ACIDS and BASES

ACIDS
The word acid comes from the Latin word acidus which means sour Properties of Acids Acids have a sour taste Vinegar: 5% acetic acid (CH3COOH) Sour milk: lactic acid

Citrus fruits: citric acid

 Acids cause color changes in plant dyes Basis: Litmus paper test

Acids usually react with metals to produce hydrogen gas 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) ZnCl2 (Aq) + H2 (g)

Acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates producing carbon dioxide gas HCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

 Acids in aqueous solution conduct electricity: Electrolytes Strong acids: strongly conduct electricity Weak acids: weakly conduct electricity

Acids neutralize bases weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

Bases
Properties of Bases Bases have bitter taste

Bases have a slippery or soapy feel

Detergents and soaps: bases

 Bases causes color changes to plant dyes

Strong bases usually react with metals to produce hydrogen gas 2KOH (aq) + Zn (s) K2ZnO2 (aq) + H2 (g)

 Bases conduct electricity Strong bases: strong electrolytes Weak bases: weak electrolytes Bases neutralize acids

THEORIES on ACIDS and BASES Arrhenius Theory Bronsted-Lowry Trhoery Lewis Theory

Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases

Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) Characterized acids and bases based on their interaction with water Acid Substance that produces H+ or H3O+ when dissolved in water Bases Substances that produce OH- when dissolved in H2O

HCl: Arrhenius acid HCl + H2O H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NH3: Arhenius base NH3 + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

CH3COOH CH3COOH (l) + H2O (l) CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) NaOH NaOH + H2O Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H2O (l)

HX

HX + H2O H3O+ (aq) + X- (aq)

B + H2O OH- (aq)

Why do acids and bases conduct electricity? They conduct electricity because they form IONS when in aqueous conditions

HOWEVER:
The Arrhenius concept is only limited to solutions in water It fails to account acid-base reactions in the gaseous phase or in other solvents

Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879-1974) Thomas Lowry (1874-1936) Acid any substance that can donate a proton (or H+) Base any substance that can accept a proton (H+) Acids: proton donors Acids and bases: can be molecules or ions Bases: proton acceptors

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

NH3 + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

CH3COOH (aq) + NH3 (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + NH4+ (aq)

Consider the reverse reaction CH3COO- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) + NH3 (aq)

CONJUGATE ACID/BASE PAIR -an acid and a base related with proton transfer

CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIRS Acid-conjugate base Base-conjugate acid

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) Consider the reverse reaction CH3COOH
acid1

H2O
base1

CH3

COO-

H3O+
acid2

base2

Identify: HCO3- (aq) + H2O CO32- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

HCN (aq) + H2PO42- CN- (aq) + H3PO4 (aq)

HPO42- (aq) + H2CO3 (aq) H2PO42- (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

Conjugate acid base pair Acid-conjugate base HCl/ ClCH3COOH/ CH3COOHBr/ BrBase-conjugate acid NH3/ NH4+ HCO3- / H2CO3 H2O as an acid

H2O as a base

What is the conjugate base pair of: H2CO3 HCO3HI HSO4HNO3 HPO42-

What is the conjugate acid pair of: HCO3SO42H2PO4HPO42HSO3-

Monoprotic acids
HCl HNO3 CH3COOH H+ + ClH+ + NO3H+ + CH3COO-

Diprotic acids
H2SO4 HSO4H+ + HSO4H+ + SO42-

Triprotic acids
H3PO4 H2PO4HPO42H+ + H2PO4H+ + HPO42H+ + PO43-

Amphiprotic substances
Substances that can act either as an acid or a base CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) NH3 + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

H2O

HCO3-

Lewis Theory
Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946)

Based on electron sharing rather than proton transfer Lewis Acid a substance that accepts a pair of electrons Lewis Base a substance that donates electrons Accounts for acidic and basic substances that may behaves as acids and bases but do not involve H+

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

NH3 + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Lewis Acids and Bases

F F B F acid + H

F F B F

H N H H

N H

H base

No protons donated or accepted!

Acids Yields H+ or H3O+ in aqueous solutions Bronsted-Lowry Proton (H+) donors Lewis Electron-pair acceptors

Theory Arrhenius

Bases Yields OH- in aquoeus solutions Proton acceptors Electron-pair donors

HOW ARE THE STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES MEASURED? pH gives us an idea on how basic or acidic a substances is pH scale pH = - log [H+] pH = 7 neutral pH < 7 acid pH >7 base

Recall: H2O amphiprotic H2O + H2O H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq))

The Ion Product of Water

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) [H+][OH-] Kc = [H2O] [H2O] = constant

Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-] The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature. Solution Is neutral acidic basic

[H+] = [OH-] At 250C Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 [H+] > [OH-] [H+] < [OH-]

pH A Measure of Acidity
pH = -log [H+]

Solution Is neutral acidic basic

[H+] = [OH-] [H+] > [OH-] [H+] < [OH-]

At 250C [H+] = 1 x 10-7 [H+] > 1 x 10-7 [H+] < 1 x 10-7

pH = 7 pH < 7 pH > 7

pH

[H+]

pOH = -log [OH-] [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 -log [H+] log [OH-] = 14.00 pH + pOH = 14.00

Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M HCl solution:

pOH?

Calculate the pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution:

pOH?

Calculate the pH of a 0.065 M HCl solution:

pOH?

Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M NaOH solution:

Calculate the pH of a 0.008 M KOH solution:

Calculate the pH of a 1.8 x 10-6 M NaOH solution: