BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING City Of Balanga

A Project Study on

Harnessing Radio Frequency Waves Using Multiple Antennas asa Feasible Source of Electrical Energy: A Continuing Development

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineeringfor the subject ECPF 521

by:

Caragay,Richard C. Carranza, Chariz Zerna C. Jorda, Laurence A. Lunday, Hyanelle E. Manalo, Danica R.

March 2,2012 APPROVAL SHEET

i

This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the project study prepared by Richard C. Caragay, Chariz Zerna C. Carranza, Laurence A. Jorda, Hyanelle E. Lunday, Danica R. Manalo entitled Harnessing Radio Frequency Waves Using Multiple Antennas as a Feasible Source of Electrical Energy: A Continuing Development and that the said project study has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee.

__Engr. Rodrigo C. Muoz Jr._ Project Adviser

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this project study, presented before the committee on March2, 2012, and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the project study requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering (ECPF 521).

_ Engr. Arnel T. Sarili__ __Mr. Reynan P. Calderon___ Globe Field Engineer University Science Research Specialist Panel Member Panel Member (Industry Sector) (Research Sector)

___Mr. Danilo C. Santos__ Instructor, ECE Department Panel Member (Academe Sector) This project study is hereby approved and accepted by the Bataan Peninsula State University/Department of Electronics Engineering as fulfillment of the project study requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering (ECPF 521).

__Engr. Rodrigo C. Muoz Jr._ Dean/College of Engineering and Architecture TRANSMITTAL LETTER
ii

February 29, 2012

Engr. Rodrigo C. Muoz Jr. Project Study Instructor Department of ECE College of Engineering and Architecture Bataan Peninsula State University Balanga City, 2100 Philippines

Dear Sir:

We are submitting herewith our project study entitled Harnessing Radio Frequency Waves Using Multiple Antennas as a Feasible Source of Electrical Energy: A Continuing Development as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering for the subject ECPF 521. This study deals with theharnessing of radio frequency waves to produce electrical energy. All the information, researches and experimentations are included on the report. The data is then evaluated and compared to the previous study. This report also outlines recommendations from continued long-term innovation. Any questions, suggestions, recommendations and corrections are sincerely appreciated by the group.

Sincerely, Richard C. Caragay Chariz Zerna C. Carranza Laurence A. Jorda Hyanelle E. Lunday Danica R. Manalo

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

ii

TRANSMITTAL LETTER

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iv

LIST OF TABLES

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

NOMENCLATURExiv

ABSTRACT

xvii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Significance of the Study 1.4 Project Objectives 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study

1 1 2 3 4 4

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

15

Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY

24
iv

Chapter 5: TECHNICAL STUDY 5.1 Project Description

26 26

5.2 Project Objectives 5.2.1. General Objectives 5.2.2. Specific Objectives

27 30 31

5.3 Project Design

28

5.4 Project Design Details 5.4.1.Engineering Drawing 5.4.2. 3D Prototype Design

29 32 33

5.5 Calculations and Analyses 5.5.1Calculations of Resonant Frequency 5.5.2 Calculations of RectifierCircuit 5.5.3 Calculations of Filter Circuit 37

37

46 52

5.6 Circuit Simulations

54

5.7 Analysis on Simulations

57

5.8 Frequency Response Simulations Using Matlab Application 5.8.1 Analysis of Frequency Response 94

89

5.9 Max 756 DC to DC Converter Parameters

95

5.10 Electronic Materials

97

5.11 Schematic and PCB Design

100

5.12 List of Raw Materials

102

5.13 Sources of Raw Materials 5.14 Life Span of Materials

103 104

5.15 Construction Of Prototype105 5.16 Prototype Flowchart107 Chapter 6: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 108

Chapter 7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

114

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES APPENDICES 120

116 118

Appendix A. IC MAX 756 Specification Sheet

120

Appendix B. Diode Specification Sheet

128

Appendix C. Curriculum Vitae

129

vi

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Power Densities Of Harvesting Technologies, p.10 Table 5.1 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Capacitor (TV), p. 57 Table 5.2 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Inductor (TV), p.59 Table 5.3Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Filter Capacitor (TV), p.61 Table 5.4 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Frequency (TV), p.63 Table 5.5Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Capacitor (Cellphone), p.65

Table 5.6 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Inductor (Cellphone), p.67 Table 5.7Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Filter Capacitor (Cellphone), p.69 Table 5.8 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Frequency (Cellphone), p.71 Table 5.9 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Capacitor (CB), p.73

Table 5.10 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Inductor (CB), p.75 Table 5.11 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Filter Capacitor (CB), p.77 Table 5.12 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Frequency (CB), p.79 Table 5.13Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Capacitor (Wi-Fi), p.81 Table5.14 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Inductor (Wi-Fi), p.83 Table 5.15 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable FilterCapacitor (Wi-Fi), p.85 Table 5.16 Generated Voltage Readings with Variable Frequency (Wi-Fi), p.87

vii

Table5.17 Maxim 756 characteristics, p.95

Table 5.18 Maxim 756 Gain, p.95

Table 5.19List of Materials used in the prototype, p.102

Table 5.20 Sources of Raw Materials, p. 103

Table 5.21 Lifespan of the materials used in the prototype, p.104

Table 6.1 Voltages harvested from individual sources, p.109

Table 6.2 Measured Output Voltages, p.111

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of the System, p.15 Figure 4.1 Methodology Block Diagram, p.25 Figure 5.1:Energy Harvesting from Television, FM, Wi-Fi, CB Radio, and Cellular Phones and Solar, p.27 Figure 5.2 Resonant Circuit, p.30 Figure 5.3 Rectifier Circuit, p.30 Figure 5.4 Voltage converter IC Configuration, p.31 Figure 5.5 Engineering Drawing, p.32 Figure 5.6 3D Prototype Design, p.33 Figure 5.7CircuitSimulation with Frequency from TV/FM Sources, p.54 Figure 5.8Circuit Simulation with Frequency from Cell phone Sources(1800-1900 MHz), p.54 Figure 5.9Circuit Simulation with Frequency from Cell phone Sources (8001900 MHz), p.55 Figure 5.10 Circuit Simulation with Frequency from CB Radio Sources, p.55 Figure 5.11 Circuit Simulation with Frequency from Wi-Fi Sources, p.56 Figure 5.12 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T1 (TV/FM), p.58 Figure 5.13 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T2 (TV/FM), p.58

ix

Figure 5.14 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T1 (TV/FM), p.60 Figure 5.15 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T2 (TV/FM), p.60 Figure 5.16 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T1 (TV/FM), p.62 Figure 5.17 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T2 (TV/FM), p.62 Figure 5.18Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Frequency at T1(TV/FM), p.64 Figure 5.19 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Frequency at T2(TV/FM), p.64 Figure 5.20 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T1 (Cell phone), p.66 Figure 5.21 phone), p.66 Figure 5.22Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T1 (Cellphone), p.68 Figure 5.23 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T2 (Cellphone), p.68 Figure 5.24 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T1 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at 2 (Cell

(Cellphone), p.70 Figure 5.25 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T2 (Cellphone), p.70 Figure 5.26 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Frequency at T1 (Cellphone), p.72
x

Figure 5.27Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Frequency at T2 (Cellphone), p.72 Figure 5.28 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T1 (CB), p.74 Figure 5.29 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T2 (CB), p.74 Figure 5.30Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T1 (CB), p.76 Figure 5.31Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T2 (CB), p.76 Figure 5.32Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T1 (CB), p.78 Figure 5.33 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T2 (CB), p.78 Figure 5.34 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Frequency at T1 (CB), p.80

Figure 5.35Graph of Output Voltage with Variable Frequencyat T2 (CB), p.80

Figure 5.36 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T1 (Wi-Fi), p.82 Figure 5.37 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Capacitance at T2 (Wi-Fi), p.82 Figure 5.38 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T1 (Wi-Fi), p.84 Figure 5.39 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Inductance at T2 (Wi-Fi), p.84 Figure 5.40 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T1 (Wi-Fi), p,86

xi

Figure 5.41 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Filter Capacitance at T2 Fi), p.86

(Wi-

Figure 5.42 Graph of Output Voltage With Variable Frequency at T1(Wi-Fi),p. 88 Figure 5.43 Graph of Output Voltage with Variable Frequencyat T2 (Wi-Fi),p.88

Figure 5.44 Program Simulation Using Matlab, p.89

Figure 5.45 Graph of Frequency Response of TV Resonant Circuit (Decibels), p.90 Figure 5.46 Graph of Frequency Response of TV Resonant Circuit (Degrees), p.90 Figure 5.47 Graph of Frequency Response of Cellphone Resonant Circuit (Decibels), p.91 Figure 5.48Graph of Frequency Response of Cellphone Radio Resonant Circuit (Degrees), p.91 Figure 5.49 Graph of Frequency Response of CB Radio Resonant Circuit (Degrees), p.92 Figure 5.50 Graph of Frequency Response of CB Radio Resonant Circuit (Decibels), p.92 Figure 5.51Graph of Frequency Response of Wifi Resonant Circuit (Degrees), p.93 Figure 5.52 Graph of Frequency Response of Wifi Resonant Circuit (Decibels), p.93 Figure 5.53Capacitor, p.97

Figure 5.54VariableCapacitor, p.98

xii

Figure 5.55Shottky Diodes, p. 98

Figure 5.56Inductors, p.99

Figure 5.57Integrated Circuits, p.99

Figure 5.58 Resistors, p.100

Figure 5.59 Schematic of RF harvesting Circuit, p.100

Figure 5.60 PCB Lay-out of RF harvesting Circuit, p.101

Figure 5.61 Etching, p.105

Figure 5.62 Drilling, p.105

Figure 5.63 Final Soldering, p. 106

Figure 5.64 Final Prototype, p.106

Figure 5. 65 Graph of Voltages Measured from FM/TV, Cell phones and Wi-Fi, p.109 Figure 5.66 Graph of Measured Output Voltages, p.111

xiii

NOMENCLATURE

AC

the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction.

AM

isa technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via

a radio carrier wave. Ambient Antenna isastate of existing or present on all sides. an electrical device which converts electric

currents into radio waves, and vice versa. Bandwidth Capacitance range of radio frequencies is the ability of a capacitor to store energy in an electric field. Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of electric potential energy stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. DC Electron is the unidirectional flow of electric charge is a subatomic particle with a

negative elementary electric charge. It has no known components or substructure; in other words, it is generally thought to be an elementary particle Energy scavenging is the process by which energy is derived from external sources (e.g., solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradientsand kinetic energy), captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices,

xiv

like

those

used

in wearable

electronics and

wireless sensor networks. FM conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency Harness Impedance to use in a (something) for a particular purpose is the measure of the opposition that an electrical circuit presents to the passage of a current when a voltage is applied Inductance is the ability of an inductor to store energy in

a magnetic field Radio waves a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light Reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage, due to that

element's capacitance or inductance Rectification an electrical process that converts alternating

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. Resistance is the opposition of passage of an electric current through the element Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at a

greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others

xv

RF

is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals

Wireless

is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected

xvi

Abstract This study mainly aimsto develop the previous researches especially the recent study which already uses multiple antennas in order to harness radio frequency waves available in the environment. With these RF waves converted to electrical energy, charging or powering of low-powered electronic devices is made possible without the use of outlets that makes this study helpful especially at this moment that technology particularly cell phones has become a part of an individuals life. RF waves, as what the past and present researchers believe, is a feasible source of electrical energy that can contribute in energy conservation which is one of the countrys struggles nowadays. As electricity becomes a huge necessity of an individuals everyday life, several researches were done to lessen the dependency on it and the hazards of its resources.In line with this, the execution of this study would be an advantage in harnessing the energy from radio waves as well as solar which is available in all places.And by using RF waves and solar to produce electrical energy, this study somehow minimizes the use of these non renewable resources and eventually lessens the harmful effects of power plants in the environment. Upon performing this project, assessment of past researches and RF related topics were done. Through simulations and calculations, designing of the actual prototype were done and expected outputs were determined. However in actual testing, results are erratic and inconsistent, that is why a storage unit was provided to save harness energy even there is no load and for future consumption. Moreover, a solar cell was incorporated to provide adequate power to charge cell phone batteries. The prototype produces a more stable current and voltage sufficient to charge low-powered devices without the use of electrical outlet. Since there is no need for outlet, less power consumption could be observed and is useful in case of power outage. The study verifies that harnessing RF waves is really a feasible source of electrical energy.

xvii

xviii