CHAPTER 4 QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS

4.1 Quadratic Expression

A quadratic expression is an expression of the form ax2 + bx + c where a, b and c are constants, a 0 and x is an unknown. Example : State whether each of the following is a quadratic expression. 1. x2 3x x2 3x is a quadratic expression. There is only one unknown and the highest power of the unknown is 2 (ii) y2 + 2y + 1 Exercise (i) x2 + 2y + 1

4.2 Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions

(a) (b)

x2 y2 = (x y)(x + y) (x + y)2 = (x + y) (x + y) Exercise (i) y2 1 (ii) 1 m2

Example : Factorise each of the following : 1. p2 1 = (p - 1)(p + 1)

2. m2 n2 = (m n)(m + n)

(i) a2 52 (ii) 49 m2

3. 1 16m2 = 1 (4m)2 = (1 4m) (1 + 4m)

(i) 1 36k2

(ii) 49k2 1

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

Example : Factorize each of the following : 4. (x 1)2 16 = (x 1)2 42 = (x 1 4) (x 1 + 4) = (x 5)(x + 3)

Exercise (i) (k 1)2 4

(ii) (n 5)2 49

5. 4x x3 = x(4 x2) = x( 22 x2 ) = x(2 x)(2 + x)

(i) 16y y3

(ii) k3 49k

6. (x y)2 (x2 y2) = (x y)(x y) (x y)(x + y) = (x y) [(x y) (x + y)] = (x y)( 2y) = 2y(y x)

(i) (p q)2 + (p2 q2)

(ii) (a2 b2) + (a b)2

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

4.3 Factorization of Quadratic Expressions using the cross method.

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

Example : Factorize each of the following : 1 x2 + 5x + 6 =of Quadratic Equations 4.4 Solution (x + 2)(x + 3) x x x2 2 3 +6 2x 3x 5x

Exercise (i) x2 + 7 x + 10

(ii) x2 + 6 x + 8

2 x2 7x + 12 = (x 3)(x 4) x x x2 3 4 +12 3x 4x 7x

(i) x2 5x + 6

(ii) y2 8y + 15

3. 5x2 7x + 2 = (5x - 2)(x - 1) 5x x 5x2 2 1 +2 2x 5x 7x

(i) 7x2 + 26x 8

2x2 + 8x + 6 = (2x + 6)(x + 1) 2x x

2

(ii) 3x2 7x 20

6 1

6x 2x
4

2x +6 8x Quadratic Expressions and Equations

First, write the quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0. Then factorize and write in the form of (x + a)(x + b) = 0 Thus x + a = 0 or x + b = 0 And x = - a, x = - b. Example : Solve the following quadratic equations 1. (x + 6) (x 3) = 0 x + 6 = 0 or x 3 = 0 x = 6 or x = 3 Exercise (i) ( x + 4)(x 1) = 0

(ii) (m 3)(m 4) = 0

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

2. ( 4x 3)(2x 5) = 0 4x 3 = 0 or 2x 5 = 0 4x = 3 or 2x = 5 x=

(i) (2k 5)(k 2) = 0

3 or 4

x=

5 2
(ii) (5m 2)(3m +1) =0

3.

x2 8 =x 7
x2 8 = 7x x2 7x 8 = 0 (x 8)(x + 1) = 0 x 8 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 x = 8 or x=1

(i)

x2 + 4 =x 5

4.

c 2 54 =c 3
c2 54 = 3c c2 3c 54 = 0 (c 9)(c + 6) = 0 c 9 = 0 or c + 6 = 0 c = 9 or c = 6

(ii)

b 2 + 12 =b 7

3x 2 8 = 10 5. x
3x2 +10x 8 = 0 (3x 2)(x + 4) = 0 3x 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 3x = 2 or x = 4 2 x= or x = 4 3

(i)

2n 2 + 6 =1 7n

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

4.5.

Solve problems involving quadratic equations.

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

Example i. i.

Exercise

P (4x -2)cm R

x cm

P (2f + 3)cm

f cm

ABCD is a rectangle which AB = x cm and AC = (4x 2) cm. i) Find the area of rectangle ABCD. Form a quadratic equation in terms of x. ii) Given that, area = 42 cm2, find the length and width of the rectangle. Solution: i) Area, A = length x width = x ( 4x 2) = 4x2 2x cm2 ii)Given that, A = 42 4x2 2x = 42 4x2 -2x 42 = 0 (2x + 6)(2x 7) =0 2x + 6 = 0 or 2x 7 = 0 2x = 6 or 2x = 7 x = 3 or x =

PQRS is a rectangle which PQ = f cm and PR = (2f + 3) cm. a) Find the area of rectangle PQRS. Form a quadratic equation in terms of f. b) Given that, area = 9cm2, find the length and width of the rectangle. Solution:

7 2

( x = 3 rejected) x is a positive value. x = 3.5 length = 3.5 cm, Width = 4(3.5) 2 = 14.0 2 = 12.0 cm

Example ii.
A B 2 cm f cm F G

Exercise ii.
A B 8 cm f cm 8 C E F G (f + 10) D cm

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

E (f + 8)cm D

Questions based on the examination format

1. Solve (f 1)(f 2) 6 = 0
2.

Solve the equation

2n 2 3 =1 5n

3. Solve the following equation 3m2 = 2(m-3) + 11. 4. Solve the equation y 2 + 3 = 7( y 1) 5. Solve the equation

2k 2 + 3 . 7 1 2 7. Solve the equation p = ( 3 5 p ) . 2 h2 3 . 8 . Solve the equation 5 h = h 2 2n +6 9. Solve equation =1 11n

6. Solve the equation k =

2m 2 3m =2 m+6

10. Solve the equation x2 - 3x + 2 = 2(x - 1)

Past Year SPM Questions November 2003 1. Solve the equation 3x2 = 2(x 1) + 7. July 2004 2. Solve the quadratic equation November 2004 3. Solve the equation July 2005
2 4. Solve the quadratic equation 2m 1 =

3 2 p p = + 2. 4 2

2m 2 + 5m = 2. m +1 7 m. 2

November 2005 5. Solve the quadratic equation

2k 2 5 = 3k . 3

July 2006 6. Solve the quadratic equation 2 x 2 + 3 x = 15 + 2 x. November 2006 7. Solve the quadratic equation June 2007

3 x( x 1) = x+6 2

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

8. Using factorization, solve the following quadratic equation 5 x 2 + 8 x = 6 5 x Nov 2007 9. Using factorization, solve the following quadratic equation 4 x 2 15 = 17 x June 2008 10. Solve the quadratic equation x(2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 Nov 2008 11. Solve the quadratic equation x 1 =

6 3x 2x

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

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ANSWERS Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations i 1i 2i 3i 4i 5i 6i 1i 2i 3i 1i 2i 3i 4i 5i 4.1 No 4.2 (y + 1)(y 1) (a + 5)(a 5) (1 + 6k)(1 6k) (k + 1)(k 3) y(4+y)(4-y) 2p(p q) 4.3 (x + 5)(x - 2) (x 3)(x 2) (7x 2)(x + 4) 4.4 -4 , 1 ii 1ii 2ii 3ii 4ii 5ii 6ii 1ii 2ii 3ii 1ii 2ii Yes (1 + m)(1 m) (7 + m)(7 m) (7k + 1)(7k 1) (n + 2)(n 12) k(k + 7)(k 7) 2a(a - b) (x + 4)(x 2) (y 3)(y 5) (3x + 5)(x 4) 3,4

5 ,2 2
4,1 4,3 2,

2 1 , 5 3

3 2
i(b) ii(a) ii length = 6 cm, breadth= 1.5 cm

i(a) ii(a)i

4.5 2f2 + 3f ( f 8) cm

( f 2 + 2 f 80) c

28 cm

m Questions based on examination format 1 5 9 f = -1, 4 2 6 10 n= k=

m=

3 ,4 2 3 n= ,4 2

1 ,3 2

3 7

1 , -3 2

5 , -1 3 1 P = , -3 2
m=

4 8

y = 5, 2 h=

1 ,3 2

x = 1, 4

SPM Past Year Questions 1 5 9

5 x = , 1 3 1 k = ,5 2 3 x = , 5 4

2 6 10

4 p = ,2 3 5 x = ,3 2 2 x = , 1 3

3 7 11

m=

1 ,2 2 4 x = ,3 3 3 x = , 2 2

4 8

m=

1 ,2 4 2 x = , 3 5

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

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