Si Chen

Network reduction in power system analyses

Master project Thesis, March 2009

Si Chen

Network reduction in power system analyses

Master project Thesis, March 2009

Network reduction in power system analyses

Author: Si Chen Supervisor(s): Arne Hejde Nielsen, Associate Professor in DTU Electrical Engineering Zhao Xu, Associate Professor in DTU Electrical Engineering Ole Holmstrm, Specialist in DONG Energy Power Holding A/S

Department of Electrical Engineering Centre for Electric Technology (CET) Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 325 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark www.elektro.dtu.dk/cet Tel: (+45) 45 25 35 00 Fax: (+45) 45 88 61 11 E-mail: cet@elektro.dtu.dk

Release date: Class: Edition: Comments:

31-03-2009 1 (public) First This report is a part of the requirements to achieve Master of Science in Electrical Engineer at Technical University of Denmark. The report represents 30 ECTS points.

Rights:

Si Chen, 2009

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PREFACE

I would like to thank my parents for supporting me all the time. The project was proposed by DONG Energy Power Holding A/S and accomplished at Centre for Electrical Technology (CET)/Technical University of Denmark (DTU) as a part of requirements to achieve the Master of Science in Electrical Engineer. I would like to thank my supervisors Associate Professor Arne Hejde Nielsen in DTU Electrical Engineering, Associate Professor Zhao Xu in DTU Electrical Engineering and Ole Holmstrm, Specialist in DONG Energy Power Holding A/S for their valuable guidance, data supporting and all the valuable advices. I also want to thank Professor Vladislav Akhmatov in DTU Electrical Engineering for some detailed advices. At last, I would like to appreciate my fellow Nan Qin study together with me over the years. And, those technical and philosophical discussions in power system filed impel me to accomplish the project.

Si Chen 03.2009

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ABSTRACT

The future integration of large off-shore wind farm requires a more advanced external grid for testing the transient behavior of the wind farm. A reduced entire power network system was proposed replace the present external grid which calculated by Thevenin equivalent. Based on the literature study the different technique of the dynamic network reduction, the coherent based equivalent method will be implemented in a real power system model. The model established in the power system analysis tool DIgSILENT PowerFactory. While, the Network reduction module inside the software will be tested by some study cases. The systemized procedure has been introduced and realized in the model simulation. An automatic network reduced program is developed.

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Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................. iv Abstract........................................................................................................................... vi List of tables .................................................................................................................. xii List of figure ................................................................................................................. xiv 1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 State of the art .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Goals .................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Delimitation ....................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Power system transient time frame ............................................................. 3 1.4.2 1.5 2 Transient stability ....................................................................................... 5

Method ............................................................................................................... 6

Dynamic power network reduction theory ........................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Dynamic power network reduction techniques .................................................. 8 2.2.1 Modal equivalent technique ........................................................................ 9 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Estimate equivalent technique .................................................................... 9 Coherency equivalent technique ............................................................... 10 Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques ..................... 10

2.3 Coherency equivalent method .......................................................................... 11 2.3.1 System model establish............................................................................. 11 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 3 Typical disturbances ................................................................................. 13 Indentify the coherent generators ............................................................. 14 Generators aggregation ............................................................................. 16 Aggregate the generator controller ........................................................... 18 Power network topology reduction ........................................................... 19 Evaluation ................................................................................................. 20

Network reduction function in DIgSILENT Powerfactory .............................. 21 3.1 Introduction of the Network Reduction function ............................................. 21 3.2 Network Reduction process ............................................................................. 22 3.2.1 Reduced system definition ........................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Network Reduction command .................................................................. 23 viii

3.2.3

Technical Background of Network Reduction ......................................... 23

3.3 Study Case........................................................................................................ 24 Case 1........................................................................................................ 24 3.3.1 3.3.2 4 Case 2........................................................................................................ 26

Modeling West Denmark Power System (WDKPS) .......................................... 28 4.1 Background of the WDKPS model .................................................................. 28 4.2 Model layout .................................................................................................... 29 4.3 The mixed power unit ...................................................................................... 30 4.3.1 Modeling of local CHP unit ...................................................................... 32 4.3.2 4.3.3 Modeling of local wind energy ................................................................. 33 Modeling of consumption centre .............................................................. 33

4.4 Modeling of conventional power plant ............................................................ 33 4.5 Modeling of large wind farm ........................................................................... 33 4.5.1 Aggregated model for a large wind farm .................................................. 34 4.5.2 5 Modeling of the ongoing offshore wind farm- Anholt ............................. 35

Time Domain Simulation of WDKPS ................................................................. 37 5.1 Predefined short circuit event........................................................................... 37 5.2 Set up Time domain simulation ....................................................................... 39 5.2.1 Set up calculation of initial condition ....................................................... 39 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Result object ............................................................................................. 40 Run a simulation ....................................................................................... 40

Identify coherent generator group .................................................................... 41 Aggregate coherent generators ......................................................................... 45 Aggregate Busbars ........................................................................................... 50 Reduction result evaluation .............................................................................. 53

6 7

Extra result ............................................................................................................ 55 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 58 7.1 Summary .......................................................................................................... 58 7.2 Future Work ..................................................................................................... 59

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 60 A. Appendix Modeling nine-bus system in DIgSILENT PowerFacotry ............... 63 A. 1 IEEE 9 bus bars system .................................................................................... 63 A. 2 Reduce No.2 generator for nine-bus system (Case 1) ...................................... 65 A.2.1 Using Load Equivalent ................................................................................. 66 A.2.2 Using Ward Equivalent ................................................................................. 67 A.2.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent ................................................................. 68 ix

A. 3 Reduce Load C for nine-bus system (Case 2) .................................................. 69 A.3.1 Using Load Equivalent ................................................................................. 70 A.3.2 Using Ward Equivalent ................................................................................. 71 A.3.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent ................................................................. 72 B. Appendix WDKPS Simulation ............................................................................ 73 B. 1 Original system model ..................................................................................... 73 B. 2 Reduced system model ..................................................................................... 75 B. 3 DPL script ........................................................................................................ 77 B.3.1 Fault definition .............................................................................................. 77 B.3.2 Identify coherent generator group ................................................................. 78 B.3.3 Aggregate coherent groups ........................................................................... 78 B.3.4 Reduce Busbar ................................................................................................ 5

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques .......................... 10 Table 4.1: Mixed power unit data for 150kV Busbars of WDKPS ................................ 31 Table 4.2: The generator type data in pu for modeling the local CHP unit .................... 32 Table 4.3: Key parameters using in modeling large off-shore wind farm in WDKPS ................................................................................................................. 34 Table 4.4: The synchronous generator parameter for simulating Anholt offshore wind farm ................................................................................................ 36 Table 5.1: List of coherent group of WDKPS ................................................................ 44 Table 5.2: Busbarss Number look up table for aggregate script ................................... 46 Table A.1: Generator Data of nine-bus system (100MVA base) ................................... 64 Table A.2: Preliminary calculation of nine-bus system (100MVA base)....................... 64 Table A.3: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ........................ 65 Table A.4: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function................ 66 Table A.5: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function.................................................................................................................. 67 Table A.6: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ................................................................................. 68 Table A.7: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ............................ 69 Table A.8: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ............................ 70 Table A.9: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function .......... 71 Table A.10: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ................................................................................................ 72 xii

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1: Typical time frames for a full range of power system transient [2] ............... 4 Figure 2.1: Divide the entire power network system into two parts ................................. 7 Figure 2.2: Divide the power system as several circles by electrical distance ............... 14 Figure 3.1: Network reduction button in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory tools Icon bar. ................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 3.2: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate No.2 generator of nine-bus system ..................................................................................................... 25 Figure 3.3: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate Load C of nine-bus system .................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 4.1: Sketch map of WDKPS respecting the geographical location ..................... 29 Figure 4.2: Local mixed power production and consumption unit using in WDKPS model ...................................................................................................... 30 Figure 4.3: Sketch map of showing the location of Anholt wind farm integration point .................................................................................................... 35 Figure 5.1: The flow chart of predefine the short circuit even in WDKPS .................... 38 Figure 5.2: Fault location selected dialog ....................................................................... 38 Figure 5.3: Look up table corresponding Busbar name and number. ............................. 39 Figure 5.4: The flow chart of identify the coherent group for WDKPS model .............. 43 Figure 5.5: Outer loop of aggregate coherent generator ................................................. 46 Figure 5.6: First inner loop for calculate the equivalent generators ............................... 48 Figure 5.7: Second inner loop for Create the new generators ........................................ 49 Figure 5.8: The flow chart of Busbars aggregation ....................................................... 51 Figure 5.9: Boundary definition of the WDKPS model ................................................. 52 Figure 5.10: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator.............. 53 Figure 5.11: Terminal voltage measured in per unit for Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator...................................................................................... 54 Figure 6.1: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator................ 56 Figure A.1: Nine-bus system model layout in DIgSILENT Power factory.................... 63

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Figure A.2: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Load Equivalent .................................................................................................... 66 Figure A.3: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Ward Equivalent .................................................................................................... 67 Figure A.4: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Extended Ward Equivalent .................................................................................... 68 Figure A.5: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Load Equivalent .............................................................................................................. 70 Figure A.6: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Ward Equivalent .............................................................................................................. 71 Figure A.7: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Extended Ward Equivalent .................................................................................................... 72 Figure B.1: Original 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory ......... 73 Figure B.2: Original 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory ......... 74 Figure B.3: Reduced 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory......................................................................................................... 75 Figure B.4: Reduced 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory......................................................................................................... 76

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The wind energy penetration in the power grid is dramatic increasing in the last decade worldwide. The Danish government also releases the energy political about increasing the share of renewable energy to at least 30 per cent of the energy consumption in 2025. [1] In order to achieve the goal, one aspect is erection of the new wind energy generation unit. On 21 February 2008, the Danish government agreed to erection of new offshore wind turbine with an installed capacity of 400MW by 2012. The other aspect is1 future expansion of the Danish electricity transmission grid. The interaction between the transmission system and the new large wind farms is the priority research area nowadays. Several grid impacts of the transient stability studies need to be approved on the security of supply before the integration. The studies of wind farm involve harmonic impact, reactive power, voltage stability, frequency stability and so on. Many stability studies concern only a local area normally the point of common coupling (PCC).[2] The surrounding area is then regards as the small or large parts of external network. The ultimate aggregation is the simple Thevenin equivalent which only contents the steady state information of the external grid. This, however, is not appropriate to the transient simulation. Thus, the more advanced external grid which contents the dynamic information is required. Electrical power system is one of the largest systems because its components tend to have a high order of complexity.[15] The simulation time of the wind farm studies which involved such large amount entire grid data will be significantly slowing down even with the powerful computing capabilities available today. Therefore, a method to reduce the original complex power network model both respecting the steady state and dynamic characteristics has been proposed. Especially, the method will be realized for a DIgSILENT PowerFactory model of a large power system.

1.2 State of the art

Based on the two system concept, one of the systems considering as the internal study area where the wind farm integrated. The rest of the power system considering as the external area is then aggregated to one or several equivalent generators. Although many dynamic reduction techniques such as the modal approach, the estimation approach and coherency approach are developed, the widely practiced technique is the last approach because of its visualized result elements and other advantages. So far, the network reduction has been practiced in many grid cases with various platforms. DIgSILENT PowerFactory is an electromagnetic transients program (EMPT) which is almost standard industry practice software widely used in power system analyses especially including the wind energy.[2] Furthermore, the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) offers an interface for automating tasks in such a processed program. The new calculation functions of the program script could used for mathematical expressions, input/output routines, Powerfactory object procedure calls, subroutines calls and PowerFactory commands. These will make the automatic power system reduction with different study area definition possible.

1.3 Goals
Besides the variation network reduction techniques investigation in theoretically, this master project has two objectives: Testing the Network reduction module both in DIgSILENT PowerFactory 13.2 and 14.0 with IEEE nine-bus system. Investigate whether the function can be used in the dynamic reduction purpose or not, or how much it can be used in dynamic reduction. Develop a systemization procedure for generic dynamic network reduction in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using DPL script. Perform and evaluate the reduction result for West Denmark power system (WDPS) model.

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory Network Reduction module doesn't intent to use in dynamic reduction. However, by the exploration of the network reduction object and result characteristics in different precondition, the module is useful for one of the steps in systemization dynamic reduction. The dynamic reduction is performed respecting the coherent approach network reduction technique. The scripts were programmed in 2

several steps with independent function that can be checked in the middle of the reduction process. This project does not aim at developing a new technique of network reduction but at developing a systemization procedure respecting one of the network reduction techniques and valid it in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The procedure should in generic level that also fit to other power system model only with modifying some key input parameters.

1.4 Delimitation
Reduction techniques of power system are different for various studies. Thus, different power system stability studies need to be classified. And the relevant transient stability is the specific research area for this master project.

1.4.1 Power system transient time frame

Electric power system is one of the most complex systems which need to be maintained the electric quantity and quality continuously. However, in large scale power system, some elements, such as generators and controllers, have their own dynamic behaviours when receive a specific disturbance. The dynamic behaviour of modern power system has been experiencing significant changes due to restructuring of power industry, especially for the dramatically increased wind energy penetration. Thus, the power system dynamic stability issue become the essential problem of power system analysis.[6] Power system dynamic stability defined as whether or not the system can maintain the stable operation after various disturbances. The transitional period of the power system is called power system transient. Figure 1.1 shows typical time frames for a full range of power system transient.

Figure 1.1: Typical time frames for a full range of power system transient [2] Classify the transients by the time range of the study is an appropriate investigation method from the modelling point of view. The time frame for lightning and switching is in micro to milliseconds. The system recovery from this disturbance is either negligible or depending on the information sought. Thus, in this master project, the lightning and switching transient were not included. The main researched power transient was transient stability period which estimate the power system dynamic stability during large disturbance, such as fault. The first swing stability is about 1 second and the second swing stability is about 3 to 10 seconds. The Longer term dynamic period could last minutes or hour. For different research period, the analysed element model and computing algorithm were quite different. Another wide used classify method is concerning various disturbances and system simulation mathematics method. According to the definition formulated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the stability problem can be classified as transient stability and steady state stability. If the duration of disturbance was very short that could be considered as the small disturbance, and the system recovery tend to the

same operation condition before the small disturbance occurring, the system is call small signal stable. In small signal analysis reality, the nonlinear differential equations which represent the power system were replaced by linear differential equation generally. Furthermore, the linear equations reduced following such assumptions as neglect the dynamic behaviours of the system elements and controllers. Consequently, the system stability estimation which could be calculated by algebraic functions is called steady state stability. Obviously, the method concerning the elements dynamic behaviours was the strictly small signal stability, but the method neglect the element dynamic behaviours was steady state stability also as the reduced small signal stability. Contrarily, the large disturbance, such as fault, knowing as the transient stability analysis is mainly discussed direction which will be given in detail in the following chapter.

1.4.2 Transient stability

The previous section classified the power system dynamic stability, and investigated different periods of transient behaviour. The way in which a system responds to a large disturbance such as short circuit or line tripping is basic evaluation method of a reduced system according to this thesis project aim. It is the problem of large disturbance stability, and the effect of such a disturbance has on the system behaviour, that is called transient stability analysis. Assume that before the fault occurs the power system is operating at some initial stable steady state operating condition. The power system transient stability problem is defined as that of assessing whether or not the system will reach an acceptable steady state operating state. Obviously, in order to verify the system transient stability, in accordance with different initial conditions and various disturbances, plenty of calculation must be carried out. During these processes, the power system presents as nonlinear system which using nonlinear differential equations represent. There are two methods estimate the transient stability problem, the time simulation technique and the transient energy function technique. Firstly, the time domain simulation technique can be taken up in 5 major steps: The elements modelling and topologic between elements were represent as simultaneous equations which were composed of differential equations and algebraic functions. Calculate load flow or steady state operation as the initial operation. Setting a valued fault as the large disturbance. 5

Calculate the state variable following the time serious step by step, the time domain curve consequently made. (In general, the state variable was generator rotor angle.) Estimated the transient stability by assessing whether or not the system will reach the acceptable steady state operating state.

Secondly, there is another technique estimated transient stability by assessing the transient energy function which is not discussed in this project.

1.5 Method
In order to achieve the project goals illustrated above, a suitable dynamic network reduction technique that can be practised in DIgSILENT PowerFactroy will start off with review of the candidate reduction techniques. A most feasible technique will be picked up and studied in detail after introduced and compared with other techniques. The DIgSLENT PowerFactory simulation environment will be investigated. The systemization reduction procedures performed in the platform will respected the selected reduction technique. So, the flow chart is necessary connected between the theory and the practice. A cleared and feasible procedure is translated in a programmable form. This is also useful when the script applying to other power system models. Then, it will be convenient to find the part needed to be modified.

2 DYNAMIC POWER NETWORK REDUCTION

THEORY

2.1 Introduction
Electrical power system is one of the largest scale systems which contents the components tend to have high order of complexity. It is impossible or not economical to build detail models even with the powerful computing capabilities available nowadays. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop the equivalent models that properly represent both steady state and dynamic characteristics of the full order models. When dealing the stability analysis, in general, the system can be divided into an internal system and an external system. The internal system used to treat as the researched system which is a specific utility owns or a particular power market defined. The rest part of the power system called the external system. The external system was often a large system which has certain electrical distant or geographical extent. The external system is the one which need spend considerable effort to reduce. That is because the interesting research is the effect of the internal system from the external system. In historic experiments, the external system which may include several generators and loads has been reduced to an equivalent generator and a load even an infinite Busbar. The power network reduction technique nowadays has better systematization and feasibility. The requirement was fixed: the equivalent system need to have similar response as the original system. After the reduction process the equivalency system can save a lot of simulation time and manpower still remaining the required accuracy.

External system

Internal system

Figure 2.1: Divide the entire power network system into two parts

The equivalent model of power system is desirable for many applications.[4] Generally, there are three kind of dynamic analysis applications: 1. Large scale power system off-line transient stability analysis with large disturbance. 2. Large scale power system off -line dynamic stability analysis with small disturbance. 3. Large scale power system on-line security assessment. The first application for transient stability needs have the detail model include the system structure and element parameters. During this situation, the physical power system which is a non-linear system can be represented as a linear system. The requirement of the equivalent system is the similar rotor oscillation trace as the original system during a large disturbance. For the second application, the system was described in linear differential equations. The requirement of the equivalent system is the approached mode and mode shape of the original system. The third application is used when have variable system operation situations, variable system parameters and a large number of measured positions. The requirement is fast responded in order to have an equivalent system having similar security assessment result. The main research filed of this thesis project was focused on the first application. The transient stability analysis can evaluate the power network reduction result in dynamic level. In virtue of DIgSILENT PowerFactory, the physical power network can be simulated as a linear model. Then, the network reduction work is based on this linear model.

2.2 Dynamic power network reduction techniques

The literature presents a number of dynamic power network reduction techniques, basically, there are three different methods used transient RMS-simulation. The methods are: 1. The modal equivalent 2. The estimation equivalent 3. The coherency equivalent

2.2.1 Modal equivalent technique

The modal equivalent method is based on the linear power network model and the eigenvalue of the external system which reduced as reducing the order of the system. The original system can be represented with a complete set of differential equations and a reduced set of differential equations. It is mostly used for the large scale power system off-line transient stability analysis with small disturbance. The result described as the linear state space formulation by depression the order. Thus, it is not based on the real electrical power system element. That is means the results are amount of equations which cant be visualized as a simplified system. Assuming the original system can be separated as an internal system and an external system. And the disturbance in the internal system doesnt affect the external system a lot. With respecting a particular mode of oscillation, according to the modal equivalent theory, some nodes were in non-important oscillation mode for external area dynamic response that can be eliminates. The dynamic equivalent is the determination of the modal generators parameters.

2.2.2 Estimate equivalent technique

The estimate equivalent technique is normally used in large scaled power system on-line security assessment. The estimate equivalent technique doesnt need the detail information about the entire structure and parameters of the external system. The procedure of the estimate equivalent is: 1. Perform a disturbance. 2. Record the system responds on the boundary between internal and external system. 3. Estamat the parameters of the external system base on the recorded signal. The last step used several optimal parameter identification methods. Because of this equivalent technique used for on-line analyses, the reduce speed was one of the important requirements. Also, the reduced system was estimated by the record of the original system. The record accuracy will influence the accuracy of the result.

2.2.3 Coherency equivalent technique

The coherency equivalent technique is based on identifying the coherent generators by comparison of the generators rotor angle deviation during a off-line large disturbance condition. If the generator rotor angle deviation curves have highly similarity, the generators can be aggregated as one by modified the generator parameters in theoretically. This means the reduction degree is mainly dependents on how many coherent generators can be found. Then, when the generators aggregated in a dynamic way, the Busbars and loads will be aggregated accordingly by equivalent impedance. Consequently, the full order power system which contents many Busbars can be represented as a reduced power system with less Busbar number. The reduction method is based on the full model have already been built, and the fault test can be performed in the internal researched area. Then the coherent generators can be accordingly found. The result of the reduced system is a number of aggregated real elements with modified parameters.

2.2.4 Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques

The network reduction techniques are based on the system which divided as internal and external. With compare the three power network reduction techniques, the advantages and disadvantages will be list in table below. Then the coherency equivalent as the real elements based reduced method will be discussed in detail and finally practised in the real system. Table 2.1: Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques Reduction techniques Modal equivalent Estimate equivalent Coherent equivalent Precondition Detailed model Boundary information only Detail model Application Reduce speed Off-line small Acceptable disturbance On-line Fast disturbance Off-line large Acceptable disturbance Reduction result form Modal elements Experiential equivalent elements Aggregated equivalent elements

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2.3 Coherency equivalent method

The coherency approach method is a widely used technique. Coherency means that, upon a remote disturbance, some groups of generators swing together and can be represented by a single aggregated machine finally. Power network reduction researches based on coherency technique can be taken up in 5 procedures. 1. Divide the system into internal and external system. Remain the internal system and reduce the external system. 2. Assume a large disturbance inside the internal system and identify the coherency generators in external system. 3. Aggregate those coherency generators as one. 4. Reduce the topologic of the network system. 5. Obtain the reduced system and calculated the parameter. Besides the reduce steps, the equivalent model need to be evaluated. If there is a similar rotor oscillation trace measured at one of the generator terminal inside the internal system during a large disturbance, the equivalent model was successful. The criterion of the evaluation will be discussed in the simulation result chapter.

2.3.1 System model establish

Dynamic equivalent model is for electromechanical dynamic analysis. Considering a power network system which has N generators, the system based on the classical second-order electromechanical model, the well-known swing equations for generator i could be represented as: = ( = 1,2, , ) =

(2.1)

Where,

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 : Damping coefficient

: Inertia : Rotor speed of the generator : Mechanical power : Electrical power

When the generator worked at an operation point, the generators rotor motion equation can be reduced as a linear differential equation around that operation point. As the preconditions, assuming the mechanical power as zero and all the coefficients combined as one coefficient . 2 + + =0

(2.2)

: The rotor angel increment of generator i

Then, the eigen equation of the this differential equation is: 2 + + = 0

(2.3)

When the damping is zero, the root eigen value can be represented as: 1,2 = =

(2.4)

These pairs of root eigen values indicate that after a disturbance, the generator rotor angle will oscillate with a rotor angle frequency . With tracking this rotor angle frequency change, the system sensitivity mode approach can be found. The specific method will be illustrated below. In the power network system which contents N generators and n nodes, can be represented as 2N differential equations and N+n algebraic equations. There are 4N+2n variables. They are: : The generator rotor speed increment : The generator rotor angle increment

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 : The generator electrical power increment injected to the grid : The generator mechanical power increment : Load increment : The generator mechanical angle increment

If the simultaneous equations system has N+n boundary conditions, with using the implicit trapezoidal integrator method, the system differential equations will be solved with steady numerical answers. Furthermore, the DIgSILENT PowerFactory indicates that this method is used in its real time simulation to obtain the calculated parameters. In this case, we care about the generator rotor oscillation curve. The boundary conditions will be simulated as the mechanical power increment and load increment. Under steady state condition, these two variables are all equal to zero. And, during the large disturbance, they have another simulation profile. This will be illustrated in the next subchapter.

Most of coherent power network reduction techniques were based on the second-order generators equivalent model because of its simplified and can explain the dynamic electrical characteristics of the system.

2.3.2 Typical disturbances

In this subsection, the 4 typical disturbances are discussed and simulated. They are: Three phase short circuit Load shedding Generator shedding Transmission line shedding

By investigated the 4 typical disturbance, the generator rotor oscillation curve can be obtained. Take the three phase short circuit as an example, the boundary conditions can be represented as: = | = 0+ = 0

(2.5)

The three phase short circuit normally occurs in a short time, about 0.1 seconds. Thus, the electrical power increment and load increment simulate as a constant equaling to the

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value at = 0 . And, the mechanical power increment simulate as an accelerated increment. The reduction result will be different because of the location and size of the disturbance. The coherent reduction technique based on assumption that the considering fault on a certain Busbar and observing that the coherency behavior of the generators are not change much as the fault clearing time increasing or decreasing.

2.3.3 Indentify the coherent generators

It is well known that the essential system parameter for determination of coherency behavior is the electrical distance between generators. The electrical distance concept is considered both geographic distance and the electrical element. And, the electrical distance is measured starting at the fault location in the internal system. Three difference circles will be explained for the external system. Outside the inner circle represent the region has short distance with the fault location. In this area, the dynamic behaviors of the generators affect the internal system a lot. Therefore, more groups of coherent generators will be found. Outside the middle circle, the region contents more generators. However, the long electrical distance between this region and the fault location made the generators less affect to the internal system. Thus, in this region, generators are easier to be reduced than the inner circle. The outer circle defines the boundary of the system beyond which no generator representation of any kind is necessary.

Figure 2.2: Divide the power system as several circles by electrical distance

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This coherency region identification is useful when considered the new facility adding to the power network system is offshore wind farm. If treat the offshore wind farm as the internal system, the other generators all have certain distance from the wind farm. That is made more generators in the outside middle circle or outer circle, and fewer generators in the middle circle. Consequently, fewer groups of coherency generators will be found if research on the offshore wind farm as the internal system. In order to indentify the coherent generators fast and accurately, there are four basic assumptions for simplify the elements. 1. The coherent group identification is independent with the magnitude of the disturbance. With a certain disturbance the system can be divided into several groups by linearization the system. 2. The coherent group identification is independent with detailed model of each generator unit model. Thus, the generator model is expressed by the secondorder electromechanical model. The excitation system, driven motor and governor system are neglected. 3. The coherent group identification has little effect with load. The dynamic equivalent is composed of a generator and an electric load in parallel.

4. On the assumption that the X/R ratio is big enough. The active and reactive load flow will calculate independently. Based on the four assumptions written above, the coherent generators identification will be calculated fast and met the accuracy requirements. There are several methods that can be used for coherency identification: (1) linear time simulation, (2) weak-link method, (3) two time scale method, and (4) tolerance based method. The tolerance based method is wildly used, and the simulation will be carried out in time domain. It is also possible to identify the coherency in frequency domain based on FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). In power network system, the generators rotor angles have relative oscillation when facing a disturbance. This low frequency oscillation (Electromagnetic oscillation) normally is within 0.25~2.5 Hz. The Since the model using in this thesis is simplified power network system model of west Danish system, the generator rotor oscillation frequency during the disturbance of each generator is approximate 0.6 Hz. And, because of the computer precision it is difficult to identify the coherent group. Then, the coherency efficiency was decided to be used for the identification. The strictly coherency identification criterion is:

15

 () () (0, ] Where,

(2.6)

The equation means within a simulation time , after a large disturbance, the difference of two generator rotor angle deviations are not larger than a very small criterion in every sampling points. The generators rotor angle deviations during the simulation time are defined as the deviations of a reference generator rotor angle. This kind of coherent area always in a closed region where has close electrical distance from one generator to another. Practically, there is another definition: () () =

= 1~3 is the recorded simulation time. = 5~10 is rotor angle deviation between two generators. , are rotor angles.

(2.7)

This equation gives another option that the two coherent generators may have lager difference of rotor angle deviation than . But is always approximate equals to a constant angle within the simulation time. Consequently, the two generators are coherent. This kind of coherent area will like a cycle around the fault location. The electrical distances measured from recorded generators to the fault location are similar. In this thesis work, from the DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulation platform, because the tracing of all generator rotor angles can be obtained, there is a numerical method that calculated the variables correlation coefficient. A coherent generators identify program will be developed and executed in a real model. Further method used in the program will be discussed in the simulation chapter.

2.3.4 Generators aggregation

After identify the coherent generator group, the generators in the same group can be aggregated as a single equivalent generator. The criterion of aggregation is the 16

mechanical power and electromagnetic power of the equivalent generator equal to the summary of each generator in group. In this thesis, the generator using the classical second order model, accordingly only considering aggregate the mechanical parameters and transient impedance. The equivalent motion equation of the generator rotor represented as:
( ) = ( ) =1 =1 =1 =1

(2.8)

Thus, the parameters of the equivalent generator are listed below. The inertia of the equivalent generator is:

=
=1

(2.9)

The damping coefficient of the equivalent generator is: =

=1

(2.10)

In the motion equation of generator rotor, the electrical power also can be represented as: = sin

(2.11)

: Transient electromotive force : Generator terminal voltage : The power factor 17

Where,

The is the summary of the generator impedance which contents the transient
impedance .

Thus, the transient impedance of the equivalent generator is:

=

=1

(2.12)

Finally, the three main parameters inertia, damping coefficient and transient impedance are aggregated to establish the equivalent generator.

2.3.5 Aggregate the generator controller

Since the mainly pending reduced Busbars of the power system in this thesis project are the 150kV Busbars which contents the local CHP generators and local wind generators. Those generation units do not constrain the reactive power and voltage control. The generators just assumed as directly feed into the local network. The generator controller in this thesis project mentions the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and power system stabilizer used to control the excitation of the central generators. The additional state variables of the AVR are the measured value of the terminal voltage, the internal state in the AVR and the output from the AVR (the excitation voltage). While, the additional state variables of the PSS are the internal and output electrical torque signals of PSS. All the generator excitation voltage control effect dependent on the time constant of the generator. Generally, AVR as well as speed governor are not action in the first two seconds. Hence, identify and aggregation the coherent generators dont consider the effect of the AVR. If concerning aggregation the control chain of the central power plane which is not include in this project, the theoretical method is aggregating the transfer functions of the control chain. In reality, the function will have high complex order that cant be reduced as the equivalent parameters. Hence, firstly, the centre power plants dont recommend to be reduced because of its playing an important role in the power system. Secondly, when reduce the control chain of the centre power plant the empirical method has been

18

used. Several equivalent parameters for the equivalent controller have been tested to approach the original control effect.

2.3.6 Power network topology reduction

After aggregate the coherent generators, the remained Busbars and transmission lines connected between also need to be reduced. The topological reduction method was required. Then, the external system can be divided as two parts, the remained part and the pending eliminated part. Gauss elimination method has been used for eliminating the part which doesnt contents the equivalent generators. =

(2.13)

: The injection current vector of the remained node : The injection current vector of the eliminated node : The voltage vector of the remain node : The voltage vector of the eliminated node : The self-admittance of the remained system : The self-admittance of the eliminated system : The mutual-admittance of the remained system : Then mutual-admittance of the eliminated system

Where,

The injection current vector of the remained node can be represented as: = 1 + 1

(2.14)

The first item of representing the remained node current is either admittance elements or the remained node voltage. The second item contents the eliminated node current which can be represented as the injection power of the remained node. Thus, the equivalence injection power can be obtained. This aggregated method is based on all the elements can be represented as constant impedance. Obviously, the constant load also can be aggregated in this step.

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2.3.7 Evaluation
With the same remote fault, compare the measuring swing curve and power flow of the generator on the fault Busbar between the reduced system and original system. The power network reduction result should achieve the transient stability model without introducing a significantly differences between the reduced system and the original system. Firstly, the load-flow calculation in the reduced system should give the same result with acceptable error for the internal researched area as for the original system. Secondly, the swing curve for the testing generator inside the internal system also should give the acceptable similar result. In this project, one of the numerical compared criterions will be given as the form of the correlation coefficient between two systems. A coefficient value close to +1.0 and the acceptable error at magnitude of the curve will prove the reduction method is approved.

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3 NETWORK REDUCTION FUNCTION IN

DIGSILENT POWERFACTORY
3.1 Introduction of the Network Reduction function
DIgSILENT PowerFactorys network reduction algorithm produces an equivalent representation of the reduced part of the network.[28][29] The equivalent representation contains the interface nodes (connection point) that may be connected by equivalent common impedances and voltage sources. After the reduction process, the new elements are created in the gird folder which can be found in Data Manager. But, they are not drawn in the diagram automatically. The user needs to draw existing net elements to compare the load flow information on the connection point between original system and reduced system. For testing the network reduction function both in DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 13.2 and 14.0, the example configuration used is classical nine-bus system. The network reduction function is independent from the number of bus bars which user defined to remain. That means if there is only one connection between external system which is expected to be reduced and the internal system, the network reduction module will work as well. The reduction result will just be an equivalent voltage source on that bus bar. Also, if there are three Busbars expected remained, the equivalent result will be three voltage sources on each Busbar and three common impedances interconnected between each of Busbar. In PowerFactory Version 13.2 the slack element should be inside the grid which will be reduced. If the slack element has been selected as the expected remained system, the reduction function cant be processed. The error comes as There is no coupling Busbars. In classical nine-bus system, the slack element is defined as No.1 generator. Comparing with Version 13.2, Version 14.0 has improvements at this point. In Version 14.0, if the slack element is located in the grid which is to be reduced, a neighbourhood around this slack element will be automatically defined. That means the neighbourhood around this slack element will automatically remain after Network Reduction procedure. The neighbourhood is defined based on a search from the slack element towards each 21

connection, until a non-zero impedance element is passed. This means that the neighbourhood contains all elements encountered up to and including the non-zero impedance element. This improvement from Version 13.2 to 14.0 is reasonable because the slack bus which contents the slack element is vital information for the original power network. The slack bus is an infinite bus where the voltage magnitude is predetermined and which is at the same time reference node and balancing bus. The technique of solving a classical transient stability problem is illustrated by conducting a study of the classical nine-bus system. The basic data of the classical ninebus system for preliminary calculation is given in Appendix A. 1 in detail. The disturbance initiating the transient is a three-phase fault occurring on one of a remained Busbar after the Network Reduction procedure. The fault is clear in around five cycles (0.1 s).

3.2 Network Reduction process

The Network Reduction process will be emphasized in Version 14.0, also compared to the Version 13.2 when it is a difference.

3.2.1 Reduced system definition

First of all, the nine-bus system shall be divided into an internal system and an external system. The internal system is the study area expected to be remained. In Version 13.2, the system needed to be divided into two grids, a distribution system and a transmission system. While, the Version 14.0 has more flexible definition: boundary element definition. The grid boundary divides the power network into two systems. One of the parts shall be remained as its original detailed representation and the other part that is to be reduced. The method for define a new Boundary is as below: Freeze the network diagram. Choose the desired cubicles, right click them. (The desired cubicles orientate the interior system which shall be remained.) Choose in the context sensitive menu Define...-->Boundary... The dialogue of the new Boundary will pop up. Press OK.

Chosen the alternative interior system was by defined different boundary elements.

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3.2.2 Network Reduction command

In version 14.0, there is a Network Reduction button in the additional tools Icon bar.

Figure 3.1: Network reduction button in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory tools Icon bar. This is one of an improvement from Version 13.2 to 14.0. In Version 13.2, the process is executed by a command in the input window. And, the network reduction command provides only one option: the original grid data which defined to be reduced will be destroyed. So, to avoid loss of data, it is needed to create a copy version before execute the Network Reduction. In Version 14.0, the Network Reduction command provides four main setting options: Basic Options Output Options Advanced Options Verification Options

It is worth to mention the Output option. The Output tab is used to specify whether the reduced grid parameter shall be reported only, or whether the reduced grid shall be stored in a new variation. This function is useful when original data must be remained and the equivalent parameter required. Further information about process the Network Reduction shall be found in [29].

3.2.3 Technical Background of Network Reduction

The Network Reduction function in DIgSILENT PowerFactory is applied to load flow, short circuit and stability calculations. The stability analysis is in the steady state level until the present version. The more advanced transient stability will be discussed. The algorithm in Version 14.0 based on the sensitivity matrices. The basic idea is that the

23

sensitivities of the equivalent grid, measures at the connection point in the retained grid, must equal to the sensitivities of the gird that has been reduced.[13]

3.3 Study Case

The load flow equivalent result which obtained from Network Reduction module is consist of common impedance between each two boundary buses and apparent power injection at boundary bus bars. In DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0, the apparent power injection can be represented by different equivalent elements. Take load flow equivalent result as the example, there are three optional models available. Load Equivalent: a load demand. Ward Equivalent: an AC voltage source which is configured as a Ward Equivalent. Extended Ward Equivalent: an AC voltage source which is configured as an Extended Ward Equivalent.

The last two equivalent models were based on the same element (AC voltage source) but different element type definition.[11] The three equivalent models all can give the same load flow result as the original system. However, different equivalent model and different area selected as the reduced system will affect the result of classical transient stability test. The disturbance initiating the transient is a three-phase short circuit occurring on Busbar No.3 at 0.0 second. The fault is cleared at 0.1 second. The layout of the nine-bus system is in Appendix A. 1. Two study case results will be compared. They reduce the original nine-bus system to eight buses system. In the case 1, the bus which contents a generator will be selected as the external system to be reduced. While, in Case 2, the reduced bus selected will be a bus contents a load. The loads in this nine-bus system are treated as constant impedance. During analyze each study case, all the three optional equivalent models will be tested and compared.

3.3.1 Case 1
The boundary definition of case 1 split the No.7 Busbar and No.2 Busbar as the external system to be reduced, and the rest Busbars as the internal system. All three result model options have been selected one by one. From collecting and comparing the result 24

elements parameter, it is not difficult to find their common impedances have the same result during the three alternative models. All the collected results are listed in Appendix A. 2. It also contents the two loads, two ward equivalent model voltage sources and two extended ward model voltage sources parameters. In order to track the dynamic performance of the No.3 generator, the Run Simulation command will be initialized and executed. The simulation time is 5 seconds and represented as RMS calculations. Further information for set up the initialize and run simulation command will be given in the chapter 5.2. The No. 3 generator has been selected as the result object, and its rotor angle selected as the tracking signal in rad.

Figure 3.2: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate No.2 generator of nine-bus system In Figure 3.2, the red curve is from tracking the No.3 generators rotor angle change respecting the time before reduced the system. Then, the green, blue and golden curves represent the rotor angle change after reduce the Busbar No.2 and Busbar No.7. From this selection of external system, the No.2 generator will be deleted and replaced by the common impedance, general load or voltage source elements. The rotor angles starting points of all the curves are equal. They are proving the reduction result from Network Reduction module was right in load flow calculation. Although none of reduced tracking curves is identical as the original systems which testified the Network Reduction module cant be used in Dynamic simulation. The differential of the three

25

curves after the reduction process can still exhibit the characteristics of three different equivalent elements. The two equivalent model content voltage sources are showing the same track representing as blue and golden curve. And, the two curves are generally narrow than the green curve which represent the equivalent load reduced model. That is because the voltage source can dominate the voltage on the connection node. Thus, during the time domain simulation, the voltage source makes the so connected generator faster to achieve the next stead state operating condition. However, the load equivalent models curve in green represents the natural damping. To sum up, when the reduced system contents the elements which have dynamic performances, like generators, the Network Reduction equivalent system cant represent the original system in dynamic analyses.

3.3.2 Case 2
In case 2, it is aim to test the Network Reduction module when the reduced part defined as a constant load. Furthermore, the constant load represents a kind of elements in power system which doesnt have dynamic characteristics like cables, lines, Busbars. It is defined the Load C and its neighborhood elements until another Busbar has been found. The results collection in the Appendix A. 3.With the same simulation and selection procedure as in Case 1, the swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate Load C of nine-bus system shows below.

26

Figure 3.3: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate Load C of nine-bus system In Figure 3.3, the red curve also represents the rotor angle change of No.3 generator before reduce the system. If reduced system has the same tracking rotor angle change of No.3 generator, the reduced system can fully represent the original system in dynamic analyses. In the study case 2, the No.8 Busbar (A. 3) was replaced by common impedance between two neighborhood bus bars and two general loads on the two buses. However, if the equivalent model selected as voltage source, the equivalent impedance wasnt the same with the original system. From the result curve from Case 1 and Case 2, two conclusions jumped up. Firstly, when the reduced Busbar contents the elements dont have the dynamic characteristics, like cable and load, the load equivalent model of Network Reduction result can be used in dynamic analyses. Secondly, the other two equivalent models have the same dynamic behavior for the transient stability analyses. This testing result is useful for the network topology reduction after reduce the generator kind elements which have dynamic characteristics.

27

4 MODELING WEST DENMARK POWER SYSTEM

(WDKPS)
4.1 Background of the WDKPS model
As the purpose of the project, the WDKPS model will be as the original system model for developing and testing the coherent based network reduction algorithms in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The model in is provided by DONG Energy Power Holding A/S.[25] As a preparatory work, it is important to investigate the object of study. Also, some preliminary definition will be made as a reduction conditions. The simulation process and result in chapter 5will be bases on these assumptions. Against the physical power network of west Denmark, the model used in this project concern the transmission power system at the voltage of 150kV and 400kV. The simplified model of WDKPS established based on this two voltage level. Also, there are many wind turbine site and CHP units feeding into the local distribution networks at the voltage level 60kV. In this study case, the 60kV consumptions have been translated into 150kV Busbars. Hence, all the generation and consumption unites are equivalented at the 150kV Busbars. It is well known that Danish power network as hub connected between the European electrical transmission grid and the Nordic electrical transmission grid. This WDKPS model represent three connection point indicate the model connecting with Sweden at Vester Hassing, connecting with Norway at Tjele, and the European grid as the external grid connecting at Kass. For better understanding the geographical location is shown in Figure 4.1. And, the real location names and the corresponding Busbar symbols are shown in Table 4.1.

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Figure 4.1: Sketch map of WDKPS respecting the geographical location

4.2 Model layout

From the WDKPS model layout in DIgSILENT PowerFactory shown in Figure B.1 and Figure B.2, we can see the system can be separated as two transmission circle according to the voltage level. Nearly all the 400kV Busbars connect with the 150kV Busbars via 400kV/150kV transformer. The model contents totally 45 Busbars. 30 Busbars is at 150kV level and 15 Busbars is at 400kV level. It is of which 11 150kV Busbar and 11 400kV Busbar connected with transformers. At 150kV network system, each Busbar 29

contents a mixed power unit: local combined heat power (CHP) plant, local Wind power generation and local consumption. Besides, there are two large off-shore wind farm involved in this model: Horn Rev I and II. Several conventional large power plants also take into account. The model is a simplified model which represents some basic characteristics of the entire WDKPS in a specific operation scenario in the condition of 2005. The detail information will be given in the chapter 4.3 to chapter 4.5.

4.3 The mixed power unit

The wind energy penetration in the Danish power grid is dramatic increasing in the last decade. The traditional power system was built of the large power plants supported by oil and gas feeding into the transmission power networks. Because of the increasing wind energy inject to the power grid, the mainly dominated traditional power plant has been changed into a mixed unit dominated form. The contents of the mixed dominated unit for WDKPS are the different kinds of concept amount of wind energy and the local combined heat power (CHP). Additionally, the large consumption centre will be an important relevant element considering in the unit. These mixed units are the basic cell concept about modeling the 150kV network of WDKPS. The Figure 4.2 below shows the mixed unit which consist of the three elements. The two concept of power production under different operation represented as two generators with two system load flow operation characteristics. The operation characteristics are several trigger element used to define the production of the generators by percentage.

Figure 4.2: Local mixed power production and consumption unit using in WDKPS model The Table 4.1 shows the Busbars, generators and loads data at 150kV network. They will be used for aggregating the coherent generators in chapter 5.4.

30

Table 4.1: Mixed power unit data for 150kV Busbars of WDKPS Location Abildskov Bredebro Bilstrup Endrup Ferslev Frstrup Hatting Herning Hornbk Idomlund Karlsgrde Kass Kingstrup Klim Knabberup Landerupgrd Loldrup Lykkegrd Malling Modelund Mosbk Nordjyllandsvrket Rev Ribe Endstedvrket Skrbkvrket Studstrupvrket Tange Tinghj Tjele Trige Vester Hassing Bus ADL BBR BIL END FER FRT HAT HER HNB IDU KAE KAS KIN KLM KNA LAG LOL LYK MAL MLU MOS NEV REV RIB SHE SKV SSV TAN TH TJE TRI VHA CHP WDG Nominal Rated Nominal Rated 9.42 8 1.18 1 37.65 32 148.24 126 43.53 37 125.89 107 43.53 37 45.89 39 11.77 10 29.42 25 22.36 19 50.59 43 67.06 57 30.59 26 142.36 121 70.59 60 49.42 42 94.12 80 95.3 81 387 327 138.84 118 211.78 180 247.07 34.13 45.9 78.83 10.6 62.36 56.49 264.73 21.18 210 29 39 67 9 53 48 225 18 235.32 51.77 85.9 97.66 3.53 20.01 31.77 142.36 235.32 35.3 200 44 73 83 3 17 27 121 200 30 Load Peak 132 77 103 61 28 57 163 159 33 249 233 599 8 164 243 50 197 76 132 329 41

163.54 17.65 76.5

139 15 65

72.95 45.89 168.25

62 39 143

177 38 356

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4.3.1 Modeling of local CHP unit

With the considering of the simplified WDKPS modeling, the local CHP unit represented by standardized synchronous generator model inside the DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The parameters of the generators are user defined. The significant effective parameters are synchronous reactance, inertia, transient time constant, transient reactance and so on. As the power network reduction research issue, all the generators can be simplified represented as the same basic generator type but with different nominal power and load flow demand. The nominal power data come from the size of the real aggregated generator at predefined location. The load flow dependents on the central operator for all local CHP unit. In this situation, the central CHP operator commission 70% of rated active power production for each of the local CHP unit, and require none reactive power from them. It indicates the local CHP unit import or export reactive without control, and it doesnt ability to control the Busbar voltage. The basic parameters of each local CHP generator type represent in the Table 4.2 below: Table 4.2: The generator type data in pu for modeling the local CHP unit Parameters Data 2 pu 2 pu 2 pu 2 pu 0.1 pu 6.66667 s 10 s

: The synchronous reactance in axis : The synchronous reactance in axis

: The transient reactance in axis : The transient reactance in axis

: The leakage reactance 0 : Transient time constant : Acceleration time constant

32

All the data defined as the per unit value. The SI values of each local CHP unit also dependent on the nominal apparent power. The local CHP unit data defined in the WDKPS model listed in the Table 4.1.

4.3.2 Modeling of local wind energy

The local wind energy also known as the distribution wind generators (DWG) inject in the 150kV Busbars considering in the present model. The wind speed variations doesnt taking into account in this project. Thus, the entire model represents a specific operation state. Under these assumptions, the DWG also modeled as the standardized synchronous generator model inside the DIgSILENT PowerFactory. Whereas it operated by a centre distribution model as 100% production. It is of cause a best assumption of the wind energy injection. Actually, the theory of modeling the local CHP and the local Wind energy are the same. However, it is worth to deal the two units separately for the better representation of the real power system. Also, the reduced result of the model will base on the equivalent mixed unit.

4.3.3 Modeling of consumption centre

The consumption centre represented as a general load model inside the DIgSILENT PowerFactory with constant active power commissioned the 100% rated situation and constant reactive power as none requirement. Those active power and reactive power are independent from the dynamic voltage behavior.

4.4 Modeling of conventional power plant

The conventional power plant of a power system is the centre unit which has to be 100% under control. They all have large capacity may be hundreds of MW and located in few points along the power system. So, it is difficult to find two conventional power plants operated coherently. Furthermore, the modeling of conventional power plant in the simplified model doesnt content its controller information. For the coherent based network reduction purpose, the conventional power plant defined as the slack element that remained in the reduced system.

4.5 Modeling of large wind farm

33

4.5.1 Aggregated model for a large wind farm

Modeling the large wind farm depends on the purpose of the investigation. In the investigation of power network reduction, the large wind farm can be represented as a reduced model. Because the attentive point is the response of the wind farm to a disturbance event occurring in the entire power system. In the WDKPS model, the large wind farm reduced as one wind turbine model. Because the result from the wind farm internal network that does no matter to the collective response of the wind farm can be neglected in this case.[24] The size of the offshore wind farms tend to above 100 MW. In this WDKPS model, there are two large scale offshore wind farm, Horns Rev I and Horns Rev II.Horns Rev I has 160MW capacity and Horns Rev II has 200MW capacity. Therefore, integration such amount of power has to be restricted by the Transmission system operator (TSO). The necessary voltage control and frequency control of such large scale offshore wind farm are also utilized for stable and reliable of the Danish transmission system. According to the grid, the active power shall be regulated upon a forecast desired power production or a required production under the desired value. Also, the wind farm shall be equipped with reactive power as more or less neutral value. However, with such amount of power produced and temporarily replacement of central power plant, the wind farm will be oblige to provide more ancillary system service. The reduced wind farm model can be represented as a synchronous generator modeling in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory 13.2. In the version 14.0, the wind turbine can be represented as a synchronous generator with an option wind generator. Because of this WDKPS model was a modified simplified model with 46 Busbars, the two large scaled offshore wind farms modeling on the same Busbar END 150, and they share the same generator type. The simplified model of large wind farm still shall achieve the required accuracy. Table 4.3: Main parameters using in modeling large off-shore wind farm in WDKPS Name of WF Connected Busbar Nominal Apparent Power Active Power set point Power Factor Horns Rev I END 150 220 MVA 160 MW 1 Horns Rev II END 150 220 MVA 200 MW 1

The two large scaled wind farms operated under the rated production in this model.

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4.5.2 Modeling of the ongoing offshore wind farm- Anholt

With the Danish Energy Agency agreement of 21 February 2008, it was decided to build largest offshore wind farm of Denmark at Djursland Anholt.[1] Anholt offshore wind farm will have an installed capacity of 400MW. Thus, it will twice larger than the resent largest offshore wind farm, Horns Rev2, 200MW capacity. It is appropriate to consider alternative technical solutions for design Anholt, and most importantly to take the external grid dynamic behavior into account. Various examined technical solutions for grid connection have been done by Energinet.dk, a TSO company of Denmark. The studies have shown that 400kV power station Trige is the optimal wind farm connection point to land. Because the surrounding power networks are sufficiently developed to consume production from offshore wind farm. Similarly, a large share of wind energy could be consumed locally in the rhus area or efficiently transferred to the other major centers in East Jutland. Anholt wind farm planned by Danish government, and it expected online in 2012. Until 2008, there are three alternative solutions recommended used in connection the wind farm to the 400kV transmission grid. There are: Two parallel 150kV cables connected to 400kV network through a single 400/150kV transformer. A 220kV cable connected to 400kV network through a separate 400/200kV transformer. A VSC-HVDC solution which created a special platform in the vicinity of offshore wind farm.

Figure 4.3: Sketch map of showing the location of Anholt wind farm integration point

35

In this thesis work, based on the WDKPS model in the condition in 2005, the Anholt will simulated as a new wind farm adding to the model. And, the wind farm will be performed as a synchronous generator. The generator parameter given in the table below: Table 4.4: The synchronous generator parameter for simulating Anholt offshore wind farm Generator name Rated MVA Rated Voltage Power factor Type Anholt 400MVA 400kV 0 Offshore Farm 2 pu 2 pu 2 pu 2 pu 0.1 pu 6.66667 s 10 s

Wind

For entire WDKPS steady state and transient stability study, there are several reasons why the Anholt offshore wind farm can be simulated as a single generator.

36

5 TIME DOMAIN SIMULATION OF WDKPS

5.1 Predefined short circuit event
Various fault events can be introduced to the transient stability study. Furthermore, it also dependents on the critical fault clearing time. Because of the symmetrical network representation, the basic simulation function only allows the insertion of symmetrical fault. In this case, the symmetrical short circuit event will perform at t=0.0s and clear at t=0.1s according to the time axis built in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory starting from 0.1. The location was at 150 kV Busbar Trige where the tested new large scale offshore wind farm will be integrated. The algorithm of predefine the short circuit and short circuit clear events shows in the flow chart below. With input a Busbar number, the location of the short circuit event can be automatically selected. It is worth to mention that the default general selection of a DPL script only contents the element object. Thus, a general set selection for short circuit event objects have to be made before perform the script.

37

Input short circuit Busbar N0 N=0 First Busbar oBus Next Busbar N+=1

No

N=N0? Yes Break

Record Busbar as the short circuit location object

Figure 5.1: The flow chart of predefine the short circuit even in WDKPS After execute the script, in the upcoming dialogue of the selection fault location a number represented a Busbar was required. For example, No.42 indicates 150 kV Busbar Trige.

Figure 5.2: Fault location selected dialog

38

Then, by kick OK, all the short circuit and short circuit clear event have been set up. A look up table of corresponding Busbar name and number were list below. Because of DPL doesnt support to find object by a variable string letter, every object picked up by their order number in the data manager. This object selection method will be used across all the scripts in this project. The most critical thing when extent this script to other power network system model is the object identification compatibility. Figure 5.3: Look up table corresponding Busbar name and number.
Busbar ADL 150 BBR 150 BIL 150 END 150 END 400 FER 150 FER 400 FRT 150 HAT 150 HER 150 HNB 150 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Busbar IDU 150 IDU 400 KAE 150 KAS 150 KAS 400 KIN 150 KIN 400 KLM 150 KNA 150 LAG 150 LAG 400 No. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Busbar LOL 150 LYK 150 MAL 150 MAL 400 MLU 150 MOS 150 NEV 150 NEV 400 REV 400 RIB 150 SHE 150 No. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Busbar SKV 150 SKV 400 SSV 150 SSV 400 TAN 150 TH 150 TJE 150 TJE 400 TRI 150 TRI 400 TYSK VHA 400 No. 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Apparently, for different fault location, the relevant results will be different. Then, the correlation generator group will be found differently. The final network reduction grid firstly depends on the fault location selection. So, it is convenient to use a function when the option fault location selected.

5.2 Set up Time domain simulation

5.2.1 Set up calculation of initial condition

As a preparatory work, before the running the time domain simulation, the initial condition shall be set up and calculated. The correct setting up is very important for the follow up simulations in order to observe the right phenomena in the result. So, some setting of this step should be declared. The power network will under balanced network condition, so the basic function of symmetrical steady state (RMS) has been selected suit for the calculation of initial condition. The balanced RMS simulation function considers dynamic in

39

electromechanical, control and thermal device. In this case, the dynamic behavior in electromechanical was the attention point. If the required operation status allows fulfill the initial condition, the power system will be in steady state conditions. In this calculation, the Verify Initial Condition is enabled. Then, the convergence load flow condition is check for state variables. In this case, the initial condition have been used the fixed step size for the simulation by deactivate the Automatic Step Size Adaption in basic options. At the same time, some parameters for electromechanical transient (RMS) has to be set. Firstly, the start time of the simulation can be set. This point of time is typically negative,-0.1 as the software start condition, and the event to be analyzed can take place at t=0s. The integration step size for electromechanical transient is typical 0.01 second. And, the Output time is typical equals to the electromechanical transient. For the RMS simulation, the minimum time step should always be smaller than the time constants in the system.

5.2.2 Result object

During the RMS simulation, the signal variable is changing in time domain. In this case, the rotor angle of each generator is the concerned variable need to be selected as the result object. Then, the data analysis of the result object can be performed. In this case, one of a generator on each Busbar has been selected. Because of the rotor angle is a signal parameter that only can be selected after perform a calculation of initial condition. Then, after perform a calculation of run simulation, the result object contents a fulfilled matrix. The role of the matrix is the time scale and the columns indicate each generator. According to this thesis project, the result object was selected manually. The matrix of the result object will be change as the fault location and size. The matrix will be used in the coherent generator identification step.

5.2.3 Run a simulation

When the short circuit event and the result object have been set up, and the initial condition has been calculated without warning, the calculation of run a simulation can be performed. The simulation will start from -0.1s as the default starting time and finish by a predefined stop time. In this project, the stop time is 10s which at least five cycle of swing curve can be viewed. Also, there is a option that user can stop the simulation in the middle manually.

40

5.3 Identify coherent generator group

In this thesis work, a systematization method for identify coherent generators in a power network system has been developed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using DPL (DIgSILENT Programming Language). With a predefined fault and each generators rotor angle change, the coherent generators could be found classed by a predefined correlation coefficient rank. The correlation coefficient is the most important thing to identify coherent group. And, the correlation coefficient indicates the strength and the direction of a linear relationship between two series variables. Higher value of the correlation coefficient rank that predefined by user less generators will be found in one coherent group. In probability theory and statistics, there are several coefficients for measuring correlation adapted different kinds of data. The wide used one is the Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient which is gained by dividing the covariance of the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. The correlation coefficient , for , series of data defined as: , = (, )

(5.1)

The result obtain from software is often a sample. So the data , can be written as a series of , . The correlation coefficient can be estimated as sample correlation coefficient. As the condition of this estimate, the two series of the data are in the same and finite size .The equation of the sample correlation coefficient is: = 2 ( )2 2 ( )2

(5.2)

Where,

= =

= 41

 2 = The correlation coefficient value turns out that always between -1.0 and +1.0. The coefficient close to +1.0 indicated the two series variables curves are in the similar form and same direction. Contrarily, the coefficient close to -1.0 indicated the two curves are in the similar form but totally opposite direction. The coefficient close to 0 indicated nothing similar between two series of variables. All the theory shown so far is how to compute a correlation between two variables. In most studies it has considerably more than two variables. In this project, there are 30 150kV Busbar which content 26 units of generator as the original system. And, the relationships among all of them need to be estimated between all possible pairs of variables. Thus, each of two generators rotor angle variables recorded in 2 seconds simulation time have been compared. Therefore a correlation coefficient matrix has been calculated. A correlation matrix is always a symmetric matrix with the diagonal consists of one. Because of the variable is always perfectly correlated with itself. For series of variables, there is a formula to calculate how many possible correlation coefficients will be obtained. ( 1) 2

2 =

(5.3)

In this case, there are 26 CHP generators need to be measured. And therefore, 325 correlation coefficients need to be analyzed.

42

Load result data matrix

Define Column interval i start with 1

First column

First column+i

First row

First row

Data x

Data y

Next row

Acc X+=x; Y+=y; XX+=x*x; YY+=y*y; XY+=x*y

Next row

i+1 Next column

No

Last row? Yes Calculate correlation coefficient r of two columns R> criterion cl? Yes Record No. of current column & column+i

No Next column

No

No

No

Last column? Yes Maximum interval? Yes Print coherent Group

No

Figure 5.4: The flow chart of identify the coherent group for WDKPS model 43

In the flow chart, the input data is the result element predefined in the study case folder. The contents of the result element are 26 series of rotor angle changing with time. When facing the same predefined fault and running a 10 seconds simulation in time domain, the rotor angles in each generator will response differently. However, according to coherent generator theory, the two rotor angle curves with high correlation coefficient are recognized as two coherent generators. Then, several generators which all have high correlation coefficient of each of other are in the coherent group. With this theory, the first thing is to calculate all possibility correlation between each pairs of generators. In this script, the method is selecting two generator data in the same time. The first generator data is sweep from the first column of data to the last column. In the same time, the second generator data is a column after the first generator with an interval. After a round sweep of first generator, the interval increase one. With this method all 325 possible correlation will be found. Also, in the internal loop, the data will be sweep from first row to the last row, and accumulate the , for the final calculation. Each of correlation coefficient will compare to a criteria correlation rank. If the correlation coefficient value higher than the criteria, the two generators are coherent and need to be recorded. In other side, if not, it will not record and go to next condition. At last, the coherent group for the specific fault bus as the internal system will be found and shown in the table. Table 5.1: List of coherent group of WDKPS Reference Machines TJE Generator Groups 1 ADL BIL FER LOL MOS TAN END IDU 2 END HER KAE LYK RIB 3 FRT IDU KLM NEV LAG TRI 4 KAN LAG SKV SHE 5 HNB MLU TRI MAL SSV

There two methods for identify the coherent generators in a group. One is each of the generators have the correlation coefficient higher than the criteria can be recognized as a group. The other method is selecting a reference machine, the generator with high correlation coefficient with the reference machine recognized as in this group. The key point of the second method is identifying the reference machine in order to make each reference machines independent with each other.

44

In fact, the first method is a systemization method can be better used in power network which contents thousand Busbar. In this project, the object is a 45 Busbar system. So, it will also consider some other conditions to reduce the system Busbar maximum. For example, the 150kV Busbar which connected to 400kV Busbar with 150/400kV transformer is primarily considered as the reference Busbar. Because of the transform is not involved in this reduction process. Moreover, the Busbar which is defined as the slack Busbar will also be consider as the reference machine. In this project, the two methods all have been used in order to gain the maximum number of reduced Busbar.

5.4 Aggregate coherent generators

In this thesis work, a systematization method for aggregate coherent generators and automatically create equivalent generator on the selected Busbar has been studied and performed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using DPL (DIgSILENT Programming Language). Once the equivalent generators are inserted into the system, the generators in the associated coherent groups are terminated in the same time. The motivation of separated the aggregated process with the identified coherent generators process is that the two process have independent functions. In some cases, multiple methods needed be used in coherent identification process even the artificial method may be used at last. Moreover, it is easy to check the correctness of the coherent generator identification results.

45

First Group Enter Group Info Calculate equivalent G parameters Next Group Disable original G in Group Create new G unit for Group

Yes

Is there any more group? No Break

Finish Aggregate process

Figure 5.5: Outer loop of aggregate coherent generator The whole script will be explained in three parts. The first part is the external loop sweep by groups. When execute the DPL script, it default that at least one coherent group serial number and its members serial number have to be input. The general idea of this script is ask input coherent group information with using a popup dialog window. Because DPL only has the dialog window input as number, all the Busbar definition will convert to a serial number. The look up table from Busbar name to serial number is given below: Table 5.2: Busbarss Number look up table for aggregate script
No. Busbar No. Busbar No. Busbar

46

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ADL 150 BBR 150 BIL 150 END 150 FER 150 FRT 150 HAT 150 HER 150 HNB 150 IDU 150

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

KAE 150 KAS 150 KIN 150 KLM 150 KNA 150 LAG 150 LOL 150 LYK 150 MAL 150 MLU 150

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

MOS 150 NEV 150 RIB 150 SHE 150 SKV 150 SSV 150 TAN 150 TH 150 TJE 150 TRI 150

The practice process is with executing the script, the first popup window will ask which group the user would like to select. In this case, with the result from coherent group identification process, the available serial number is 1 to 5. Then, the serial number of Busbar in this group will be asked. Take Group 1 as an example, a serial number 1, 3, 5, 17, 21, 27, 29 need to be input. In this script, the maximum Busbar in one group is seven. When another group contents Busbar less than seven the rest blanks will be filled in with zero. Furthermore, which Busbar that the created generators will connect with also be asked. For Group 1, it is 29 which indicate TJE150. After input the groups information, there are two other parts of script executed one by one. Part one is calculating the parameters for the equivalent generators. This part will not modify the original power system model. Then the script will create an equivalent CHP generator and an equivalent Wind generator named with group name. And, it will connect the generator unit to the selected equivalent Busbar. In the same time, because of the equivalent generators represent the original generators on the Busbar which in the group, the original generators need to be disabled. Then equivalent generator unit replace the original generators. At this time, the aggregate action for single group has been finished. At last, it will pop up a dialog window ask if the user would like to continue aggregate the next group. 1=Yes and 0=No. So, it is possible for user aggregate all coherent groups once. Also, user could test one of group result. As the second part, in the process of calculating the parameters of the equivalent generators, the inertia, damping coefficient and transient admittance are the main parameters that need to be sum up. In DIgSILENT PowerFactory model, the generator type was defined in the same per unit scaled parameters with different nominal power. So the equivalent generator type has the summary of nominal power of each generator in the group. Also, the rated power for the equivalent generator is the summary of each generator in the group.

47

So, the first thing is to pick up the generators in the group and make a filter. Then accumulate the rated power and the nominal power.

Define Aggregated Group

First CHP Generator Next CHP G No Is CHP G in Group? Yes

First Wind Generator Next Wind G Is Wind G in Group? Yes No

Acc No Last CHP G? Yes

Acc

Acc Last Wind G? Yes No

Acc

Record Equivalent CHP G & Wind G parameters

Figure 5.6: First inner loop for calculate the equivalent generators The result of this function is to obtain the equivalent rated power and nominal power, and prepare for using the next step. In the third part, there are two input act as the initial condition. It needs user to fill in a desired Busbar that the equivalent generator will be connected. Also, the result from the second part will be the other initial condition of this part.

48

Define Equivalent Busbar

Record Equivalent CHP G & Wind G parameters

Is there exist equivalent element?

Yes Delete all equivalent elements created before

Create Equivalent CHP G & Wind G for the Group Create Cubic on the equivalent Busbar Connect the Equivalent G unit Edit G parameters

End

Figure 5.7: Second inner loop for Create the new generators The DPL provide a command can create element in the selected folder. However, the new element will not draw in the graphic. If user needs to draw the element in the

49

graphic, it could only be performed manually by the function: Draw exist element. In order to connect the new generator to the desired Busbar, a new cubic on the Busbar also need to be created. Then select the cubic as an object and fill it in the generators terminal parameters. The new generator has been successful connected. By edit all relevant parameters of the generators, the equivalent generator has been obtained. It is worth to mention that the created command of DPL will create new element every time which means if test the script several times, it may create several redundant copy element. Thus, it is necessary to search if the element is already existed. If yes, it needs to delete the element created last time before create a new element this time.

5.5 Aggregate Busbars

After aggregate coherent generators, some Busbar that only remain load and transmission line connected between needed to be reduced. Similar with aggregation of generators, the new equivalent impedance are inserted into the system between the remained Busbars, the cables, lines, loads as well as the reduced Busbars in the associated coherent groups are removed in the same time. In DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0 and 13.2, the reduction function testing shown that the reduced system only remain the power flow characteristics. The result proved the specification of DIgSILENT, the reduction module can be used in steady state study. However, in 14.0, the reduced result was equivalent impedances and loads. Thus, if the external system where have been reduced only contents constant impedance elements like constant load and cables, the reduction result will also valid in the dynamic studies. The theory has been test in this project, and a manual procedure also given before. The Busbar reduction algorithm flow chart for the WDKPS model is given below.

50

Define Groups

First Busbar Next Busbar Busbar pending reduced? Yes Define Boundary First Cable connected on Busbar Select the other side cubic on the cable as the boundary

No

Next Cable

Last Cable? Yes Set up Reduction Command Execute Reduction Command Last Busbar? Yes Finishing reduce Busbar

No

No

Figure 5.8: The flow chart of Busbars aggregation

51

This script is executed with the condition that the pending reduced Busbar doesnt contents anything but line. Firstly, the pop up dialog will ask to input the pending reduced Busbar. In this process, it is required input the Busbar Number in reverse order. It means input No.30 back to No.1. Because the theory behind this script is searching the elements with its class name and order. And, the Network Reduction Function will delete the elements in the external system. Then, in each loop, delete element will break the order in the class. As long as using the reverse order, the Busbar Number at back will not break the order of the front Busbar Number. Then, the key point of this process is set up the boundary element of the selected Busbar. The boundary element is a new function of DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0.

Figure 5.9: Boundary definition of the WDKPS model Take the No.29 Busbar TAN 150 as the example. The area within the red line is the desired external system to be reduced. The boundary for this kind of system spilt defined as the four cubic pointing with arrowhead. In order to select the cubic, the line type elements have been found. Then, script records all the other side of the line elements. Furthermore, because of as the Network Reduction execute one by one, it is not only the line type elements need to been get but also the equivalent impedance need to been considered. Thus, when all Busbars haven been deleted, the network system is the final reduced model. For the set up reduction command step, the output form will be selected as reduce network without create a new variation. This is because other options cant achieve the requirement. But, this option will bring a risk that the reduced system cant go back to the original system. So, it is highly recommend copy the variation or the whole project before execute the script. 52

5.6 Reduction result evaluation

After the pervious step from 5.1 to 5.5, the 28 Busbars reduced system has been obtained from the original 45 Busbars WDKPS. The reduce rate is approximate at 38%. And, remained part mainly contents the 400kV Busbars and the 150kV Busbars which connect with transformers. The result layout is given in Appendix B. 2. Following the procedure of network reduction technique explained in 2.3.7, the evaluation result is shown as Figure 5.10:

Figure 5.10: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator (38% reduction rate) The two curves are measured signal of the Anholt equivalent generator rotor angle curve as a function of time. The simulation time is shown 10 seconds. The red curve is the result from the original full order WDKPS, while the green curve is from the reduced system. The correlation coefficient between the two curves is 0.995203 which indicated a highly correlation relation. According to the acceptable relation and size of the equivalent system, the reduced system can represent the original system in this particular operation condition.

53

Figure 5.11: Terminal voltage measured in per unit for Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator As the same result from Figure 5.10, Figure 5.11 shows the terminal voltage simulation in time domain with a three phase short circuit fault. The green curve represents the result from original system and the red curve is obtained from the reduced system. The result shows they have highly correlation relation. It is also proved the reduced system successful represent the original system. As discussed in the previous chapter, the coherent generator groups will be found based on the selection of correlation level. Obviously, when the correlation level was high, fewer generators identified as coherent. Consequently, the reduced part will be limited. However, when the correlation level was low, more generators will be found as coherent. Generally, higher reduced rate will make the reduced system less similar the original system. But, the reduced rate and degree of two systems consistency werent follow linear relation. Because of the advantage of having the local CHP generation, local Wind generation and local consumption unit in the power system, the simplified 45 Busbars WDKPS model have very high coherency between those units. When the correlation level is defined higher than 0.98, nearly all the generators identified as coherent generator. So we tested start with 0.999 and decrease with a step 0.001 to see the coherent group result. Finally, it got the present result. 54

6 EXTRA RESULT
In the main part of this thesis, a coherent power network reduction technique has been introduced in detail and implemented in WDKPS. The important characteristic of WDKPS is that it has two voltage level transmission grid. And, each voltage level has completed transmission loop. Hence, the first constrain condition of the simulation work is the Busbar which connected with 400/150kV transformer as the default remained part. Under this assumption, the maximum number of Busbar that can be reduced is 17. This 17 Busbars are neither connected with transformers nor included slack elements. The coherent equivalent technique can reduced the 17 Busbars with high correlation relation with the original system. However, the negative effect of the default remained Busbars assumption is the reduced rate is low. With the maximum number of Busbars can be reduced, the reduced rate is approximate 38%. And, the method that identified coherent generator with correlation level cant be fully validated. In this case, all the selected correlation level will obtain similar high accuracy up to 0.99 or even higher. Because up on a large power system, when the reduced rated was very low, all different low reduced rates will obtain similar high accuracy. However, when across a certain correlation level boundary, with the same step of increasing the reduced rate, the accuracy will extremely decrease to zero. The boundary condition is the optimum reduction state of the original system which is not only remains the high accuracy of the original system but also has high reduction rate. So, because of this two voltage level power network, how to reduce the transformer is became a critical issue. For this simplified WDKPS model, take the advantage of using per unit calculation, it is also possible to translate the 150kV power network system into the 400kV system. It is because the EMTP software simulated the transformer as the ideal transformer with various impedances and a phase shift. These transformers characteristics can be simulated and replaced by the standardized common impedances element in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The procedures of translating the 150kV network to 400kV network are shown below: 1. Creating new common impedance replace the 400/150kV with the same nominal power, nominal phase shift, positive-sequence and zero-sequence impedances. 55

2. Change the line-to-line voltage of the 150kV Busbar the same with the 400kV Busbar to make the two areas using a uniform base value. 3. Change all base values of the generators and loads on 150kV Busbar. 4. Modify positive-sequence impedance, zero-sequence impedance as well as the relevant capacitance of the transmission lines in 150kV network. After those operations list above, the swing curve of internal system has tiny errors of accuracy that acceptable. The errors may come from elements parameter modification deviations brought by base value calculation. If respecting this single voltage system as the original system, taking the same network reduction procedures discussed in chapter 5, the reduction rate will be improved. The result shows there are 32 Busbars can be eliminated by the method of coherent identification. It bring on the reduction rate is 71%. The swing curve show in Figure 6.1:

Figure 6.1: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator (71% reduction rate)

56

By exporting the rotor angle data both for the original system and for the reduced system, the data analyses result shows that the correlation coefficient is 0.963677. Whereas, there are some error introduced to the magnitude and the start point of the swing curve. The correlation coefficient between the swing curves of the original system and the reduced system is one of the methods for measuring whether a network reduction is successful. However, it is not the unique criterion of weigh the reduction result. High reduction rate will introduce low accuracy of equivalency. The requirement of the accuracy for power system reduction work will depends on the category of the research issue. The 71% reduction rate reduction model for equivalent the simplified WDKPS model gives another solution of the reduction work.

57

7 CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Summary
In this thesis work, the implementation of the coherent based power network reduction for WDKPS model is carried out by performing of RMS dynamic time domain simulation using the power system analysis tool: DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The primary test for the Network Reduction module in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory is verified based on the nine-bus system. The result proves that the Network Reduction module can only valid for the steady state calculation. However, when the predefined reduced part only contents steady elements, the behavior after perform Network Reduction model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory version 14.0 will not break the original dynamic characteristics. Contrary, the module in version 13.2 or earlier versions which only have voltage sources as its equivalent result break the original dynamic characteristics no matter which part is the reduced part. The modeling verification is then extended to the entire WDKPS considering local production, local consumption, conventional power plant, large off-shore wind farm and other relevant connection facilities. Large wind farm integration point is the significant interaction boundary between entire power system and wind farm that has to be researched in detail. In order to ensure integrate a new facility to power system in security, several tests have to be made before. And, the large disturbance transient stability responds is one of the important studies. A systemized coherent based network reduction method has been introduced in this report. The guidance of implement the network reduction procedure explained step by step. Each step is represented by a general DPL script which not only suitable for the simplified WDKPS model but also can be used in other network. The script speeds up the whole process of reduction work and makes the variable internal system selection possible. By comparing the similarity of the swing curve of the researched generator between the original system and the reduced system, the reduction method and implementation have been verified correct.

58

7.2 Future Work

This master thesis has introduced three basic network reduction techniques and implemented one of them in a real model. The preliminary restrictive condition is only 17 Busbars can be eliminated. The network reduction work has achieved this goal with high accuracy comparing to the original system. There is no numerical criterion for evaluation the network reduction result at present literatures. It is hard to classify the reduction degree and evaluation accuracy because of different original system object. However, the approximate 30%-50% network reduction rate and the synchronous swing curve are indicated in most of present literatures with a network reduction practice in a real power system model. For the quality and security network reduction, investigation of the numerical criterion for evaluation the network reduction result is proposed. This future work will involved amount of different kinds of power system reduction test with different reduction rate. In addition, a further reduction has been carried out based on reduced the transformers in the power system in chapter 6. So, the network reduction also affect by the preliminary restrictive conditions. How to define the centre elements that will be restrictive remain in the system became to another issue. In chapter 5, the restrictive remain part contents the centre conventional power plant, transformers and the connection to the outside country. The definitions limit by the simplified WDKPS model which does contents control elements and other detail information of the physical power system. Moreover, the further reduction work considering the transformer has been carried out. Also the criterion of definition of the restrictive remain element various in different cases. The aim of network reduction is serving different kinds of tests on the network reduction. So, the network reduction result evaluation is recommend investigated based on the class of the test. The systemized network reduction procedures developed in this thesis project will be a useful tool for studies of the large number of network reduction work.

59

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]. ELINFRASTRUKTURUDVALGET (2008): Technical report on the future expansion and undergrounding of the electricity transmission grid, summary. Denmark. [2]. N. Watson and J. Arrillaga: Power Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation. [3]. P. Sowa: Representation of Power System for Electromagnetic Transient Calculation. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 30, July 2008. [4]. Lou van der Sluis: Transient in Power System. John Wiley & Sons, LTD. [5]. M. A. Laughton, D. J. Warne: Electrical Engineers Reference Book. Sixteenth edition. [6]. Prabha Kundur, John Paserbam, Venkat Ajjarapu and so on: Definition and Classification of Power System Stability. IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 19, No. 2, May 2004. [7]. V. Akhmatov and A. Hejde Nielsen: A Small Test Model of the Transmission Grid with a Large Offshore Wind Farm for Education and Research at Technical University of Denmark. Power System Conference and Exposition, 2006. PSCE apos; 06. 2006 IEEE PES volum, Issue, Oct. 29 2006-Nov. 1, 2006 Page(s): 650-654. [8]. P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad: Power System Control and Stability, Vol. 1, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA, 1977. [9]. Hermann W. Dommel: Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in Single-and Multiphase Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-88, No. 4, April 1969. [10]. de Oliveira S E M, de Queiroz J F: Modal dynamic rquivalent for electric power systems. I, II. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1988, 3(4): 1723-1737. [11]. T. L. Baldwin, Lamine Mili, Arun G. Phadke: Dynamic Ward Equivalent for Transient Stability Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 1994. [12]. Brend R. Oswald, Markus A. Pller: Modeling Power System with General Difference Equations-A Systematic Formulation. DIgSILENT technical paper.

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[13]. Jochen Alber, Markus A. Pller: Observability of power systems based on fast pseudorank calculation of sparse seneitivity matrices. DIgSILENT technical paper. [14]. M. L. Ourari, L. A. Dessaint, V. Q. Do: Generating Units Aggregation for Dynamic Equivalent of Large IEEE Power System. Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004. [15]. Luigi Vanfretti: Notions of Phasor Measurement-Based Power System Model Reduction of Large Power Systems. AThesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE, New York July 2007. [16]. Neriman, Erkan ATMACA: A Correlation Based Approach for Power Network Reduction. [17]. H. Kim, G. Jand, K. Song: Dynamic Reduction of the Large-Scale Power System Using Relation Factor. IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 19, No. 3, August 2004. [18]. YANG Jing-ping, XU Zheng: Application of dynamic Equivalence Based on Identification of Coherent Generator Group in Engineering. Power System Technology, Vol. 29 No. 17, September 2005. [19]. ZHAO Liang, LI Bei, BU Guang-quan, CHEN Zhi-gang, ZHONG Jie-feng: Study on Dynamic Equivalence of 800kV DC Transmission System from Yunnan to Guangdong. Power System Technology, Vol. 30 No. 16, August 2006. [20]. AKIRA TAKIMOTO: Power System Dynamic Equivalence Based on a New Model Reduction Technique. Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 114 No. 7, 1994. [21]. E. Atmaca, N. Serifoglu: A rank corrrlation-based method for power network reduction. Electrical Engineering 85 (2003) Page(s): 211-218. [22]. Sung-Kwan Joo, Chen-Ching Liu, Jong-Woong Choe: Enhancement of Coherency Identification Techniques for Power System Dynamic Equivalents. [23]. Lee, S.T. Y.; Schweppe, F. C.: Distance Measures and Coherency Recognition for Transient Stability Equivalents. IEEE Power apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-92, September 1973, Page(s): 1550-1557. [24]. Vladislav Akhmatov: Analysis of Dynamic Behaviour of Electric Power Systems with Large Amount of Wind Power. phD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, April 2003. [25]. Nicola Barberis Negra: Offshore Wind Power: Grid Connection and Reliability. phD thesis, Ferdericia August 2008. [26]. Bo Eliasson: Damping of Power Oscillations in Large Power Systems. phD thesis, Lund, 1990. 61

[27]. PowerFactory Manual DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL). DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 13.1. DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany, 2005. [28]. Manual DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 13.1. DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany. [29]. Manual DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 14.0. DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany, 2009.

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A. APPENDIX MODELING NINE-BUS SYSTEM IN DIGSILENT POWERFACOTRY

A. 1

IEEE 9 bus bars system

The classical model of the nine-bus system contents three generators and three load.

Figure A.1: Nine-bus system model layout in DIgSILENT Power factory

63

Table A.1: Generator Data of nine-bus system (100MVA base) Generator Rated MVA kV Power factor Type Speed Xd Xd Xq Xq Xl Td0 Tq0 Stored energy at rated speed 1 247.5 16.5 1.0 hydro 180r/min 0.1460 0.0608 0.0969 0.0969 0.0336 8.96 0 2346 MW.s 2 192.0 18 0.85 steam 3600r/min 0.8958 0.1198 0.8645 0.1969 0.0521 6.00 0.535 640 MW.s 3 128.0 13.8 0.85 steam 3600r/min 1.3125 0.1813 1.2578 0.25 0.0742 5.89 0.600 301 MW.s

Table A.2: Preliminary calculation of nine-bus system (100MVA base) Bus no. Generator No.1 No.2 No.3 Transmission lines L1 L6 L2 L5 L3 L4 Shunt admittances Load A Load B Load C 1-4 2-7 3-9 4-5 4-6 5-7 6-9 7-8 8-9 5-0 6-0 8-0 4-0 7-0 9-0 Impedance R 0 0 0 0.0100 0.0170 0.0320 0.0390 0.0085 0.0119 X 0.1184 0.1823 0.2399 0.0850 0.0920 0.1610 0.1700 0.0720 0.1008 G 0 0 0 1.3652 1.9422 1.1876 1.2820 1.6171 1.1551 1.2610 0.8777 0.9690 Admittance B -8.4459 -5.4855 -4.1684 -11.6041 -10.5107 -5.9751 -5.5882 -13.6980 -9.7843 -0.2643 -0.0346 -0.1601 0.1670 0.2275 0.2835

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A. 2

Reduce No.2 generator for nine-bus system (Case 1)

Table A.3: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name Sn bus1 bus2 iequalz r_pu x_pu Description Nominal power (MVA) Terminal i Terminal j Not use equal impedances Positive sequence impedance i-j (Real part) Positive sequence impedance i-j (Imaginary part) r_pu_ji 0.05778598 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Real part) x_pu_ji 0.2256919 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Imaginary part) Use Impedance Z2=Z1 Iz2eqz1 1 1 Use same impedance as for Load flow iZshc Value 100 B5 B8 0 0.0574064 0.2257371

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A.2.1 Using Load Equivalent

Figure A.2: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Load Equivalent

Table A.4: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name loc_name bus1 plini qlini Value eqLod-0 B5 -47.94591 -13.14794 Value eqLod-1 B8 -113.0409 -11.82888 Description Equivalent Load Element name Terminal i Active power operating point (MW) Reactive power operating point (Mvar)

66

A.2.2 Using Ward Equivalent

Figure A.3: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Ward Equivalent

Table A.5: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name Value loc_name eqVac_WD0 B5 bus1 2 itype Pgen Qgen Pzload Qzload 18.99875 38.04273 -29.20178 25.11376 Value eqVac_WD1 B8 2 66.74919 216.9047 -44.85556 198.7136 Description Voltage source name Terminal i AC Voltage Source type as Equivalent Generated power (MW) Generated power (Mvar) Constant Load Impedance (MW) Constant Load Impedance (Mvar)

Ward

67

A.2.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent

Figure A.4: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Extended Ward Equivalent

Table A.6: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name Value loc_name eqVac_EW0 B5 bus1 3 itype Pgen Qgen Pzload Qzload usetp Rext Xext 18.9988 13.14794 -29.20172 0 0.9956309 0 1053.203 Value eqVac_EW1 B8 3 66.74917 11.82888 -44.85558 0 1.015882 0 133.1062 Description Voltage source name Terminal i AC Voltage Source type as Extended Ward Equivalent Generated power (MW) Generated power (Mvar) Constant Load Impedance (MW) Constant Load Impedance (Mvar) Extended Ward Voltage Magnitude (pu) Extended Ward Resistance (Ohm) Extended Ward Reactance (Ohm)

68

A. 3

Reduce Load C for nine-bus system (Case 2)

Table A.7: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name Sn bus1 bus2 iequalz r_pu x_pu Description Nominal power (MVA) Terminal i Terminal j Not use equal impedances Positive sequence impedance i-j (Real part) Positive sequence impedance i-j (Imaginary part) r_pu_ji 0.01359292 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Real part) x_pu_ji 0.1753686 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Imaginary part) Use Impedance Z2=Z1 Iz2eqz1 1 1 Use same impedance as for Load flow iZshc Value 100 B9 B7 0 0.01385139 0.1757749

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A.3.1 Using Load Equivalent

Figure A.5: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Load Equivalent

Table A.8: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name Value Value loc_name eqLod-0(2) eqLod1(2) B9 B7 bus1 42.17408 58.2931 plini qlini -2.446525 4.173102 Description Equivalent Load Element name Terminal i Active power operating point (MW) Reactive power operating point (Mvar)

70

A.3.2 Using Ward Equivalent

Figure A.6: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Ward Equivalent

Table A.9: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name loc_name bus1 itype Pgen Qgen Pzload Qzload Value eqVac-0 B9 2 -17.94325 -7.165738 22.73589 -9.019226 Value eqVac-1 B7 2 -33.80866 -15.96313 23.2697 -11.20509 Description Voltage source name Terminal i AC Voltage Source type as Equivalent Generated power (MW) Generated power (Mvar) Constant Load Impedance (MW) Constant Load Impedance (Mvar)

Ward

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A.3.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent

Figure A.7: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Extended Ward Equivalent

Table A.10: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function Name loc_name bus1 itype Pgen Qgen Pzload Qzload usetp Rext Xext Value eqVac-0(1) B9 3 -17.94324 2.446525 22.7359 0 1.032353 0 -2932.622 Value eqVac-1(0) B7 3 -33.80867 -4.173102 23.26969 0 1.025769 0 -2360.536 Description Voltage source name Terminal i AC Voltage Source type as Extended Ward Equivalent Generated power (MW) Generated power (Mvar) Constant Load Impedance (MW) Constant Load Impedance (Mvar) Extended Ward Voltage Magnitude (pu) Extended Ward Resistance (Ohm) Extended Ward Reactance (Ohm)

72

B.

APPENDIX WDKPS SIMULATION

B. 1 Original system model

Figure B.1: Original 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

73

Figure B.2: Original 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

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B. 2 Reduced system model

Figure B.3: Reduced 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

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Figure B.4: Reduced 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

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B. 3 DPL script

B.3.1 Fault definition

DPL Command Name: Fault definition
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

set S, sBus; object oEvent, oBus; int N0, N; ClearOutput(); S=SEL.All(); sBus=AllRelevant('*.ElmTerm'); input(N0,'Select fault location Example:43=TRI 150'); N=0; for(oBus=S1.First();oBus;oBus=S1.Next()){ N+=1; if(N=N0) {break;} continue;} oShort=S.First(); oShort:i_shc=0; ! Fault Type : 0=3-Phase SC ; 4=Clear SC oShort:time=0; ! Start time (s) oShort:outserv=0; ! 0=Enable ; 1= Out of Service. oShort:p_target=oBus; ! Fault Location oShort:loc_name='Fault'; ! Name the fault oShort=S.Next(); oShort:i_shc=4; oShort:time=0.1; oShort:outserv=0; oShort:p_target=oBus; oShort:loc_name='Fault Clear';

77

B.3.2 Identify coherent generator group

DPL Command: Identify coherent group Input parameters: double cl=0.9985 (The correlation coefficient rank) External object: Res: Result of All calculation (26 generators rotor angle data curve in time domain)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

object obj; double x,y,X,Y,XY,XX,YY,r; int Nvar, Nval, n, ix, iy,i; string str,st,s; LoadResData(res); Nvar = ResNvars(res); Nval = ResNval(res,0); for (i=0;i<Nvar;i+=1) { st=sprintf('%d:',i); for (iy=i+1;iy<Nvar;iy+=1){ X=0;Y=0;XX=0;YY=0;XY=0; for (ix=0;ix<Nval;ix+=1){ GetResData(x,res,ix,i); GetResData(y,res,ix,iy); X+=x;Y+=y;XY+=x*y;XX+=x*x;YY+=y*y; } r=(Nval*XY-X*Y)/(sqrt(Nval*XX-X*X)*sqrt(Nval*YY-Y*Y)); if(r>cl.and.{.not.i=iy}){ st=sprintf('%s %d',st,iy); } } str = sprintf('%s\n %s',s,st); s=str;} printf('%s',str); printf('Nvar=%d Nval=%d',Nvar, Nval);

C:\Documents and Settings\NanQin\\M.docx

B.3.3 Aggregate coherent groups

DPL Command Name: Aggregate coherent generators External object: Grid: The grid folder (Transmission system)

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16.

17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Lib: The library folder set S, SZC, SZW, ST, SC,sCub,sTE; object oCHP, oWind, oBus, o, oCHP_Type, oWind_Type, oAgg,oCub,oTE; int n, m,mm,mmm,nn,a,b,c,A,B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,G,E; double CHP_rp,Wind_rp, CHP_np, Wind_np; SZC=AllRelevant('Z C*.ElmSym'); ! Filter all local CHP generators. SZW=AllRelevant('Z WF*.ElmSym'); ! Filter all local Wind generators. ST=AllRelevant('*150.ElmTerm'); ! Filter all 150kV Busbars. flag=1; ! 1=Disable all generator in group; 0=Enable. for(next=1;next<100;next+=1){ ! Loop 0 ! Part 1: Calculate parameters for equivalent generator. CHP_rp=0; Wind_rp=0; CHP_np=0; Wind_np=0; ! Clear equivalent parameters before input a new group data. input(G,'Group No 1-5'); ! Input coherent group No. used for name the equivalent generator. input(B1,'No.1 in group 0=NAN'); ! Input the Busbar No. in the coherent group. Maximum 7 Busbars. input(B2,'No.2 in group 0=NAN'); ! <7 Busbar in a group, fill in zero indicated none. input(B3,'No.3 in group 0=NAN'); input(B4,'No.4 in group 0=NAN'); input(B5,'No.5 in group 0=NAN'); input(B6,'No.6 in group 0=NAN'); input(B7,'No.7 in group 0=NAN'); for(A=1;A<31;A+=1){ ! Loop 1-1: sweep all Busbars. if(A=B1.or.A=B2.or.A=B3.or.A=B4.or.A=B5.or.A=B6.or.A=B7){ ! Loop 1-2: Record the Busbars in Group. if(A<12){a=A;b=A;c=A;} if(A=12){a=0;b=0;c=A;} if(A=13){a=A-1;b=A-1;c=A;} if(A=14){a=0;b=A-1;c=A;} if(14<A<26){a=A-2;b=A-1;c=A;} if(A=26){a=0;b=0;c=A;} if(26<A<29){a=A-3;b=A-2;c=A;} if(A=29){a=0;b=0;c=A;} if(A=30){a=A-4;b=A-3;c=A;} ! Rearrange the Busbar, generator order. n=0; for(oCHP=SZC.First();oCHP;oCHP=SZC.Next()){ ! Loop 1-3: CHP n+=1; if(n=a){ ! Loop 1-4: Record CHP Generator in group. oCHP:outserv=flag; ! 1=Disable CHP Generator in group. 2

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50. 51.

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65. 66.

67.

68. 69. 70.

CHP_rp+=oCHP:pgini; ! Accumulate the rated active power of each CHP generator in group. oCHP_Type=oCHP:typ_id; ! Get the CHP generator type. CHP_np+=oCHP_Type:sgn; ! Accumulate the nominal power of each CHP G type in group. } ! Ending Loop 1-4 } ! Ending Loop 1-3: CHP m=0; for(oWind=SZW.First();oWind;oWind=SZW.Next()){ ! Loop 1-3: Wind m+=1; if(m=b){ ! Loop 1-4 oWind:outserv=flag; ! 1=Disable Wind Generator in group. Wind_rp+=oWind:pgini; ! Accumulate the rated active power of each Wind generator in group. oWind_Type=oWind:typ_id; ! Get theWind generator type. Wind_np+=oWind_Type:sgn; ! Accumulate the nominal power of each Wind G type in group. } ! Ending Loop 1-4 } ! Ending Loop 1-3: Wind } ! Ending Loop 1-2 }! Ending Loop 1-1 printf('Group%d:CHP_rp=%fMW;Wind_rp=%fMvar;CHP_np=%fMW;Wind_n p=%fMvar',G,CHP_rp,Wind_rp,CHP_np,Wind_np); ! Print 4 parameters for check. ! Part 2: input(E,'Equivalent Bus for Group'); ! Select the equivalent Busbar for the group. if (flag=1){ ! If all the coherent generators are disabled, the new generator start to create. mm=0; for(oBus=ST.First();oBus;oBus=ST.Next()){ ! Loop 2-1 mm+=1; if(mm=E){ ! Loop 2-2 sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_CHP.StaCubic'); ! Search weather the element has been created before. oCub=sCub.First(); Delete(oCub); ! If the element exist, delete it, and prepare create a new one instead of it. oBus.CreateObject('StaCubic','Cub_CHP'); ! Create a cubic for new CHP generator on equivalent Busbar. sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_CHP.StaCubic'); oCub=sCub.First(); SC=AllRelevant('ECHP*.ElmSym'); ! Delete exist equivalent CHP generator 3

71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

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89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.

nn=0; for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){ nn+=1; if(nn=G){Delete(oAgg);}} ! Delete exist equivalent CHP generator. Grid.CreateObject('ElmSym','ECHP',G); ! Create new equivalent CHP generator, Named with group No. SC=AllRelevant('ECHP*.ElmSym'); nn=0; for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){ ! Loop 2-3 nn+=1; if(nn=G){ ! Loop 2-4: Modify equivalent generator. oAgg:bus1=oCub; ! Connect the equivalent CHP generator on the selected Busbar. oAgg:pgini=CHP_rp; ! Edit the rated active power of equivalent CHP generator. sTE=Lib.GetContents('TECHP*.TypSym'); mmm=0; for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){ mmm+=1; if(mmm=G){Delete(oTE);}} ! Delete CHP generator type if exist. Lib.CreateObject('TypSym','TECHP',G); ! Create generator type in Library folder. sTE=Lib.GetContents('TECHP*.TypSym'); mmm=0; for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){ ! Loop 2-5 mmm+=1; if(mmm=G){ ! Loop 2-6 oTE:sgn=CHP_np; ! Edit nominal power of CHP generator type. oTE:ugn=150; ! Edit Busbar voltage. oTE:cosn=0.85; ! Edit power factor. oAgg:typ_id=oTE; } ! Ending Loop 2-6 } ! Ending Loop 2-5 } ! Ending Loop 2-4 } ! Ending Loop 2-3 ! The method create equivalent generator is the same with the CHP generator. sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_Wind.StaCubic'); oCub=sCub.First(); Delete(oCub); oBus.CreateObject('StaCubic','Cub_Wind'); sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_Wind.StaCubic'); oCub=sCub.First(); SC=AllRelevant('EWind*.ElmSym'); nn=0; 4

111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144.

145. 146.

for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){ nn+=1; if(nn=G){Delete(oAgg);}} Grid.CreateObject('ElmSym','EWind',G); SC=AllRelevant('EWind*.ElmSym'); nn=0; for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){!3 nn+=1; if(nn=G){ ! Loop 2-4 oAgg:bus1=oCub; oAgg:pgini=Wind_rp; sTE=Lib.GetContents('TEWind*.TypSym'); mmm=0; for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){ mmm+=1; if(mmm=G){Delete(oTE);}} Lib.CreateObject('TypSym','TEWind',G); sTE=Lib.GetContents('TEWind*.TypSym'); mmm=0; for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){ ! Loop 2-5 mmm+=1; if(mmm=G){ ! Loop 2-6 oTE:sgn=Wind_np; oTE:ugn=150; oTE:cosn=0.85; oAgg:typ_id=oTE; } ! Ending Loop 2-6 }! Ending Loop 2-5 }! Ending Loop 2-4 }! Ending Loop 2-3 }! Ending Loop 2-2 }! Ending Loop 2-1 } ! flag input(next,'Next Group? 0=No;1=Yes'); ! Ask if user like to continue with next group. if(next=0){break;} } ! Ending Loop 0

B.3.4 Reduce Busbar

DPL command Name: Busbar reduce External object: oRed: Network reduction command; Boundaries: Boundary folder. 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33.

34. 35.

36. 37. 38.

set ST,sCub,sB,sBCub; object oBus,oCub,oLine,oBCub,oB; int n,a,i,m,mm,nn,aa,A,j; for(A=0;A<1;A+=0){! Loop 0 ! Part 1: Find Boundary cubic for selected Busbar. input(a,'Busbar Pending reduced'); !Input the Busbar No. Pending reduced (In reverse order:30-1). n=0; for(oBus=ST.First();oBus;oBus=ST.Next()){ ! Loop 1-1 n+=1; if(n=a){ ! Loop 1-2: search the pending reduced Busbar. oBus.ShowFullName(); !Print the input Busbar Name, Check if it is right. sCub=oBus.GetContents('*.StaCubic'); ! Filter all the cubic on the Busbar. for(oCub=sCub.First();oCub;oCub=sCub.Next()){ ! Loop 1-3 m=oCub:obj_bus;!m=0 Terminal i;m=1 Terminal j. oLine=oCub:obj_id; !Get the element for the cubic. i=oLine.IsClass('ElmLne'); j=oLine.IsClass('ElmZpu'); if(i.or.j){ ! Loop 1-4: Element is line or equivalent impedance. if(m=0){oBCub=oLine:bus2;} else if(m=1){oBCub=oLine:bus1;} ! Only get the other side cubic for the element. sBCub.Add(oBCub); ! Filter all cubic in set. } ! End Loop 1-4: All boundary cubic have been found. } ! End Loop 1-3: Finishing sweep all cubic on the Busbar } ! End Loop 1-2. } ! End Loop 1-1. ! Part 2: Initialize the Boundary. sB=Boundaries.GetContents('*.ElmBoundary'); ! Filter all Boundary elements. mm=0; for(oB=sB.First();oB;oB=sB.Next()){ ! Loop 2-1 mm+=1; if(mm=a){ ! Loop 2-2: Select the Boundary element with the same No. of Busbar. nn=-1; for(oBCub=sBCub.First();oBCub;oBCub=sBCub.Next()){ ! Loop 2-3: sweep all cubic results from Part 1. nn+=1; if(nn=0){oB:e:cubicles:0=oBCub;} ! Write cubic in the boundary definition window. if(nn=1){oB:e:cubicles:1=oBCub;} if(nn=2){oB:e:cubicles:2=oBCub;} if(nn=3){oB:e:cubicles:3=oBCub;} 6

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

if(nn=4){oB:e:cubicles:4=oBCub;} if(nn=5){oB:e:cubicles:5=oBCub;} if(nn=6){oB:e:cubicles:6=oBCub;} if(nn=7){oB:e:cubicles:7=oBCub;} if(nn=8){oB:e:cubicles:8=oBCub;} if(nn=9){oB:e:cubicles:9=oBCub;} if(nn=10){oB:e:cubicles:10=oBCub;} if(nn=11){oB:e:cubicles:11=oBCub;} if(nn=12){oB:e:cubicles:12=oBCub;} if(nn=13){oB:e:cubicles:13=oBCub;} if(nn=14){oB:e:cubicles:14=oBCub;} if(nn=15){oB:e:cubicles:15=oBCub;} if(nn=16){oB:e:cubicles:16=oBCub;} if(nn=17){oB:e:cubicles:17=oBCub;} if(nn=18){oB:e:cubicles:18=oBCub;} if(nn=19){oB:e:cubicles:19=oBCub;} if(nn=20){oB:e:cubicles:20=oBCub;} } ! End Loop 2-3 break;} !End Loop 2-2 } ! End Loop 2-1. ! Part 3: Edit the network reduction command and execute. oRed:pBound=oB; ! Fill in the boundary parameter. oRed:ildf_rep=0; ! Choose Load equivalent model as the power injection. oRed:iopt_new=2; ! Reduce network without create a new variation. input(aa,'Execute the Reduction? 1=Yes;0=No'); if(aa=1){oRed.Execute();} ! Execute the reduction module after confirm. input(A,'0=Next Bus;1=Break'); ! Continue to select next Busbar? } ! End Loop 0

www.elektro.dtu.dk/cet
Department of Electrical Engineering Centre for Electric Technology (CET) Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 325 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark Tel: (+45) 45 25 35 00 Fax: (+45) 45 88 61 11 E-mail: cet@elektro.dtu.dk