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GRAMMATICAL NOTICES
OF THE
ASAMESE LANGUAGE
ri
(-
BY
V^
N.
BROWN.
SIBS AGOR:
PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
1848.
\Dm
STAOC
c:
7 1
Bl
INTRODUCTION.
The
ed as
Notices do not claim to be regarda Grammar of the Asamese Language; nor were
following
the intention
most common grammatical forms; but the work having extended beyond what was anticipated,
it
may not
its
vocabulary
The Bengali
alone excepted,
Whether
it
was
Sanskrit, or whether
ori-
now
extinct,
is
uncertain
the latter
however,
languages
is
is
the
With what
affiliated,
an
as
but very
fami-
057
IV
the cor-
Asam
light
It is
much
in
present use.
produce no alteration
language of
terra in
scarcely a single
ancient
Ahom.
and Siamese,
priests,
ed with
tiiat
in
Asam.
to
common
derivation of
common
parent of
Asamese
of Bengali
The
is
known
Benin-
Mohammedan
vasion;
Very few of
tle
Brahmans of
Bengal
Asam-
In
fact, the
As-
of this language
*r,
the pronunciation of
like the guttural
^, and
h or
X^
a sound un-
known
still
in Bengali.
Traces of
this pronunciation
are
Upper India;
in the
we
find
dokU,
//za^,
guilt, instead
mak, month,
in-
stead of
&c.
Had
the Asaraese
been introdu-
ced from Bengal, the Bengali pronunciation w^ould undoubtedly have accompanied
letters b
it.
For
the
two Sanskrit
and
v,
presentative,
^,
pronounced b and w.
in
Thus
the
god Shiva,
Bengali
is
pronounced Sib,
Asamese
Hiwo;
common
The pronunciation of
Asamese and
and
9t
are
Tl
in
Bengal as
Asara invariably as
s.
in
hard sound of the English 7; in Asamese it is pronounced like z or rather like the French 7, a slight
,
word azure,
az-yure.
softness, the
;
Asnmese language
is
much
resembling in
this res-
and
is
capable
The
make no scruple
to intro-
in
their
This
is
a license which
is
often abu-
sed
quite unne-
the
common
people.
The
only
as
a standard of good prose writing are the Buronj'is^ or histories, which have been written during the last
in existence.
found;
less
Buronjis.
Most
in
Asa-
mese are
Vll
coraraencement of
been fixed
in its
it
ap-
in this respect
own language previous to the introduction of printing, when the word kijig was writAs a speten indifferently, cyng, cinge, kynge, &c. cimen of the orthography of those times, we select a
resembles our
Commentary.
Modern Orthography.
Cum
townes:
see
ray leef,
erli riise
go we out into
Come, my
to the field
in
;
love,
go we out
in-
dwell
if
towns; early
we
gif
tlie
vyne flouride
gif
i
vine; see
ed,
er.
if
we
fruits, if
their
newe and
to thee.
olde
my
vii,
apples
I
new and
(for) thee.
old,
my
love,
kept
Cant,
Sol.
Song,
vii, 1.
The
sists in its
corresponding, as
far as possible,
with the
lowing rule
is
sound
should have
its oicn
appropriate character i
and
sound.
There
will
Vlll
The Sanskrit
alphabet,
a modification of which
is
conimns ffti/
number of sounds
in
Asamese
is
only tliirty-six.
The
use of an alphanaturally
find
bet containing so
we now
same
letter has
been
employed
bers of the
Asam
Mission considered
important to
establish a correct
phy.
selves, viz.
1.
To
spell all
and others as
far as practicable, in
To adopt
or
as
a standard the
orthography of
some native
script;
3.
writer,
To
select from
different
which were
The
first
it
if strictly
nearly unintelligible.
to a
To
spoken language
it
was
IX
therefore necessary to
make
done
tency or uniformity
within
The work
system,
to a regular
prepared by Joduram
Deka Borua,
learned
Asamese Pundit.
to
The use of f
two forms ^
and ^.
2.
3.
The The
^ and ^.
Iri.
^ and
^,
Iri
and
These
characters,
writing Asamese.
4.
The
ceptions, of
5-
for ^.
i\
The use of
*r,
ters
^, and
*r
7[.
he use
or ^.
6.
that
The use of for No Asatuese manuscript we have seen makes any distinction between
i{ ^1.
these letters.
7.
The use of
-of
for ^.
The alphabet
mained;
being-
thus far
simplified,
it
was
re-
still
and
5r,
ofm
j-
rand i; To these
hesitation,
exact a cor-
of
difierent
its
distinct
symbol as
not a single
new
so
now
printed,
is
who had, previously been acquainted only with. their own manuscripts. That the priests and pundits, who despise the vernacular, and would gladly lock up
all
knowledge
in
is
not
be expected;
constant
while
eflbrts to give
them
own language
in a
XI
The
following
is
Roman
letters.
xn
^ is
word
uncertain
it
heard
in the
dollar.
In
Asamese
o, as in
word morrow.
are considered as
"Sf;
This sound
every consonant;
in
Roman
if
writen kaw,
khawy gaw.
neath
To show
destitute of the
it,
placed be-
thus <p; or
immediately following, as ^^f onto. Usage, however, sanctions the omission of the inherent vowel at the
end of nearly
sonant
is
all
single,
Thus Its is pronounced Ram, not Ramo; ^^ bor, not boro; ^^^ norok, not noroko. This remark applies
only to prose;
the vowel.
to the
common Asamese
at the
poetry retains
The sense
will generally
is
show with
suflicient
to be preserved, without
but
this
mark should be
retain-
ed wherever
its
In
its
use
is
indispensable.
Xlll
It is only
guage, that the proper sound of this ous positions, can be acquired.
As
a general rule
it
may be remarked,
as ^fir kori,
5rft
dhori,
has
its
long
u, it is
In
short,
though followed by
with boy.
i,
as in
^t
loi,
which rhymes
mark
c^
to
long,
deaf, or
buffalo f
is
pean
to distinguish
it
from
and over ^
tt.
to distinguish
from
vg tu,
and from
but
it is
in
America^
atai,
word ^T^Tl'
It
common
in
The As-
xiy
except what
is
produced by accent;
to
which the
two characters ^ and ^, has of course no reference the former requiring, in Asamese, from its position,
a lengthened sound, quite as often as the
attempt
fusion.
to
latter.
The
it
Were we
would be necessary
sound
in writing f^ ki,
its
long-
while
position
necessarily short,
letters
The above remarks are equally applicable to the ^ and ^. Both express the same sound, that
rzile,
of w in
or oo in poor.
^
of ?
"^
ft>,
^-
and f i, are no ornaments to any modern language, whatever may have been their use in the
r, 21 1,
Sanskrit.
Only the
it
first
Asamese, and
may
sristi,
to the English e in
wew;
Its pro-
XV
nunciation at the end of a word
foreigners not unfrequently give
is
it
somewhat
difficult;
the sound of
ay
in
ed.
it
the
as in
d^
\^
%^
koun,
houn, &c.
The
student will
do well
to practice
classes of
is
words
entirely
A added
to
words ending
in
or ^i
is
changed to
t; as Jg^putroi, instead
'^a
ofsj^; c^^tt ienai, instead of c^fiTT^ henae, nominative emphatic of c^TJ^l hena, a warrior.
The sound of ^
of 02 in going^ but
is is
not difficult
it
resembles that
By
sound
simple
is
z,
and the
becomes a
do \
^\t^
taloi, thither.
it
When this
let-
sound,
Roman
vQ,
character
by
6i,
Asamese,
u.
The proper
sound of
those
who
0, as it is
pronounced
in that language;
it
while per-
the sound of oo in
XVI
doom, or u
in bull.
It
there
of ^, when followed by ^
resembling in
this
succeeding syllable;
is
long
o,
when followed by
bulise,
c^Tcefl
^.
Thus c^M^
is
^fir
bule, he says,
becomes -^z^
he
bulun, I say,
So
also
^ u becomes ^
mar, thine
u,
when
',
the following
is
exchangtu-
Cx5T5iT5
^\i^\^'H apunar,
one's own.
The
letter v is
considered as a compound of
in
Asamese
is
that of long o, as in
The
characters
the
">^
and
is
the vowels;
first
de-
prived of
its
inherent vowel;
synony-
mous with
^ and
latter
its
J^.
The
first
of these
is
aspirate, like
<or
kh
in
the
compound word
incorrectly
brick-ho7ise.
is
frequently but
pro-
nounced
like
>T
h.
XVll
9r is
the
common hard
g,
and
the
same
letter as-
>S,
character
^ ng
and
5t), is
or ng in sing.
In cases where
it is
mark
^ underneath,
written
It
never begins
an Asamese word.
F,
^.
The
in
latter
of these
is
properly an aspirate of
the first;
pie s.
this,
v5l
to express
title
of the
Ahom
*? j>
rajas,
jh'
like zy, or
si in vision (viz-yun),
At
tez.
is
scarcely
vP
Asamese manuscripts
guhain
j
to
but in printing,
is
used instead
thus,c^t^f^ guhain.
To
somewhat
it
diflScult.
Care must be
'
like ng.
It is precisely the
French n in V enfant.
This mark
XVlll
it
is
connected.
its
In
marked takes
place im-
i follows
v5
^f,
^<3,
j?^.
^ t,t
letters
th,
d, F dh.
The
hot-house, Good-hope.
The
amese writings
e|.
is 5;.
This
letter,
when
it
is
pronounced r j
cisely as ^.
in Sanskrit
words,
it is
sounded pre-
v5 t, 5t
th,
IT
d,
dh.
These
class,
To
pro-
nounce these
we were about
an
word
think.
Yet
^ or ^
The
first
in
Mat-thew, and
in the
if.
n, is
sounded precisely
like the
corresponding
English
*>t
letter.
p,
ph.
The
latter is often
pronounced by the
XIX
is
the
common
b,
and
its
aspirate, like
hh
in
cob-house.
51
m.
is
This
letter
sonant
The
krit is y'i
but in Asamese
it is
usually changed to j,
When
^r.
the Sans-
sound
is
retained,
it is
customary to distinguish
thus,
the letter
by a dot beneath
initial,
it,
As an
is
correctly.
This
is
er the latter
thus the
^X\t^ y
'^^T^
not
^f ^5,
genitive
is
followed by
fft^rfJT
or ^1,
is
'SI,
as
gian, knowledge')
jackal
Sometimes, but
A following ^, as die, he gives. In Asamese ^ can never f^,l^ for ff substituted for ^aj when it follows ^ or vs though be In Asamese the ^ would this is done in Bengali. give a wrong sound; thus the past participle of the
?
is
substituted for
verb ^^
hoi, to be,
must
huwa, which
are identical
writers.;
When
it
51
is
and
is
commonly pronounced
as if
an
is
^ttij, ag3'a
By
is
and j^j
if
hunyo,
written
dhonyo,
'si^rj
t^^
r,
letter.
When
it
and not
making an additional
thus fair
like
is
In English this
fa-iir^ like
pronounced
mow-en
be apt
From
same sound
into
<^.lf^?rTc
pur, /z///,
word,
Combined with a preceding consonant this letter is placed underneath, as J;5 expressed by the mark
putro, a son.
If the
^ precede,
it is
expressed by the
letter, as in
mark
'fTTS
" called
porbot, a mountain.
this
mark
doubled;
thus
^^^
is
written
<1^ porbbot;
becomes t^^*I
and
si??,
X%1
nirmraol
^^i korta, becomes ^#1 kortta, &c. The aspirates, however, together with 5, ?r, JT, j^, do not
;
The
is
ir
w,
is
commencement
of words-
substituted for ?.
is
The
letter
^3
when followed by
or 4
changed
to
emphatic 4,
becomes c%C?tenwe;
becomes
STT?^
^T?^^
a boat,
in the genitive
y
nawor;
gaun, a village
becomes
ganwor.
a preceding consonant ?
is
Combined with
is,
expressto
thus ^5?T
5:5?^
sorup.
is
The
full
pronunciation of the
in these cases
ine-
*t,
^,
r.
The
Asamese.
or the
This
letter
has the
as
sound of guttural
in the act of
M,
Greek X, pronounced
throat.
It is
of the utmost importance that the learner should acquire the correct pronunciation of this letter;
care not to confound
it
taking
either with
-Jt
simple
5^ h.
XXIV
The vowels
XXV
to
be combined, as ^,
^, changed to ^i,
vs,
Thus
Supre?ne God,
tinct
Sanskrit;
i^Rsr
5i^sr
^ir^T^
itf>i'-
^^^
not
comas
may preserve
these permutations;
^
CIT ^r^jf'PRJ
udoi, the
%^t sondro
yet the
moons
(TT^Tl^^
dehantor, beyond
;
^r^^]K dehor
the
^^^ ^if sondror udoi, &c. Words are often contracted in Asamese by
^,
ommission of
dle of a word,
letters in the
f";
t^^
mid-
when followed by
i
the vowel
as>JTC
uoi for
nodi,
t^
p6i for
^^s
^^f^
J^tz^
horidhoni;
khuise for
-^i 9iC5
khujise, he
bulile,
"^m
buile, for
^^z^
The numerical
notation in
Asamese corresponds
to
XXVI
When
again; a
word
is
to be re(3eatecl,
it,
it is
usual to place
the
the figure
< after
instead of writing
word
cluinsj' contrivance,
Other abbrevations
for
fg;
;
or ^t)
sri,
Ulnstrious, a word
t/
prefixed to proper
names
and
name
of the deity, ^, a u m.
The
character
is
^ is affixed
where the
first
part only
-^^
of a word
a rupee\
for
^^?, number;
f^'s
'si^n
for
f^
it
wivsr^, or Ayino
Domini.
In writing the
in
names of
places,
is
rivers,
&c.
of
Asam,
Roman
characters,
usual
to follow
thus
Ohom,
or
'Sfi^'si
Ahom}
a corruption of ^^l^^
No-
New
Village.
they
* This was the term given by the natives to the Shyans, when signifies unequalcd, from Ji^j first invaded the country, and The word is commonly hoin, equal, and w, negative particle. by Europeans, to correspond with the present viwhich gives the first a the short sound as The s in battle, instead of the full Italian sound as in papa. being single in the original, it seems better to preserve the same orlhowraphy in English; and for this we have the best authorites
first explored and described the country, Wilson's Sanskrit Dictionary, Peaijce's Geography, Hobinso.n's Descriptive Account of Asam, &lc. &-6.
written
Assam
tiated pronunciation,
Wilcox, who
ASAMESE ALPHABET.
''Mter
Letter.
There
Their place
is
supplied by
4^
and
(i\%
A
W\W
affix to limit
its
signi-
fication, is
the
man,
To
bur,
f^c^T^P bilak,
czw
aflBxed.
Of
2d.
The radical form sri^^ manuh, man. The same slightly emphatic, as S"t^(:^ manuhe. The same
The
still
of f, as STf^c^t" <pflT^,
4th.
was man
that did
is
it.
denoted by
manuhhe
korile, it
was
only
man
that did
it.
The
is
SINGULAR OR PLURAL.
Nominative,
Genitive,
Dative,
sjT^J^
511^5;^
manuhor
sn^j^^sT
sii^^, 5lt*[^^
Accusative,
Locative,
?rt^^^
sfT^ci;
Ablative
man man manuholoi to or for a man a man manuhok in a man at or manuhot manuhe by or with a man
manuh
a or the
of a
Emphatic Form.
Nora.
sit^C^
5ii5j$^^5
manuhe
manuhore
manuholoike
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
^T^^tcTC^
5iT^^C^
5rT=Jf;c^
al^C5;?:i[
manuhoke
manuhote
Log,
Abl.
manuhere
man man to, as far as, the man the man at, in, to the man by or with the man
a or the
of the
PLURAL.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace. Loc.
Abl.
manuhbilakok
manuhbilakot
at or in
men
with
manuhbilake
Emphatic Form.
men men
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
^t^^f^^t^^
5JT^^f^lT^C5
siT^i^f^cll^P^cTC'P
manuhbilake
nianuhbilakore
of
to
manuhbilakoloike
Ace.
aT[5;f^51t^CJP
manuhbilakoke
manuhbilakote
at or in
LocAbl.
^H^f^1t^CN5
5r]^^f^?fTC^C5
manuhbilakere
INFERIOR.
with
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
manuliont
manuhontor
inanuhoutoloi
men of men
to or for
manuhontok
manuhontot
at or in
Loc.
Abl.
manuhonte
by or with
Emphatic Form,
Norn.
siT^tc^
raanulionte
men
of
to
Gen.
Dat.
siT^^u^
5iTs[tt51C^
manuhontore
nianuhontoloike
men
men
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
5iT5jtC^
5iT^"l:^C^
manuhontoke
manuhontote
at or in
5it^tcC4
manuhontere
by or with
Otherwise:
Norn.
sn^^c^T^"
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Loc. Abl.
men of men inanuhburor to or for men manuhburoloi manuhbnrok men at or in men manuhburot manuhbure by or with men
raanuhbur
Emphatic Form.
Nora.
Gen.
Bat.
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
men of men manuhburore to men manuhburoloike men manuhburoke at or in men nianuhburote raanuhburere by or with men
manuhbure
in
Nouns ending
^ are thus
^^X
declined
Simple Form.
Emphatic.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
-sj^
putro
putror
putroloi
putroi
a son
^J^^
^Z\
Ji5C<?
putrore
of a son
to a son
^:^t^
-pf^^
^i^telC^ putroloike
putrol^e
Aec.
Loe. Abl.
putrok
putrot
putroi
a son
at a son
^^^ ^^t
9^1^
^11'^'^
putrote
putrere
with a son
Plural^
^^Rt^,
::
Nouns ending
Simple.
in
i1
Emphatic.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
sn
5^iTT
ga
gar
galoi
^T^
^ttc?:
gai
body
gare
galoike
of a body
to a
^itT
flltflC^
body
Ace. Log.
Abl.
?n
?tT^
ga
gat
gai
stTC^R,
in
TfTC^
?tic^
gake
gate
a body
on a body
with a body
^tt
^TCi
^ttf^^lT^,
gare
Plural,
&c.
Nouns ending
Simple.
t
Emphatic.
Nom.
Nouns ending
in
Nouns endiug
in
Nouns
which
is
or c^,
man.
declined:
Simple.
Emphatic.
Simple.
Emphatic.
siT^^c'^l^a
Nora.
^T^j^C^
srt^^C^l
Gen.
Dat.
siT^^^5
^iT^^^t^l
at^^^^C^
aTf5:c^T?
siH^c'^lt^^
^T^^C^tc^
st^J^^^^C^
sH^c^r^s^C^
STT^^C^TC^
?rT^5?:c^T^^
AceLoo.
5iT5^^^
511^5:^^
^t^^^C^
^iT^^^c^
^]^\Z^l-^
viT^^C^T^
m^^c^T^
5iT^^r^Tvl
Abl
C^
^^^\l^
is
m^^c^T^c^
tolortu, the
^I't^^c^l
lower one^
^m^J^
majortu, the
middle one,
ft is
beloved; as RTtft, a
dear
little
bird; c^u.
fa^
=I^Tft,
my
is
son.
Generic Nouns.
used,
it is
When
a numeral adjective
men two
persons,
i.
i.
e.
fl^f^,
girl
one female,
e.
girl.
The
following are
some of the
^1,
cular classification;
^\
aT^^,
oneman^
^^TC^T^l
f ^^T^ C^T^Tf^
FT^ftj
four chickens.
10
sTiT
or
Jii]^,
a sheet, any thing spread out, or ex^Tf^, a sheet of water; ^f,^ '^^^f two
tended i as
boats
;
A'^\i{
^'^^fk
*fl-tf^,
a knife.
;
as cfTC^t^^l ^F,
^Mi
C5it*^1,
twelve
mango trees.
;
^IF,
as
(51^f^!tF,
>5TT,
^U
^sTf, a
gold chain.
v5Tf%,
C^Id
^T^r, sixteen
bam-
boos;
2iT-afe >ii\5T5^,
a cane
four reeds;
^^Tf%
^fsT,
a hair.
v5-5rf^,
C^5T-5t^,
a piece;
^iiU^T-i^?"
siife,
piece of
ground; <Pm^
reeds;
two bundles of
5it%,
^sr^l,
a bundle of wood;
handfuls of
rice.
a handful
^tta
^T^5
4C^t^1, a
milk.
C'TT'^I,
C?n^l
faloes.
FK^^, several ;
5i^ c^i^l
Reduplications.
The Asamese
same
sort, as
;
n^T
rice,
ft^pt
rice
The
^^^ common
3rtF^,
a plate
^tR
^m F1,
^i^ifpi
II
t^^T^, a book
C-iTT^I,
f^^ft
f-art^l
fFt^,
books
eating
c^I^U speaking
CFC^^, love
9tF,
^^1 ^f,
CR^25;1 CRiff%
?tF ^^fsT,
mutual affection
a tree
woods
Tt^, greens
5fTF, fish
ff^'^T,
thunder
^ifiT,
roarings
<^|f1, pice
<P?n
a word a hand
^^^
25;!^
a?t;T,
conversation
^t!^,
?j^,
^T^,
money
5f^ ^T^r,
money
plantains, &c.
in
^?T, plantain
^e^
F^l,
boys
Tt5rf^,
calves
5T^1
^it^ifi:,
children
^T^? cloth
?T,
^Tfar,
<^Tar,
rags
water
drinking
luncheon
^tfil,
sand
Hf, ashes
5;^!^, door
^?, house
n^ Y'^f^j
habitations
A
is
e.
the Dioun^5cT
went under; or
commencing wHh the mountains, every thing went down. Sometimes the verb is omitted, as 5t5
^tR
^l^T^c^T? 5($
and
every thing
were destroyed.
12
Gender
words.
in
Asamese
is
markedby a
diffe-
Masculine.
^:^1 roja,
Feminine.
^TfSr rani,
a king
a queen
^^f%
kubnri, a princess
swami, a husband
poi, a
^f^ ortt
husband
f%r^
tiri,
woman woman
female
male person
;^f^ joni, a
mota, a male
bura, an old
I6ra a
-^
5=1^1
man
^fs[ buri,
an old a
woman
girl
boy
C5Titfsi suali,
c^ff^
C^i^ deu, a
god
god
debi, a goddess
Citt^T^ guhain, a
C^TT^Tl^ guhani, a
^t^fi( barauni,
goddess
^m^
^?tl
<ri%t
(It
bamun, a Brahman
Brahmaness
C^TS duro, a
noga, a
bondi, a
Doom
Naga
man servant
vssif^dumuni,
5TTf^f^nagi[ii,
Doom woman
Naga woman
maid servant
c^^
^rf^,
benti, a
nod, a river
is
7ny father
father^ respectful
following
all
;?lc^iP
The
table comprehends,
is
believed, nearly
use.
common
13
My
Your
His
C^T^lt
53rtc*^^
^tc<^^
father
^T^
^^1
aT5
srt^
mother
^^15
<P^t^
grand father
^fl
^tt
^f^ ^t^
^f^ ^T^
grand mother
^^t^
^fi[
^fi[
^IC^I
5iT^
great
ther
grand mo-
^Tt
f^l
^T5
^r5
<^c^^
son
f^
f^>fl^
fij4<P
daughter
^tl%
^Tf%45
5(Tf%4^
grand son
5llff^
5rTf^fsr>^^
^Tf^fJT^^
grand daughter
5TTf%f5r?l
^U ^tf%
grand son
^^ 5(tf%f^?l
daughter
17
in
Asamese
as
their place
lowing are
this
company of the men. The folsome of the most common nouns used in
way.
with
by contraction
with
;
1>t^,
loc.
of
coinpany
abl. ^icM".
rc^,
<^TCF,
with
company.
loc.
^t^^.
^tc^, before;
loc. ^t?t^.
from
f;(fa^
c^^^, cause,
a door, a way.
\^^\t.',
by,
by the hand
of,
participial derivative
of ^T^ or
^TTi:,
border.
a bank,
side.
^r^
is
5Tfi[^3
/owr
c/ircc-
the ablative
is
usually followed
as ^tr^
fir,
bt/
^y the
midst, through.
They
f^
?fc=f,
When
;^T5i,
mere accompaniment
is
denoted, ^tc^
fol-
When
formed
is
per-
he works
When
used without
may be
9f5T,
in either
as ^^l^i
he went by boat, or
^KM^
?T^,
he went
with a boat.
When
literally,
a person
is
is
if
the
verb
^f?T, to
must be put
the accusative, as
at^^^
l^r^tc^,
he
tells the
man.
PRONOUNS.
First Perso7ial Pronoun^
a^
luoi,
/.
SINGULAR.
Simple Form.
Emphatic.
SIC?
Norn.
u^
C5ft^
inoi
moie
Gen.
Dat.
mur
maloi
ragk
C^ic?
c^il^s^c^
mure
muloike
mine
to or for
C^itv\
me
me
Ace.
C^TT^
C5iT^
c^U^
csTTC^
muke
mute
me
at, in
Loc.
Abl.
mut
moie
or on
sc?
by or with me
Simple Form.
Nora. ^ifsT
ami
^Tfsi4
is5T5iTC5
amie
we
ours
to us
Gen.
Dat.
vsiT^T^
amar
amare
amaloike
^T5ri??i
amaloi ^I5il^ic^
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
^Tat^
amak
amat
amie
^TsiTC^
amake
amate
us
in us
wmT^
vsnfa^
^TatC^
^T^K^
amare
with us
toi, thou.
2a
PLURAL.
Simple Form.
Emphatic.
Norn, ^t;^
tohont
^Xz^
tohonte
you
yours
tohontore
^"t^^sic^ tohontoloike to
you
Ace.
^^^^
tohontok
\5^^:^
^t:^c^
^^C^r?:
tohontoke
tohontote
you
in
you
tohonte
tohontere
with you
Emphatic.
^fsj^
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
^fsT
c^tstic
Cl5t5it^21
tumi
tumie
thou
thine
tumar
tumaloi
c^Tatc^
c^t^it^^ic^
ci5T5iTUJp
tumare
tumaloike to thee
Ace.
c^T^T^ tumak
c^t^T^
^fsiii
tumake
tumate
thee
in thee
Loc.
Abl.
tumat
tumie
c^TsiTC^
c^iatc^
tumare
with thee
PLURAL.
Simple Form.
Emphatic.
CilCVl^TtC^
C5lCJ<l*II*C^
N.
(j-
(TSlt^t^lT^
tumnlak
tumulakor
tnmulako
tumnlakore
ye
yours
to
CTtOrTffn^^
you
tumulakok CSTOltSTT^^
tuinulakot
c4l(.Hl41l<JC4
tiimulakoke
you
iu
CStOir^TT^^
tumulakotc
you
A. csrc^t^rrc^
tumulake
C5tC5(l4ll(.<VU
21
t*
i,
this
many
this
woman,
this placet
t^^^s
thing.
SINGULAR.
Simple Form.
Emphatic
Nora.
^
^?t5
t^rtt^T
^fior4C?eye
f^TC5
^?ritic^
he, this
Gen.
Dat.
iar
ialoi
iare
of this
ialoike to this
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
^^rt^
iak
iat
ie
^!rtc^
iake
iate
this
^5T^
^?rTc^
at this, here
^4
^5tC5
ei, is
iare
with or by this
As
an adjective, ^^
i.
PLURAL INFERIOR.
Simple.
Emphatic.
Nora.
^"I:\5
ihont
^"tc^
ihonte
they, these
Gen. ^"1:^^
Dat.
ihontor
f^^C^
ihontore
of these
ihontoke
ihontote ihontere
these
in these
with these
Or tz^U
these, &c.
ibur,
tc^K^
ibure,
ibilak,
tf^^TC^ ibilake,
f^r hi,
this
man^
this
wo-
man,
Simple Form.
SINGULAR.
Emphatic.
fJT4,
Nora.
^
>5t5
hi
tar
c^c? heye
tare
he, or
his,
it
Gen.
Dat.
>5TC5
of that
^tt^T taloi
^Xtm^
22
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
>5T^ tak
^tc^
^Tt^
^tc^
take
tate
him, that
iu
^T^
f^ii
tat
him or
it,
there
hie
tare
As an
of
f9\
is
hi.
PLURAL INFERIOR.
Simple.
Emphatic.
N. f^t^
hihont
f^%i^
f^'|;^R
fJT'l;ti:^
hihonte
hihontore
they
theirs
G. f^rt^? hihontor
D. fift^^si hihontoloi
hihontoloike to them
A.
L,
^^^^ f^^^
hihontok
hihontot
fif^^u^
f^T"!;^?:^
hihontoke
hihontote
them
in
them
A. fji%^ hihonte
f^tc^f?
hihontere
with them
Plural respectfulf
lake, they,
&c.
more
strictly
demonstrative.
tai,
she.
Emphatic.
nSTC?
Nom. ^tt
Gen.
Dat.
tai
taie
she
hers
^Tf?
^Ttt?f
tair
^l^c?
taire
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
\5t^^
taik
tait
nJT^C^
NSltc^
taike
taite
her
in or at her
^T^^
^tc^
taie
95TtW
taihont,
taire
<
with her
taihonte, they, &c.
Plural,
^\Xt^
^t^%^
23
Third Personal Pronoun honorific ^ ^m eun, he
this
,she^
man
or
woman.
SINGULAR.
Simple Form.
Emphatic.
si:^
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
vflvs
eun
ennr
eunloi
eune
eunre
he or she
his
ifl^<i
vfl^R
^^t^
i^t^C^ eunloike
^c^ ^C^
-^CiTC?
to or for
him
Ace.
^^^
4c3[
eunk
eune
eunke
eunte
him
in or to
Loc.
Abl.
5^^ eunt
him
eunere
with him
Pluraly
TA2>c?
vfl^sf^^lT^
eunbilak, &c.
honorific, c^^Q teun, he^
Personal Pronoun
she, that
Simple Form.
man
or
woman.
he
his
Emphatic.
Nom. c%^
Gen. c^^j
Dat.
teun
teunr
cfr?
teune
teunre
c^^c^
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
c%<3^ teunk
c^'^C^
teunke
teunte
him
in or to
c^^^
c^z^
teunt
ct^C^
c^c?r5
him
teune
teunere
with him
is
thus
Emphatic.
c'SiZ'^
Nom. f^
Gen.
Dat.
5Ft^
ji
je} e
who, which
jar
^tC5
jare
whose
to
Ace.
Loc.
Abl.
jak
jat
^TC^
^tc^
jake
jate
whom whom
whom, where
^1^
in
c^c? jeye
^u?
jare
with
whom, whereby
24
Otherwise, in the neuter gender only:
Nom. f9
Gen.
Dat.
Agc.
ji
C^C5
f^$;c5
jeye
jihore
which
of which
to which
fw\^
f^x^^
jihor
jiholoi
fw^^<Pic^ jiholoike
Loc. Abl.
f^^ f^^^
fitC^
jihok
jihot
f^^c^
f^^C^
Tm^ZJ.
jihoke
jihote
which
in
which
jihe
jihere
with which
The Interrogative
clined
:
c^Tr
kun,
who?
is
thus de-
Emphatic.
C^U^,
kune
kare
kaloike
who?
whose ?
^tR
^t^lC^
7^\l^
kake
kate kare
^Tc^
^\Z^
25
C^K^] kunu, some, some one, any one,
is
often used
wo one;
C'PTC^-3
c^
stands.
^^TK,
In the plural
we have
sense.
c^TciTTf^?iT<p.
C5fi^(:?rw
c^-^J^sii^,
are
same
^1,
thus declined
Norn.
c^TCJrt^T?
somebody
of somebody
to
^R^T^iR
^tCiT^lt^?:^
somebody
somebody
^U^pRTC^
<PlC^T^Tc^
somebody
at
^;c^T?nc^
with somebody
negative form,
is
used only
in the
and
is
thus declined:
26
Simple.
Emphatic.
^-i^
Gen.
Dat.
^^
^t^
kor
koloi
kore
from whence?
^t^z-i^
^^si
koloike whither?
Log.
^u
^j
^tT\
kot
kota
where?
w^
jor,
whence.
Gen.
Dat.
jor
joloi
^?fi
jore
joloike
jote
tor, thence.
whence
whither
.
^Nc^
^^5
Loc.
jot
where
Gen.
Dat.
^f
v5^?T
tor
toloi
%m
^ti:^
tore
from thence
thither
toloike
tote
Loc.
In
all
s5^
tot
^c^
there
<P(:^T^1,
i
^r^T^T^, some-
^v\
%tv\^
here
and
there.
f^^Tir
the relaf^sri^r
They
substantively or as adjectives.
C^X kei, how many? is followed by a generic noun or affix, as c^f ^1 si^^;, how many men?
C^?^l^f keibatau, denotes several.
C^C<I5 ketek, or 7^% koto,
or ;5 joto,
many ;
affix
27
f^csr kene,
how ?
csiUf.
jene, as^
and c^i^
tene, such,
arauk, such
a?i^
one; ^]^'^
vStsr^,
amuk
ta-
f
IT?:
f*r, i
hi, this
;
and
that^
become
hi,
in the genitive
or
^T^
^T^, ak tak.
?c^l itu,
fm^
and
hite,
fm^
man;
hitu, c'Tl'C^I
that
one',
cjpt^c^i
^^CJT
fT
^Ml^i
that
^5ffi{
^R,
and
that
woman
is
hokol, all,
thus declined
28
^r^lf
a//, like jt^c'11,
The Asamese do
cond person
;
not consider
it
respectful, in ad-
dressing a superior, to
must
native addressing a
European
terms
the
^fa
f^t?,
or ^T^fsT
used,
imperative
or
is
it will
be
son,
^T2?;ic^
^T^f^ f^^^
let
Wl<l^,
is
thyself,
myself himself,
thus declined:
Emphatic.
^T^f^4
WT^^IJTTC^
thyself
of thyself
to or for thyself
^tc^R.^s^C^
^.C*^l^Tc^
^T?:1"i^ic^
thyself
in or at thyself
^Tc*^T^TC^
by or with thyself
The
As an
his
as
reduplicated form,
itC*^T^l
^T^^fJT,
is
used
in one's self
^n*tR
apun,
is
used;
anc*^T^ ^^,
houses.
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives in Asamese have no degrees of comparison.
As
^^ koi or ^fk
kori, is
applied as an
to the locative
is
to or in reference to
a man,
it
is
large-,
it is
i.
e. it is
^T^tf^t^ ^^,
is
i.
the smallest
he
is
the greatis
er
of the two)
all\
i.
amongst
wicked
for the
mas-
Masculine.
1?1
30
country
rustic
age
jungle
aged
wild
a house
disease
tame
diseased
miserable
misery
sin
wicked
cloudy
a cloud
anger
mirth
angry
merry
bold
tailed
courage
a
tail
money wisdom
learning
rich
wise
learned
power
powerful
a change of termination
as
few
^?TfW?1
T^f^;?!
JTsf^^l
scanty
plentiful
many
even
long
tender
alike
f^^f%?ri
^sifa^^H
lengthy
tender
Most
true, as a
noun
^-tf,
signifies
n.
sweetness;
high, n.
Jtf^J,
poor^
n.
povertij, or a
sinful, n.
a sinner;
^Ici?rT^
VERBS.
The moods of Asamese verbs
Participles and Gerunds.
are four
the Infini-
The
used
in
an
unli-
its
person
it,
as
-^^fk
kori, do.
infinitive in
English;
nor
it
to be
adjective.
may be
by the con-
junction and; as
it;
fr "rifsi^iTf
atf^c'i,
it.
he shooting killed
latter
or,
he shot
and
killed
The
form gives
the
more exact
other
sense.
to those of the
The
same names
forms; one
English.
The
511-
/pf^c^ictc^^, If
you
it.
The
repetition of
isfsf
however,
is
inelegant;
it is
better to insert
in the first
member of
conjunctive participle;
^f^
^Tfi?;^^!,
or ^f
The sense of the English infinitive is expressed in Asamese by gerunds, in the genitive, dative and
accusative cases;
thus,
saw him
32
do
it;
^r<c?^ff ^r^c^, he
is
begiuing to do
it;
^f^^
4{r*CF, he wishes to
do
it.
The primary
^ci:1,
I do't
To
compound
tenses,
formed by
to
By the
help of these
we have
the
Present dejimtey
^f^ffCSTi,
^t%c#l,
lam
or
had done,
was
doing.
The verb
is
as the nominative
but no distinction
ordinarily
made
in the
form of the
When
"t^
is
CONJUGATION
Infinitive wanting.
Indicative Present.
SINGULAR.
1.
51^
^UFl
moi asun
toi
am
2.
^f ^iF
^fsi ^;^l
fjT
aso
2.
3.
tumi asa
hi ase
^K5
PLURAL.
1.
^tfsr vSfUFl
ami asun
tohont aso
we
are
2. 2.
3.
^t^^I5
ctC5it8iT^ ^tt!
ye are ye are
they are
tumnlak asa
hihont aso
fjft^ iiCF
33
34
3.
which
is
changed
to ^1,
mela
or, if the
word be a mon-
osyllable, the
di,
f*i?rl
is
dia.
Words
having
o in the penult, as
^^
k6ri, ^^1
kora, are regarded as belonging to the third conjugation, the first syllable
con-
and short
in the participle.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
Conjugation of the Neuter Verb t^, c^t^l, to
be.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present tense^ ^^, I
si^
a?n, (habitually),
or W\f^
't'Q
>5f or ss^^
or tohont ho
Present
definite, ?5;CF1,
a?n, (now),
sf or
>5t^
^TfJT t^zf]
or
or
^\^
t^i^
or tohont h6iso
'^fa
fT
c^lcsiT^lt^
^51
or f^i;^ ^^c^
or hihont hoise
35
Perfect^ \lA\y I was, or //ave been.
srf or
wTfa
\l.i\\
^X
^fsr
f>r
or =5^ \X^
or toliont h6li
or c^5U5nlT^
5;^1
or f*r^ ^<^
had been.
hoisili
or tohont
or
c^TrsrielT^ ?^f^ll
or fyft^ ^^f^l
or hihont
h6isil
at or
^tfsr
^^sr
nioi
toi
or ami
hom
^? or ^^
^fa or
f^ or t^\%
^f^
or tohont hobi
c^TcsiTlT^ ^^1
\^
hdbo
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present, ^,
Be
thou.
^\ or ^
^fsi
f?r
5;
toi
or tohont ho
or CvSTcatm^ C^t^l
or fJT^ ^^S^
or hihont houk
the
^^ ^
is
\fk, be noti
first
^^T^ ^f^f?, do
There
no
the indicative
is
used, and
it^
generally followed by
'liT^I
^^
*>
as ^ri^l^^,
Let us do
or
^rft^^, Come,
fflf?rl
let
us do
it.
For the
with the
Let me do
it.
36
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present^ sf ^ifk ^^cf-c^^, 1 should
be.
a^ or
^tfii "^^C^C^JT
^^
'^fsi
f*T
or Ngi;^ ^"l;c^ar
or tohont hohenteu
or f^r^^
hi
or hihont holhenten
or
or
rTfsi J5;C5ftC^CN5^
^X
^x^
jfi\l'i;i%^
or tohont hdlihenten
^fsi
f^ or
f^^^ ^'IC^C^^
hi
or hihont holhenten
37
38
Pluperfect, ??rf5CT\ 1
had gone.
goisili
^? or
n5?
^fVi
^,fii ^?tf5Ccfl
DQoi
toi
or ami gdisilun
or tohont
or n5^ ^fffff^ or
c^TCSitlT^
tiff^e^
t'tfFel1
f^ or p^^^
Future^
"sif
^T5i,
it'i//
go.
inoi
toi
or ami jam
^5*
^fsr
fjT
or tohont jabi
or f^^qs ^IT
or hihont jabo
vgf
^^fsr
far
or
%\%
toi
or tohont ja
or c^Tcsl^lt^ C^T^l
or
^\^ ^T^^
Future, as
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present^ ^I'Qr^^JT? I should go.
si^
or ^tfar ^r^c^c^^r
v5^ or 15^5
^t?^^^^^
C^T^l-
or tohont jawohenten
^fa or
c^tC5it1[T^
fff
or f^x^ v5fTtc^C^^
hi
or hihont jaihenten
or tohont gdlihenten
^ or fjT^^ ^siC^C^^
hi
or hihont golhenteii
39
PAR T rciPLES.
Conjunctive,
Present^
Perfect^
^t'QC^
'i\v\%
sfc^l
jaunte
golot
while going
having gone
Future,
g61e
on going
Substantive or Adjective.
Present^
Perfect^
Simple.
jaanta
going
going f gone
Emphatic.
Nona.
a going
of a going to a going
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Loc.
a going
on going
GERUND.
Gen.
Dat.
of going
to go,
for going
Ace.
going
sr,
To
f^, ^,
csr, C^rl,
^ ^, lam
not;
vj ^c;r,
he does not listen; f^ f^^, he will not give; the vowel joined with ^, corresponding with the first vowel
of the verb.
the prefix
When, however,
as c^ wTQ,
the
first
vowel
ivill
is
^1,
is c^,
J do not or
not go.
The
following
t^ with
40
41
Conjugation of the Active Verb ^t^,
c<^t^1, to get>
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present^ ^tT^, I get.
a^ or ^tfa Tf^
nsI'
or ^c^
<^1
or tohonte pa
^fa or
f*T
c^TCsiT^ITC^ C^T^ll
or f^^C^ ^T?"
or hihonte pai
Present
definite, ^tTf cf l,
am
getting^ or ^t;g
^o//ew.
^ or ^Tfa
^sf or
**fTf CF1
^^c
'1'Tf 5
or tohonte paiso
^fa or
cTC5iT3l1r^ ^^Tl'Fl
f^ or fJT^C^ ntc^
or hihonte paise
gotten.
Perfect, ^\l^\i
Tat
I have
nioi
toi
or
^Tfsr ^TCsTl
or ami paluQ
pali
or tohonte
^t11
or f^^c^ ^TC^
Pluperfect, nt^f^Ccfl, 1
had gotten.
paisili
or tohonte
or
^ii^
'^if 1%T
hi or hihonte paisil
5^Ta,
Future,
1 shall
get.
at or ^tfa
\5f
^^ta
*^Tt%
or ^^Cn5
or tohonte pabi
or f^^c^ *^TT
pabo
42
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present, ^\, Get thou.
^? or
^f;i
f*f
%xi-% ^\
Cv5TC5TT=rTr^
toi
or tolionte pa
or
C^l^l
or f>i^c^
^T^^
Future^ ^ifc
pauk
You
toi
shall get.
^? or ^^c^
^^fa
<^Tf^
or tolionte pahi
or c^\Ui\v\]i^ <^t?l
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, nKsC^^^, I should get.
sr^
^^
nioi
toi
or ami paunhenten
or tohonte pahenten
ten
^fa or c^TcaT^TC^
fr
c\l%'if
or
fJ!i;c^ ^itc'^C^*''
or
^sTf^i *1T?:TKt:c^'^
raoi
toi
or ami palunhenten
or tohonte palihenten
ten
or ^Xi'<5 -^TCsiftc^^
hi or hihonte palehenten
PARTICIPLES.
Conjunctive.
Prese?itf
1T<2C
*l"l^3
paunte
palot
pale
ivhile
getting
Perfect,
having gotten
oy;
Future,
'^K^
fj^tli"9
Sid)stantive or Adjective.
Present,
*TT^^1
cnT^il
paunta
getting
'
Perfect,
pua
a getting, gotten
43
Declensio7i o/c^I^1.
Emphatic.
GERUND.
This verb
is
proper
to
for
him to do
sjfn
it;
^fk^
c^l
do
it.
it;
e^lto
*tT^, eV z*
probable the
44
Present
VkX
definite^ c^t^Ttc^l,
cifn
causing to ge t.
or ^Tfa c^fT^T^fFI
v5^ or ^"tc^
s^fir
cm^t^F
or tolionte puaiso
f^ or fJTTC^ C*fT^T?r5
s^ or
n5^ or
^Tfsi C^T^TC^1
%^i^
c<^t^TfT
or tohonte puali
^ or f*i^c^ C'tlwTCsi
5r?
hi or hihonte puale
Pluperfect^ C^^l^ll'f^t^i, I
had caused
to get.
or ^if^ CTT^TfrK^Tl
nioi
toi
or ami puaisilun
puaisili
>5^ or
^^c^
c*^TiTtf^f57
or tohonte
^fji or c^Tc^lt^lTC^
fTf\
or fs\xi^ C^TWt^f^cel
Future^
c^tT^tsi,
1 will cause
to get.
st or ^? or
xsfsr
^fifsr c<1^t^T?r
^^Cn5 C^l^Tf^
or tohonte puabi
f*r
or
^\v^
c^TsiT^
I
hi
or hihonte puabo
MPERATI VE MOOD.
C^T^til,
Perfect^
vSJ"
Cause
to get.
or ^^c^ c^\^\
c^tCSit^lTC^
toi
or tohonte pua
^fa or
f*T
C^^^l
or f*T%^ C<^1^T^^
or hihonte puauk
45
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, c^T^I^r^C^ir, I should cause to get.
srt'
or wtfsr
C'f IWT^C^^Sif
vSl"
or tohonte puahenten or
tunii
fjT
or
^\z^
a? or
^^fsr
or c^TC5iTTTC^
(:*^Tn1i-
CXC^'ii
f*f
or f^r^c^
c*fTilclC^C5T hi
or hihonte pualehenten
PARXrciPLES.
Conjunctive.
Present., C^ttilQC^
paaunte
pualot
Perfect,
c^V^\v\%
having caused
to get
Future^
CTt^Tc^
puale
on causing to get
Substantive or Adjective.
Present,
Perfect,
c^t^T^^
c^^T^^I
puaunta
causing to get
puua
a causing
to get
to get
Gerund,
c^T^t^^
puabor
of causing
FT^
;it^ ift^
sal
CFT^l
C^fail
sua
to look
to
bai
dai
baa
row
Cxl^l
dga
to reap
46
^ ^
^
CO
47
\^
19
Co
48
"s-
49
SECOND CONJUGATION.
Verbs of
this
by substituting ^1
f of the
infinitive,
and
in
a preceding syllable, to
or ^.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Presenty isiTdl, I come.
51^
'St'
or wtfsr ^tc^l
>
or
vg"!;^
^T^
or tohont aho
^fsi
fjT
or c^TcatlT^ ^T^l
or f^\% ^tC^
or hihont ahe
am
coming^
or
have come.
51^
or ^Tf^ ^tf^cfl
or ^t;^ ^Tf^;^
^^
or tohont ahiso
or f^X"^ 'sjtfeF
Perfect^ ^tfeTl,
or hihont ahise
I
have come.
51^
or ^Tfsr
'siif^c^l
^^ or ^^^ ^ff^f%
^fii
or tohont
ahili
or
f^tC5itelt^ '^tfl;11
Or or fhX^ ^\fk^^ or
^tf^C1
50
Pluperfect, ^if$;l^c^1, J ca?ney or
had come.
a^ or
^5t or
>5fsi
fir
wtfsr ^if^f^CsTl
^X^
^if^f^f?!
or tohout
ahisili
or
c^TC5lTe^T>P
wtf^f^^^l tumi or
tumulak
ahisila
or 1%^^ ^Tf^f5T, or
^\\\\^V^
hi or hiliont ahisil or
ahibile
ivill
Future^ ^tR;^, 1
Vi%
come.
aliira
or
'sitfsr
^tf^^
moi or ami
toi
^^
^|;fa fjT
tuiiii
or
^\^
^lft^
hi or hiliont ahibo
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present
J
^15",
Come
toi
thou.
^X
f*\
or wkj^ ^T^
c^TC5iTlt^
'tii^l
or tohont ab
^f^ or
or f^%^ ^TC^I^
or hiliont ahuk
shall come.
Future, ^Ttxf^j
You
toi
^^ or ^\%
^fsi
fi\
^if^f^
or tohont ahibi
or c'^M^\c^\7^ ^tR^I
^^f\^^
or t^t^
or hihont ahibo
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, ^ic^ictc^^, 1 should come.
51^
or wtfsi
WR't:TC't:?:^^
>5f
^fsr
or
w\%
^T^C^C^iT
or tohont ahohenten
or c^tC^fiT^
\^ or fy\x^ ^tC^C^C^i^
ahehenten
51
Perfect, aiif^fcTiC^C^ir, I should have come.
a| or
vSf or
^ifsT i5iTf|;c^iTC^C^^
^t^
^if^fi^r^C^^
or tohont ahilihenten
C^C^^T
f^ or fjT^^
^tfxdC^C^^
PARTICIPLES.
Conjunctive.
Present^
Perfect^
^TC5TC<5
almnte
ahilot
lohile
coming
^Tf^l^
^
having come
Future,
^Tf5:cT
ahile
on coming, if he comes
Substantive or Adjective.
Present^
Perfect.,
^TC^l^l,
^i;l
ahunta
comitig
oha
Emphatic.
Norn.
52
8
<!
to ;g.
53
Conjugation of the Active Verb
^tfsr, ^^1, to bring.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present , wtc^l, 1 bring.
51^ or ^tfsr
^tC^
^t;Tl
^f or
^fsr
fif
^us '^\^
^\m
^ifsrCFl
or c^\i^Xv\M^
or fif^c^
Presenty definite,
si^
am
bringing.
or WTfsr
nioi
toi
v5^ or
^fsi
ff
%\v^ ^tf^5
cs\i'^\v\M7^ ^tf^^l
or
or 1?!%^ ^Tf^!:F
Perfect^
^Tfs[Cil)
I have brought.
moi or ami anilun
toi
Vl%
or ^Tf^
^ifiTCcfl
'Sf
^fsi
fir
or ^^c^
^Tfsrf^T
or tohonte
anili
or c^\(M\^M'^ '^\fk^\
or
^\i^
^Tf^C^l
was
bringing.
or ^Tf^ ^Tf^f^Cll
or ^^c^ Wtf^f^f^
^f
t*r
or tohonte
anisili
tumi or tumulake
hi
anisila
or f^r^C^ ^Tf^fR^T
or hihonte
anisile
Future
51^
'sitf^ST,
1 will bring.
or
or
^tfsi 'aiTf^a
^^
^x^^
lTf^f^
or tohonte anibi
^fa or
c^tC5it*TtC^ ^TpT^I
f^ or pl^fc^ ^TpT^
54
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present^ ^T^r, Br'mg thou.
%t or
^%^
^TiT
toi
or tohonte an
f^ or ff^'Xi^
WR^,
or
c'^^s
^I^iJt^
or teun anuk
Most
perative;
uk
is
more
res-
^^
ok.
Future, ^tf^f^.
Bring thou.
or tohonte anibi
%t
or ^^c^ ^ifili^
toi
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, "^Mm^L^^y I should bring.
51^
or ^Tf?r ^TC^'U^'c^iT
^^
^^fsi
or tohonte anohenten
ten
f^T
or f%^c^ ^ICiTCTC^ST
or hihonte anehenten
sf
^fsi
or ^tfsr
^FfirCeTlC^CNSiT
nioi
toi
or ami anilunhenten
vgf or
^^c^ ^Tl^f%C^CiT
^ffil 511-
or tohonte anilihenten
fir
or f%^c^ ^Tl%c1t^C^^
or hihonte auilehenten
PARTICIPLES.
Conjunctive,
'Present,
'iitc^tc^
anunte
anilot
while bringing
Perfect,
'S[\f^^^
iTfs[cq
having brought
Future,
anile
upon bringing
55
Substantive or Adjective.
Present^
Present,
^Tcsri^l
^i^l
anunta
hrirKjimj
ona
brought, a brinrjing
'^^\'
56
t3
1
S<
5J
^
5^
It
<
to
O
(?
ft I?
Co
3
o
CO
57
58
Conjugation of the Verb
-^v\^ c^'.^^S to
say.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present,
CITC^1,
I say
nioi
toi
or ami bulun
or tohonte bulo
ciJTrsiTelTc^ C^T11
or
fJT"l;c^
C'^M'n
V resent
5if
definite., ^fe^cfl,
am
saying.
nioi or
toi
ami bulisun
^^
f>T
or tohonte buliso
^fa or
or fJT^c^
^fs^CF
or hihonte bulise
Perfect,
51^
^fiiic^l,
said.
or ^Tfsr
^fi^c^l
^fiif^T
^^
^fs(
f^T
or >5^c^
or tohonte bulile
or f^TcaTeHC^P
^f^11
or (%^c^ ^f%C1
or hihonte bulile
^
had
said.
or ^lf?l
^fsif^c^Tl
nioi
toi
>5? or
^f^i or
^^c^
^fs^ftfir
c^M'^^^M^
^f^t^e^l
f^ Of fjf^c^ ^t^flc1
or
^siTfsr
^fsi5r
^f^^fir
^^
^fsr
or ^x^^ or
or tohonte bulibi
c^stcsiTeT^U^ ^f^l^l
f^ or
^\i^ ^f^^
or hihonte bulibo
)9
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present
t
C^T^
Sa?/ thou.
or ^l;c^ c^\^
C^t3=l1
^fa or C3TCaTlTC^
f^ or fhx.C^ c?TC<lT^
or hihonte bulgk
Future
^f^if^,
Say
thou.
^X
or ^^c^ '^fk
c>5K5il2iTC^ ^f^^l
toi
or tohonte bulibi
^fa or
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present,
SI?
f^TreTTctjNS^,
I should say.
or ^Tf^ C?TC=1ld:c^=r
^f or
^%^
c^T^ctc^^
or tohonte bulohenten
fn or
f^%^
c^TCs^ctc^^
hi or hihonte bulehenten
Perfect, ^i^cfR^c^^,
or c^TcaTeTlC^ f f^^e^l-
CX^%^
f*r
or ff^TUS ^f^lC^tc^C^JT
or hihonte bulilehenten
Norn.
61
(if
i
OS
62
_.
63
c i a u 3
0)
<
64
THIRD CONJUGATION.
In this conjugation the vowels undergo no change,
sj,fi^,
^51, to
remove^
go away.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present,
-itCFl,
1 retnove.
^\ or
^itfsr
'^li\
^f
^fsi
f*r
or
^\% ^^
f^rt:^
or tohont guso
or c^tC5it1T^
or
^5
definite^
"ijflCFI
or hihont guse
Present
51^
sjf^ci^l,
/ am removing.
or ^Tfsi or
^^
vsi;^ '>t(^F
or tohont gusiso
^^ tumulak gusisa
^fir or c^StC^iTsiT^
U^^l
^"'"i
f^ or
f^T^
"""X^l^
hi
?ff^c^1,
or hihont ousise
Perfect,
SI?
I have removed.
moi or ami gusilun
toi
or ^ifa "itf^c^
>5?
^^fii
or
^x^
9ff^f^
or tohont gusili
or c^5tCTlt^ '^811
f*r
or f^i^^ "^r^^
Pluperfect,
'Jf f5f^cfl
J had removed.
?r^
or ^tfsi or
'iTf^f^c^l
>5^
^^^
^f^f^f%
sjf^fi^^l
or tohont gusisili
^fs or (.^M^V^X^
f*T
or {f\\^
'^fbT^?!
or hihont gusisil
65
Future,
?ff5sr,
/ will remove.
moi or ami gusitn
toi
af or
^tfsr
'Jrfpsr
^^
or
^t^
TTfpf^
^fa or
cK5iT2lT5p ?rf^^1
tuini
f% or f%'l; Tff^^
hi
or hihont gusibo
Remove
toi
thou.
^^
'^fji
f>r
or ^5^3
?f?
or tohont gus
or c^TCsrT^lt^
fjT^^S '>fC5T^
^1
or
gusuk
Future^ ^i^fV,
Remove
thou.
^^
or
^^^
?f f^fl"
toi
or tohont gusibi
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Prese?if, srcf tr^c^^r,
I should remove.
at or ^Tfa ^CFfr^^^
^t or
^fif
n5^5
?r5C"l:c^^
or c^tcatTT^ ^FTrl:-
C^^
f^r
or T^x^ TfCR^C^^
Perfect^
st'i^C"TTCi^CN5^,
or hihont gusehentea
a^ or ^tfa ^flrftC^C^^
^t
0^
^t^
^ffffi^C^C^sr
?rf^11-
or tohont gusilihenten
^fa or
c^IcaT^^T^
ifp^-^
f^ or fi^^^ Tff^c^C^C^JT
66
PARTICIPLES.
Conjunctive.
Present^
Perfect,
^cftc^
^f^=i^
stf^c^lf
gusunte
gusilot
while removing
Future,
gusile
Substantive or Adjective.
Present,
Perfect^
^CFT^I
SJ51
gusufita
removing.^
a remover
gusa
removed^ a removing
Gen.
Dat.
a removing of a removing
to
removing
Ace.
Loc.
a removing
on removing
GERUNDS.
Gen.
Dat.
"^Jp^^
'^[{^^t^
to
of removing removing
Acc.
sjf^^
removing
Sometimes, though very rarely, the verb in the subjunctive mood is combined with 'arifFl to produce
the present definite,
Cblctc^sT,
as
->]#-
shoidd be removitig;
sffsf^c^ic^CNS^,
The conjunctive
par-
7noving,
ever,
67
The
^^U
to re^nove,
or put
hand of another ,
are conjugated
Analogous
ing verbs.
\st
Causal.
2nd Causal.
Hear
See
^far, ^;^l
^^tf, ^^^1
ctt-arit, Ctf-f
fl?:Tt',
^^^tl', ^^^i1
cif^wtf, cf4^^l
<i|*^tt', vfl^^^il
CKf4,c^m
^fi",
Leave
Fly
4^1
W1 4?^1
^f^,
^1
^5t^, ^^iJl
^iF^tf,
^5^wi
The
like ism\t,
^C^mtf
^f
1
Do
Move
Seize
Surround
^fi[,
^5t^, ^l1^^\
^^]f, ^z^]^\
sf^tt, ^c^T^sil
^cTfsit^,
^c^t^^i
^^r^l^Q^I
^f%,
^fi,
C5lf?,
fff,
5Til
%f^l
^c^T^T^,
5fC5T^tt, 5!fRt^il
CSRt^^l
Give
f^?1
f^^tt, f^v3^1
firirtl',
f^^^T^
f^^s^Tf
Take
f^, f^?l
sifi:,
f^^s^l
The verb
the synopsis.
^f^r,
^^e^l;
as will
be seen
in
68
Co
"5?
69
70
71
72
-TS
19
;5
It-
;|5:
c^
llf
O Q <
19
its'
RT
0^
pi
to
(91
15
T
s"
m tt ^ M ^ |9
tt 19
(7.
(7.
CO
73
a
19
P7a
Iv
lv
he
<
IE
d Q <
IP
15-
IP
ic-
,l
IX
fY
if>
V V .^
.>|^
J;^
f^ IP
I?
K
_-
f*-
^ IP
KJ
S.
g
NJ
c?
(o
kJ
pv.
t7.
to r
<E vH
74
4)
3
19
-^
re
(c
1^
ta
5i
O Q
-<
15-
15-
hr
fr
t*> K->
ol*/'
|r
rt|>
io
W'
U^
(9 KJ
.)|f/
g N*
-W
bi
IV,
S ^
t^ oK
.tIA
fr
f^
fp
f^
if>
kJ
>!*/
lo
<??
KJ
M
Ui
i^
po
-^K -^K i bf
ta pa
/k>
1^
Ui
*^
SO
f^ o|/^
^>
9 M lA U^
\J
VJ
/W/
U^
v_>
|/^
U^
1^
U^
ka
tck
.-H
C^ C^ 00
-H C* C^ CO
f-H
C^ C^
CO
75
19
^
9? la
o
19
76
PASSIVE VOICE.
There
is, strictly
mese verbs, although there are two forms of conjugation which resemble
it,
by the conjunction of
ti^
or
f?f
The
first is
active; as
/ give
thou givesf
^^
^fsi
f*T
fT?1
fffTTl
^
C^T^I
thou givest
he gives
f^?1
^f
The
as
its
nominatvie; thus,
it is
is
a giving of it
given to
to
me
C^T^
f^?i1
t^l^
it is it is
given to
you him
as ^^.
The verb
^t^
C*tt^1
\'i\
is
used
in the
same way
^T^
it is found
it
>5T^ C^T^l
^^
77
ADVERBS.
There are but few words
sively as
in
Asamese used
is
exclu-
'generally supplied
in the loeative
and ablative
verb
T^fk.
Words
^"l-^"^
f[^'[f,
-
or ^Tc^'^1 again,
always;
3T?>T5',
>Tff1
^"^^i^^ forever.
firc^'^i
;r,
not yet.
<^f%, severally; as ?fTf *^^, to each severally. C^f%?l, when; c^f%?1, then; c^f%in, when? c^f%'
^t^5 ever
C<!>f^?rT?1,
sometimes;
atc^TT^, ow/y,
merely.
^f% and
^i,
again.
truly.
3.
Nouns used
tion of case.
^Tf^f, to-day.
<Pt(2^,
yesterday,
^Tf^
or ^tt^c^, to-morrow
^
the f/ay
vfi^t^j
78
4.
^fTP^,
t^Tc^, /iere\
tant);
^^, ivhere?
case.
^TCJf
<^t?:^,
and after.
and ^r^'5, throughout, continually. from f^^^ and fjrR<r, certainly) ^^clfi alone;
VQC5
^U^, slowly;
therefore;
<^z^z^f,{\oc.
emph.
c'tI'
off|f)
upon
this,
>flt c^^Tc^r,
^^^s ^^^y;
f<^tc^, ^/^ere.
4f c^^C^, 4^
reason.
^l^C^,
this
The
as ^^,
6.
whence?
^tsf, thither.
'si^ft^,
TT-oi^Jt^j
presence.
79
what? C^e^^ or ^l\i-^fy why? instead of fsp^t?!. **if f^C"^* here^ contraction of 4^ Rf^C^.
f^f,
why? from
f^,
'^il^^there^
7.
f^Tc^.
Nouns
5itriF 51]:^,
sometimes
f^cJ^ ffrc^r,
daily.
'^\i\
^i:5, or c?fH>ii
o/ifew
;
c<rf5i>a,
wzawy times.
^R m^T,
8.
country to country.
adjectives combined with the verb
Nouns and
^fl or t^.
^^^<p, greatly-, 4:5^^ swiftly
^T1?^, tW/.
T^^t^, much'y
fsi?ra^^,
moderately.
^^i(t^, earnestly
The
*tR,
sense of
?ir!5,
^at^, laboriously. in expressed by ^c*^, &c. following the adjective or noun; as Cf\\
\
many adverbs
^R
^51-
otherwise.
follox/in^ are peculiar:
literally,
The
^Tf^, j)erhapsy
what
is
known?
or
who knows?
^IC^l, /e*^;
lit.
I mtderstand;
or, if
used as an
interrogative,
it
C^f^
is
when
name
or
word
you
is
forgotten,
it ?
and
is
call
is
Od
or inquiry,
80
CONJUNCTIONS.
It is difficult to
draw
between
ciff%?i1, C^f5?rl,
when and
as
;5rf^,
if,
Cf\f
fiiifsicxs,
seem
^TiCJT,
f^ f^fac^,
why? wherefore?
The
speech.
f^?C5ri,
because
literally,
and why?
f%^, however.
C^^,
^55tTf1, yet,
notwithstanding.
^R
Ihan
is
INTERJECTIONS.
C^;,
0,
is
CWj^i
fie!
\\X VX-)
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