Bibliographic citation: APA Style

The documentation style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA) is widely used for writing in the social sciences. In APA style, whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source. For direct quotation in the text, the information provided will vary depending on whether your source was in print or electronic form. When citing print sources, give the author, year and page number in parentheses. Example: (Liptz, 1979, p. 235). In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited is called "References." Indent the first line of each entry one-half inch, doublespace the second line and begin it at the left margin. The reference entries below follow the style of the 2001, 5th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

BOOKS
Books By One Author
Liptz, A. (1979). Prisons as social structures. Los Angeles: Scholarly Press.

Books By Two Or More Authors

Klein, D. F., & Wender, P. H. (1981). Mind, mood, and medicine:

A guide to the new biological psychiatry. New York: Farrar.

Article In An Edited Book

Gardner, W. I. (1970). Use of behavior therapy with the mentally retarded. In F. J. Menolascino (Ed.), Psychiatric approaches to mental

retardation (pp. 250-275). New York: Basic.

ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL, MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER

Article In a Journal With Continuous Pagination
Faulstich, M. E. (1984). Effects upon social perception of the insanity plea. Psychological Reports, 55, 183-187.

Article In a Journal Paginated Separately

Graham, L. R. (1978). Concerns about science and attempts to regulate inquiry. Daedalus, 107(2), 1-21.

Article In a Monthly Magazine

Kahn, R. E. (1987, October). Networks for advanced computing.

Scientific American. pp. 136-143.

Article In a Newspaper
Ingersoll, B. (1988, December 2). FDA asked to ban sales of quinine over the counter. Wall Street Journal, p. A-12.

OTHER SOURCES
Government Document
Department of Energy. (1987). Energy security. (DOE/S-0057). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Information From The World Wide Web

All references begin with the same information that would be provided for a printed source (or as much of that information as possible). The Web information is then placed at the end of the reference. It is important to include the URL and date because documents on the Web may change in content, move, or be removed from a site altogether. Example: Anderson, Ashley. (2002). Wandering the hills. Retrieved June 4, 2007, www.wanderingalong.com.

Electronic Copy of an Article Retrieved From an Aggregated Database

Borman, W.C., Hanson, M.A., Oppler, S.H., Pulakos, E.D., & White, L.A. (1993). Role of early supervisor experience in supervisor performance Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsychARTICLES database.

Electronic Copy of an Abstract obtained from a secondary database

Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (1999). Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does optimism mean? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 303-326. Abstract

retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsychINFO database.

A Policy Posting

American Psychological Association. (1995, September 15).

APA public policy action alert: Legislation would affect grant recipients
[Announcement posted on the World Wide Web]. Washington, D.C.: Author. <http://www.apa.org/ppo/istook.html >(1996, January 25)

An ERIC Document
Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082)

novice teachers

bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research

Sources:
Harbrace College Handbook. (1990). New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. APA Publication Manual (5th edition). (2001). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Assn. Using APA Style to Cite and Document Sources. (1998). Bedfords / St. Martins.
<http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html >(1999, September 15)

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