INTRODUCTION

Energy management and cost reductions are key tools in strategic planning . Energy costs now constitute a major component of operating funds. Thus, energy conservation and efficiency improvement are key necessities for enhanced productivity. Lighting in a typical telecom building constitutes about25% of the energy bills. There is a considerable scope of reducing energy consumption through energy efficient lighting schemes. However, the experience shows that there are barriers in providing energy efficient schemes due to high capital cost, lack of knowledge and good quality products.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Making homes, vehicles, and businesses more energy efficient is seen as a largely untapped solution to addressing the problems of pollution, global warming, energy security, and fossil fuel depletion. Many of these ideas have been discussed for years, since the 1973 oil crisis brought energy issues to the forefront. In the late 1970s, physicist Amory popularized the notion of a "soft energy path", with a strong focus on energy efficiency. Among other things, Lovins popularized the notion of negawattsthe idea of meeting energy needs by increasing efficiency instead of increasing energy production. Energy efficiency has proved to be a cost-effective strategy for building economies without necessarily growing energy consumption. For example, the state of California began implementing energy-efficiency measures in the mid-1970s, including building code and appliance standards with strict efficiency requirements. During the following years, California's energy consumption has remained approximately flat on a per capita basis while national U.S. consumption doubled. As part of its strategy, California implemented a "loading order" for new energy resources that puts energy efficiency first, renewable electricity supplies second, and new fossil-fired power plants last. Lovins' Rocky Mountain Institute points out that in industrial settings, "there are abundant opportunities to save 70% to 90% of the energy and cost for lighting, fan, and pump systems; 50% for electric motors; and 60% in areas such as heating, cooling, office equipment, and appliances." In general, up to 75% of the electricity used in the U.S. today could be saved with efficiency measures that cost less than the electricity itself. The same holds true for homeowners, leaky ducts have remained an invisible energy culprit for years. In fact, researchers at the US Department of Energy and their consortium, Residential Energy Efficient Distribution Systems (REEDS) have found that duct efficiency may be as low as 50-70%. The US Department of Energy has stated that there is potential for energy saving in the magnitude of 90 Billion kWh by increasing home energy efficiency Other studies have emphasized this. A report published in 2006 by the McKinsey Global Institute, asserted that "there are sufficient economically viable opportunities for energyproductivity improvements that could keep global energy-demand growth at less than 1 percent per annum"less than half of the 2.2 percent average growth anticipated through 2020 in a business-as-usual scenario. Energy productivity, which measures the output and quality of goods and services per unit of energy input, can come from either reducing the amount of energy

required to produce something, or from increasing the quantity or quality of goods and services from the same amount of energy.

MEASURES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ECONOMIC USE OF LIGHTING

Measures which can contribute for energy efficient and economic use of lighting are as under: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Sagregation of general and task lighting. Automatic switching On and Off of lighting by using sensors. Maximum use of sunlight . Light surrounding dcor. Use of energy efficient lamps (HPMV, HPSV, CFL,Slimline tubes TL5 tubes etc. etc). (vi) Use of dimmers to reduce the intensity of artificial light as the sunlight is used. (vii) High efficiency luminors. (viii) High frequency chokes.

SAGREGATION OF GENERAL AND TASK LIGHTING

For reviewing the lighting level in Switch rooms, in the departmental buildings, a Committee was constituted in the year 1998 by the Member [Production]. The studies were carried out in some of the exchanges and the following facts emerged . (i) The Strowger (Electro-mechanical Exchange) Type exchanges maintenance was carried out at reach itself and hence the illumination required was as high as 500 to 600 lux. Now-a-days for digital switching technology maintenance carried out in the switch room is limited to the extent of replacement of cards only, hence lower level of lighting are acceptable. Studies and experiments carried out separately by CE[E] DOT Ahmedabad and Director [EW] at delhi in different switchroom ie., AXE-10[Ericsson] switchroom at Nehru place Exchange, AT&T switch room at Bhikaji cama Place, OCP, switchroom at Rajpath, delhi, Siemens switch room at Gurgaon, haryana , EWSD Main Railwaypura Ahmedabad and AT&T M in Narainpura Ahmedabad have shown that lowering the height of Electrical fixtures from 3 mt., to 2.5 mt , the illumination level in between the racks has nearly increased by 1.7 times [Reports available in file]

(ii)

(iii)

In Siemens swiches the equipment supplier provides luminaries single 40watt tube fittings at a height of 2.4 mt. ie., at the top rack level. This gives an illumination level of around 150lux with rack doors open at floor level and it was considered adequate.

(iv)Dividing, the lighting scheme into General Lighting and Task Lighting results in energy savings. (v)In case the control of all the lights is at one location the general tendency is to switch ON all the lights simultaneously even if not required. Segregating the controls is conducive to energy saving. (vi)The colour scheme of switching rack cabinet affects level of illumination. Light colour contribute in a positive manner. Based on the above studies and the recommendations of the Committee, DOT, under their letter No. 3-1-30-EW/2000 dated 23.3.2000, revised the norms for lighting level in the new technology switches. The final recommendations, were also based on the basis of Pilot Projects carried out at Gandhi Nagar ET & T and Mehsana C- Dot Telephone Exchanges. As can be seen from the norms, the illumination level for new technology exchanges, has been considerably reduced and further reduction in the electrical energy consumption, is achieved by lowering the mounting height . Task lighting in the switch room is now installed at about 2.4 mt. to 2.5 above the ground as against the earlier practice of 3 mt above the ground. It has been seen during the studies, that illumination level increases by 1.7 times when the mounting height is reduced from 3 mts. To 2.5 mts.

ENERGY SAVING DEVICE

M/s Beblec India Pvt. Ltd. Hosur, Tamilnadu, have come out with a energy saving device for lighting low claiming energy saving of around 20%. This device achieves the saving by putting an inductive impendence across the circuit in parallel with the lighting load in such a manner as to reduce the current. The device basically compensates the energy consumed in chokes and ballasts . It is claimed that the device has been approved by TATA ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE , NATIONAL PRODUCTIVE COUNCIL and has been used in many leading Organisation.

VEHICLES
The estimated energy efficiency for an automobile is 280 Passenger-Mile/106 Btu. There are several ways to enhance a vehicle's energy efficiency. Using improved aerodynamics to minimize drag can increase vehicle fuel efficiency. Reducing vehicle weight can also improve fuel economy, which is why composite materials are widely used in car bodies. More advanced tires, with decreased tire to road friction and rolling resistance, can save gasoline. Fuel economy can be improved by up to 3.3% by keeping tires inflated to the correct pressure. Replacing a clogged air filter can improve a cars fuel consumption by as much as 10 percent on older vehicles.On newer vehicles (1980s and up) with fuel-injected, computercontrolled engines, a clogged air filter has no effect on mpg but replacing it may improve acceleration by 6-11 percent.

Energy-efficient vehicles may reach twice the fuel efficiency of the average automobile. Cuttingedge designs, such as the diesel Mercedes-Benz Bionic concept vehicle have achieved a fuel efficiency as high as 84 miles per US gallon (2.8 L/100 km; 101 mpg-imp), four times the current conventional automotive average. The mainstream trend in automotive efficiency is the rise of electric vehicles (electric or hybrid electric). Hybrids, like the Toyota Prius, use regenerative braking to recapture energy that would dissipate in normal cars; the effect is especially pronounced in city driving. Plug-in hybrids also have increased battery capacity, which makes it possible to drive for limited distances without burning any gasoline; in this case, energy efficiency is dictated by whatever process (such as coal-burning, hydroelectric, or renewable source) created the power. Plug-ins can typically drive for around 40 miles (64 km) purely on electricity without recharging; if the battery runs low, a gas engine kicks in allowing for extended range. Finally, all-electric cars are also growing in popularity; the Tesla Roadster sports car is the only high-performance all-electric car currently on the market, and others are in preproduction.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels. Some well known alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol, butanol), chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, and other biomass sources.

ENERGY EFFICIENT MACHINE DESIGN BY PROPER SELECTION OF CORE MATERIAL

Normally core loss in a machine is around 30~ 50% of the total losses and about 3% of the machine rating. Research outcome on core materials showed that reduction of core material thickness and stress relief annealing of the core improved machine efficiency [4]. Also influence of silicon content also influences the core loss. Copper motor project [2] showed improvement of efficiency by using die cast copper cage and using core material having high permeability and low loss. Electrical steel of grades 8050, 8050H, 5350, 5350H showed reduction of core loss in machines. The standard electrical steel used in the reference motors construction is labeled 8050. - low loss electrical steels are: 5350 and 3150- high permeability electrical steels are: 8050H, 5350H The influence of electrical steels and copper rotor cage on motor performance have been evaluated by simulations. The results have been compared with commercial motor ones in order to evaluate the achievable improvement due to the use of premium steels and copper cage only without affecting the design of standard motors. Compared with identical Aluminum rotors, die cast copper rotor reduced total energy losses by 15~23% (1.2~1.7% improvement ) in the overall efficiency of the motor. As a consequence in efficiency improvement, copper rotor reduced the operating temperature of

motor and thus enhancing the life of the motor. As a general rule, for every 10oC increase in motor operating temperature, the insulation life of machine is reduced by half. The most commonly used method to manufacture rotors with copper conductors is referred to as welded assembly construction. Such fabrication involves intensive hand labor and therefore is expensive. Copper die-cast rotor construction does not differ significantly from the aluminum one and, in essence, the manufacturing details are identical. The additional manufacturing challenges are increased temperatures and pressures required to die-cast copper: it melts at 1083 C. Although copper die-cast rotor construction is a much newer technology, current state of the art technology makes it possible to die cast similarly sized rotors in copper as can be cast in aluminum. The integrity and reliability of copper die-cast is just as good as in aluminum die-cast. The primary reason copper die-cast rotors are not common place yet is because it requires specialized equipment (investment) and know-how in this field.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT MACHINE TOOL TECHNOLOGIES

At the EMO trade fair for machine tools being held in Milan from 5-10 October 2009, Siemens Drive Technologies will be exhibiting products for the energy-efficient automation of machine tools. The spectrum ranges from component innovations with improved effectiveness, right up to energy-efficient optimisation of machines early on in the engineering phase using simulation tools. Energy-efficient machine tools help to reduce operating costs for users and increase productivity. Investments in new machinery and equipment must make financial sense for the future. At the same time, it must be possible to operate machines efficiently and adapt them flexibly to meet new product requirements. This is what users are looking for in new machines. A central component of efficient machine operation is end-to-end management of energy requirements and usage. Innovative automation for machine tools offer users low lifecycle costs through intelligent energy management, minimised total cost of ownership and increased productivity. As such, energy-efficient automation contributes to making new machines and equipment a sound investment for the future. An investment in energy-efficient automation and drive technology pays for itself within a short time and then continues to have a positive effect on production with reduced unit costs. At EMO Siemens will be presenting products for energy management in machine tools, starting with intelligent supply via the motor with improved efficiency, and ranging right up to complete, energy-efficient machine optimisation. Simulation tools allow machines to be optimised for energy efficiency early on in the engineering phase. With the Mechatronic Support service package from Siemens, a machine's combination of mechanical systems and drive technology can be dynamically analysed and improved. This also includes consumption-based optimisation of the moving mass. By using an end-to-end CAD/CAM/CNC chain, product manufacturing can be designed with energy efficiency in mind, right from the workpiece design phase. Siemens' Sinumerik control effects savings while machines are running through its control-side energy management user interface. This includes the use of intelligent control algorithms and

control software to optimise acceleration or jerk limitation. The efficient control of auxiliary processes, such as cooling or tool changes, as well as the requirements-based operation of auxiliary drives for machine-based logistics tasks can generate significant energy savings. Depending on the application, up to 60 per cent of the energy used can be saved, for example by reducing the dynamics of tool changes or only activating chip conveyors when needed. The use of energy-efficient components, such as motors or converters, also saves energy. With the Sinamics range, users have access to a portfolio of drives which ensures optimum reactive power compensation in the power supply through Intelligent Infeed and is capable of feeding braking energy back into the circuit. When using intelligent supply technologies, it is often also possible to reduce significantly the connected loads and conductor cross-sections, which, in turn, saves costs early on when designing a machine.

WASHING MACHINE
In early automatic washing machines, any changes in impeller/drum speed were achieved by mechanical means or by a rheostat on the motor power supply. However, since the 1970s electronic control of motor speed has become a common feature on the more expensive models. Early front loading machines, especially those manufactured in Mediterranean countries (e.g. Italy), had low spin speeds (e.g. 800 rpm or less). Nowadays, a spin speed of 1200 rpm is common and a peak spin speed as high as 1600 rpm is available on many machines. Now models in Europe have speeds of 1800 rpm and a few European washing machines have a spin speed of 2000 rpm. However, because they were not susceptible to gravitational forces, some early top loading machines had spin speeds in excess of 1000 rpm, although some were as low as 360 rpm. Most US top-loading washers have spin speeds less than 1000 rpm. In the early 1990s, upmarket machines incorporated microcontrollers for the timing process. These proved reliable, so many cheaper machines now incorporate microcontrollers, rather than mechanical timers. Washing machines are a classic application for fuzzy logic Miele, from West Germany, was the top of the line front load washer, and was introduced in Kananaskis, Alberta by Glenn Isbister starting a revolution in Laundry in Canada. In 1994, Staber Industries released the System 2000 washing machine, which is the only top loading, horizontal-axis washer to be manufactured in the United States. The hexagonal tub spins like a front loading machine, only using about third of the water as conventional top-loaders. This factor has led to an Energy Star rating for its high efficiency. In 1998, New Zealand based company Fisher & Paykel introduced its SmartDrive washing machine line in the US. This washing machine uses a computer-controlled system to determine certain factors such as load size and automatically adjusts the wash cycle to match. It also used a mixed system of washing, first with the "Eco-Active" wash, using a low level of recirculated water being sprayed on the load followed by a more traditional style wash. Other variations include the Intuitive Eco, which can sense the water level and type of fabric in the wash load, and the agitatorless AquaSmart line.

In 2001, Whirlpool Corporation introduced the Calypso, the first vertical-axis high efficiency washing machine to be top-loading. A washplate in the bottom of the tub nutated to bounce, shake, and toss the laundry around. As this happened, water containing detergent was sprayed on to the laundry. The machine proved to be good at cleaning but gained a bad reputation due to frequent breakdowns and destruction of laundry and the washer was recalled with a class-action lawsuit and pulled off the market. In 2003, Maytag introduced their top-loading Neptune washer. Instead of an agitator, the machine had two washplates, perpendicular to each other and at a 45 degree angle from the bottom of the tub. The machine would fill with only a small amount of water and the two washplates would tumble the load within it, mimicking the action of a front-loading washer in a vertical axis design. In the early first decade of the 21st century, the British inventor James Dyson launched the ContraRotator, a type of washing machine with two cylinders rotating in opposite directions; which, it is claimed, reduces the wash time and produces cleaner results; however, this machine is no longer in production. In 2007, Sanyo introduced the first drum type washing machine with Air Wash function.[15] This washing machine uses only 50l of water in the recycle mode. In 2008, the University of Leeds created a concept washing machine that uses only a cup (less than 300ml) of water to carry out a full wash. The machine leaves clothes virtually dry, and uses less than 2 per cent of the water and energy otherwise used by a conventional machine, but requires 20 kg of re-usable plastic chips in each load. As such, it could save billions of litres of water each year. Features available in most modern consumer washing machines:

Predefined programs for different laundry types Variable temperatures including cold wash Rotation speed settings Delayed execution: a timer to delay the start of the laundry cycle

Additionally some of the modern machines feature:

Child lock Time remaining indication Steam