatif approach is based on mathematical representation of physical splines which are elastic buttons used to draw ship lines. A physical spline can be considered as an elastic beam and hence the moment corresponding to deflection y is given by the following Euler equation

M( x ) =

EI R (x)

Where E is the Youngs module, I is the sectional moment of inertia, and R is the curvature which is, for small deflections 1 y' ' = y' ' R(x) (1 + y' 2 ) 3/2 By substituting into the moment equation y' ' = M(x ) EI

The weights may be assumed as simple supports, then the moment distribution between the weight points must be linear, i.e. M ( x ) = Ax + B , thus y' ' = Ax + B EI

The deflection of the spline can be found by double integration y=Ax3+Bx2+Cx+D This indicates that the form of spline between the supporting weights can be represented by a third order polynomial. The area under the spline curve is then
L x4 x3 x2 A = ydx = (Ax + Bx + Cx + D)dx = A +B +C + Dx 4 3 2 0 0 o 3 2 L L

A,B,C,D coefficients are different for each interval and must be calculated by using the boundary conditions for each interval. If the curve is defined by n offset points, then the number of intervals is n-1. Four coefficients must be determined for each interval thus the total number of coefficients is 4(n-1) olacaktr. Therefore, 4(n-1) boundary conditions are required. The cubic polynomial must
3.18

meet the end points of the interval, which yields 2(n-1) conditions. The first and second derivatives at the offset points must be continuous which provides 2(n-2) conditions. Lastly, we may assume that the second derivatives at the ends of the curve is zero which provides two more conditions. The total number of boundary conditions is 4(n-1) which is equal to the number of unknown coefficients. Consider a cubic spline curve Si in [t i , t i +1 ] interval. Since the second derivative of the curve, S, is a straight line with end points zi and zi+1

x - ti S' ' (x) = z i +1 t t i +1 i

t x + z i i +1 t t i +1 i

The spline curve can be obtained by double integration as follows

Si (x ) =

z i +1 zi (x t i )3 + ( t i +1 x ) 3 + C( x t i ) + D( t i +1 x ) 6( t i +1 t i ) 6( t i +1 t i )

Where C and D are integration constants which can be determined from the boundary conditions Si(ti ) = yi and Si(ti+1) = yi+1 . Thus

Si (x ) =

y z z h z i +1 ( x t i ) 3 + i ( t i +1 x ) 3 + i +1 i +1 i h 6h i 6h i 6 i

y z h ( x t i ) + i i i ( t i +1 x ) h 6 i

where hi = ti+1-ti . This expression can be rearranged to take the form Si(x)=Ax3+Bx2+Cx+D, with A,B,C,D being: A= B= z i +1 z i 6h i t i +1 z i t i z i +1 2h i

3t i2 z i +1 3t i2+1 z i + 6 y i +1 6 y i + z i h i2 z i +1 h i2 C= 6h i D= t i3+1 z i t 3 z i +1 t i z i +1 h i t i +1 z i h i t i +1 y i t i y i +1 i + + 6h i 6 hi

Then the area for each interval is Alan =

t i +1 A 4 B 3 C 2 x + x + x + Dx 4 3 2 ti

the only unknown here is z. We have one more boundary condition which is the continuity of the first derivatives at offset points

3.19

z z y z h y zh S i ( x ) = i +1 ( x t i ) 2 i ( t i +1 x ) 2 + i +1 i +1 i i + i i 2h i 2h i hi 6 hi 6
or

h h y y S i ( t i ) = i z i i z i +1 i + i +1 3 6 hi hi
Similarly

S i' 1 ( t i ) =
By equating the two terms

h i 1 h y y z i 1 i 1 z i i 1 + i 6 3 h i 1 h i 1

h i 1 z i 1 + 2(h i 1 + h i )z i + h i z i +1 =

6 6 ( y i +1 y i ) ( y i y i 1 ) hi h i 1

z2,z3,,zn-1 can be obtained by solving n-2 equations which can be written in matrix form as follows

0 0 L 1 0 2( t t ) ( t t ) L 3 1 3 2 0 ( t 3 t 2 ) 2( t 4 t 2 ) L M M O M 0 0 L 2( t n t n 2 ) 0 L 0 0
where

0 0 0 M 0 1

z1 0 z T 2 2 z 3 T3 = M M z n 1 Tn 1 zn 0

y y 2 y 2 y1 T2 = 6 3 t t t t 2 1 3 2 y y 3 y3 y 2 T3 = 6 4 t t t t 3 2 4 3 . . y y n y n y n 1 Tn 1 = 6 n +1 t t t t n n 1 n +1 n

3.20

3.3. Radial Integration

In some cases radial integration may be more advantageous for the calculation of area and moments. The approximate methods described in the previous sections can also be used for radial integration. Consider the curve shown in Figure 3.12.

rd r

ekil 3.12.
1 1 The area of the shaded slide is rrd . Then the total area is r 2 d . This integral can be calculated 2 2 by using the numerical methods described previously.

3.4. Static Moment and Moment of Inertia Calculations

The numerical calculation of area under a hull design curve is presented in previous sections. However, many design calculations will also require the calculation of static moments and moments of inertia. Numerical methods, described in the previous sections, can also be used to calculate static moment and moment of inertia of two dimensional curves. Consider the curve shown in Figure 3.13.a. The first and second moments of ordinates with respect to Y axis is shown in in Figure 3.13.b , and 3.13.c, respectively.

3.21

y0
h Y

y1

y2

y3

y4

y5

y6

(a)

X h h h h h

3hy3 2hy2 hy1

4hy4

5hy5

6hy6

(b)

X h Y h h h h h

36h2y6 25h2y 16h2y 9h2y3 h2y1

h h
5

(c)

4h y2
X h h h h

Figure 3.13.

3.22

Simpsons first rule can be employed to calculate static moment and moment of inertia with respest to Y axis, as follows A= h ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + 4 y 3 + 2 y 4 + 4 y5 + y 6 ) 3 h2 My = (0 + 4 y1 + 4 y 2 + 12 y3 + 8 y 4 + 20 y 5 + 6 y 6 ) 3 h2 Iy = (0 + 4 y1 + 8 y 2 + 36 y3 + 32 y 4 + 100 y 5 + 36 y 6 ) 3

The tabular reprsentation of the calculations is shown in the following table Ord 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 y y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 SM 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 Product y0 4y1 2y2 4y3 2y4 4y5 y6 1 MC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1st Moment 0 4y1 4y2 12y3 8y4 20y5 6y6 2 MC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2nd Moment 0 4y1 8y2 36y3 32y4 100y5 36y6 3

Then A= h 1 3 My = h2 2 3 Iy = h3 3 3

The distance of centroid to Y axis is h2 2 My x= = 3 =h 2 h A 1 1 3 The moment of inertia about vertical axis through the centroid can be written as follows

I0 = I y Ax 2
A similar approach can be adopted for the calculation of static momet and moment of inertia with respect to x axis. Consider the curve shown in Figure 3.14.a. The first and second moments with respect to x axis are shown in Figure 3.14.b and Figure 3.14.c .

3.23

(a)
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6

X h Y h h h h h

(b)
2 y3 2

y 2

2 0

2 y1 2

y2 2 2

y2 4 2

2 y5 2

2 y6 2

X h h h h h h

(c)

y3 0 3
h

3 y1 3

y3 2 3
h h

y3 3 3
h

y3 4 3
h

y3 5 3
h

y3 6 3
X

ekil 3.14.

3.24

The the Simpsons first rules fore area, static moment and moment of inertia with respect to x axis are as follows h ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + 4 y 3 + 2 y 4 + 4 y 5 + y 6 ) 3 h 2 2 2 2 2 M x = ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + 4 y 3 + 2 y 2 + 4 y 5 + y 6 ) 2 4 6 h 3 I x = ( y 3 + 4 y1 + 2 y 3 + 4 y 3 + 2 y 3 + 4 y 3 + y 3 ) 0 2 3 4 5 6 9 A= The tabular format of these calculations or shown in the following table Ord 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 y y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 yi2 y02 y12 y22 y32 y42 y52 y62 SM 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 Product y02 4y12 2y22 4y32 2y42 4y52 y62 2 yi3 y03 y13 y23 y33 y43 y53 y63 SM 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 Product y03 4y13 2y23 4y33 2y43 4y53 y63 3

Then Mx = The distance of centroid to x axis is h 2 6 Ix = h 3 9

h M x 6 2 1 2 y= = = h A 1 2 1 3

3.25