BENHA UNIVERSITY BANHA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

M462 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 4 YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DR. SALEH | ENG. ABDALLA MOHAMED
TH

SHEET1: CERAMICS TYPES AND FABRICATION

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Define: a) Devitrification. b) Crystallization. c) Ions radius ratio. 2. Cite the two desirable characteristics of glasses. 3. Cite two properties that may be improved by devitrification and two that may be impaired. 4. Cite two properties that may be improved by crystallization. 5. For refractory ceramic materials, cite three characteristics that improve with and two characteristics that are adversely affected by increasing porosity. 6. Compare the manner in which the aggregate particles become bonded together in clay based mixtures during firing and in cements during setting. 7. Explain why it is important to grind cement into a fine powder. 8. Compare between: a) Glasses & Ceramics. b) Refractories & Abrasives. 9. What is the distinction between glass transition temperature and melting temperature? 10. Explain why glass may be drawn into fibers whereas crystalline aluminum oxide may not. 11. Compare the temperatures at which sodalime, borosilicate, 96% silica, and fused silica may be annealed. 12. Compare the softening points for 96% silica, borosilicate, and sodalime glasses. 13. Explain why residual thermal stresses are introduced into a glass piece when it is cooled. Are thermal stresses introduced upon heating? Why or why not? How does the thickness of a glass ware affect the magnitude of

the thermal stresses? Why? 14. Borosilicate glasses and fused silica are resistant to thermal shock. Why is this so? 15. In your own words, briefly describe what happens as a glass piece is thermally tempered. 16. Glass pieces may also be strengthened by chemical tempering. With this procedure, the glass surface is put in a state of compression by exchanging some of the cations near the surface with other cations having a larger diameter. Suggest one type of cation which, by replacing Na+, will induce chemical tempering in a sodalime glass. 17. From a molecular perspective, briefly explain the mechanism by which clay minerals become hydroplastic when water is added. 18. Thick ceramic wares are more likely to crack upon drying than thin wares. Why is this so? 19. Explain why a clay, once having been fired at an elevated temperature, loses its hydroplasticity. 20. What are the three main components of a whiteware ceramic such as porcelain? What role does each component play in the forming and firing procedures? 21. Why is it so important to control the rate of drying of a ceramic body that has been hydroplastically formed or slip cast? Cite three factors that influence the rate of drying, and explain how each affects the rate. 22. Cite one reason why drying shrinkage is greater for slip cast or hydroplastic products that have smaller clay particles. 23. Name three factors that influence the degree to which vitrification occurs in claybased ceramic wares. Explain how density, firing distortion, strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity are affected by the extent of vitrification. 24. Some ceramic materials are fabricated by hot isostatic pressing. Cite some of the limitations and difficulties associated with this technique.

PROPLEMS For many viscous materials, the viscosity may be defined in terms of the expression where and are, respectively, the tensile stress and the strain rate. A cylindrical specimen of a sodalime glass of diameter 5 mm and length 100

mm is subjected to a tensile force of 1 N along its axis. If its deformation is to be less than 1 mm over a weeks time, using the graph below, determine the maximum temperature to which the specimen may be heated.

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