Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Elastomer Hyperelasticity Finite element method (FEM) Equibiaxial tension Bubble ination technique The aim of this work is to set up nonlinear viscohyperelastic material parameters of elastomers for numerical nite element simulation (FEM). The study is focused on equibiaxial elongation by using the bubble ination technique. These data together with those from uniaxial tests were used to create a FEM model.
(2)
where p is the differential ination pressure, r is curvature radius of specimen and t is the specimen thickness. With consideration of material incompressibility we can express the thickness of inated specimen as: t t0 (3)
where t0 is the initial thickness of specimen (unloaded state). Further we have to measuat the pole of inated mare the stretch terial. Generally stretch is the ratio between the current length l and the initial length l0: l l0 (4)
One can use an optical method for measuand the curvature raring the elongation dius r (camera, video camera, laser etc.). Substituting equation (3) into equation (2) as folone can compute the hoop stress lowing: pr 2 2t0 (5)
Methods
An uniform circular specimen of elastomer is clamped at the rim and inated using compressed air to one side. The specimen is deformed to the shape of bubble (Fig. 2). The ination of the specimen results in a biaxial stretching near the pole of the bubble and the planar tension near the rim. Thanks to the spherical symmetry we can at the pole of the bubble. consider Then we can write the Cauchy stress tensor in spherical coordinates as:
rr
Experimental
The schematic view of the testing equipment is presented in Figure 3. The specimen (a) of 2 mm sample plate is xed between two rings with inner diameter 40 mm. The rings are clamped in a support (b). Next function of the support is the distribution of the compressed air to one side of the specimen. The air pressure is regulated with a pressure regulator (c) and a regulating valve (g). The current pressure value is recorded using a pressure
0 0
0 0
0 0
( r , ,z )
(1)
Authors
J. Javoik, Z. Dvok, Zlin (Czech Republic) Corresponding author: Ing. Jakub Javoik, Rh.D. Tomas Bata University Fakulty of Technology Dept. of Manufacturing Engineering Nad Stranemi 451 76272 Zlin, Czech Republic E-mail: javorik@ft.utb.cz
The thickness of specimen is small and the ratio between the thickness of the inated membrane t and the curvature radius r is small enough, then the thin shell assumption allow us to neglect the radial stress rr in front of the stress . In addition we equate to the thickness-average hoop stress, which leads to:
608
1 Deformation modes
sensor (d). The ination of the specimen is recorded using a high resolution CCD video camera (f). A computer is used to control the pressure valve. The white strips were drawn in the central area of specimen for stretch measurement. It is important to measure the elongation and the curvature radius only in the area near to pole (between the strips) of the inated specimen and not on the entire bubble contour because only on the pole the equibiaxial state of stress occurs (Fig. 4). A common SBR compound for tire manufacturing was tested. The material was loaded until failure. The necessary values for the and the curvature radii r stretch ratios were obtained from image analysis of the video record. In order to obtain the stresswere strain diagram the stretch values converted into strain values ( 1) and the Cauchy stress into the engineering stress by taking into account of the assumption that the material is incompressible: (6)
The common hyperelastic material models (3rd order Yeoh and 5-terms Mooney-Rivlin) and the experimental results were compared. The importance of equibiaxial test is demonstrated in this comparison. In the rst case (Fig. 6 a), only the data for uniaxial tension were used for the determination of the material constants. In the second case (Fig. 6 b), both the data of the uniaxial and the equibiaxial tension were used to determine the material constants. The FEM model of specimen ination (based on 5-terms Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model) was created and compared with experiment. The comparison of real stretch of with stretch of FEM model is material shown in Figure 7. It is clear form Figure 6 that we were not able to predict the biaxial behaviour of the elas5
tomer from the uniaxial data only. One can see from g. 6a that both models used closely follow the uniaxial experimental data but that the biaxial prediction is very inaccurate (especially for Mooney-Rivlin model). While in Fig. 6b (where both the uniaxial and the biaxial data were used) the material models closely follow both the uniaxial and the biaxial experimental data. The inaccuracy of biaxial Yeoh model is due to its simplicity and unsuitability for large stretch ratios, but in this case the model is still more accurate then in case a). One can see the necessity of equibiaxial test for prediction of hyperelastic behaviour of elastomers from this comparison. In addition, one can see the difference between the stretch of FEM model and the experiment at large deformation of the material in Fig 7. For more accurate results
5 Stress-strain diagram of tested material
Results
The equibiaxial stress-strain diagram of tested material is shown in Figure 5. Also the uniaxial stress data are presented in this diagram for comparison. One can observe the generally known fact [3], that the equibiaxial stress values are 1.5 2 times larger than the uniaxial ones.
609
one would need also data from pure shear test. Even with this inaccuracy one can say that results are very close to the experiment up to a deformation of 2, that is seems to be a sufcient large range for most applications. Still we have to be aware that without equibiaxial data the FEM simulation would not be possible at all. The tests of all three modes of deformation (uniaxial tension, equibiaxial tension, pure shear) are needed for next development of this work. Future improvement of equibiaxial test device is planned too.
Acknowledgement
This work was prepared under support of project MSM 7088352102 (provider: Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic).
References
[1] A. B. Davey, A. R. Payne, Rubber in Engineering Practice. London, Maclaren & sons Ltd., 1966, 501. [2] A. N. Gent, Engineering with Rubber, Munich, Hanser, 2001, 365. [3] R. W. Ogden, Non-linear Elastic Deformations, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY (1997). [4] P. Kohnke, ANSYS Theory reference, Canonsburg, PA, USA, ANSYS, Inc. 1998, 965. [5] L. P. Smith, The language of Rubber, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1993, 257. [6] MSC. Software Corporation: Nonlinear nite element analysis of elastomers, http://www. mscsoftware.com/assets/103_elast_paper. pdf,MSC. Software Corporation, 2000, 64. [7] N. Reugen, F. M. Schmidt, Y. le Maoulty, M. Rachik, F. Abb, Polymer Engineering and Science. Society of Plastics Engineers 41 (2001) 522.
610