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Introduction to CFD
What is CFD?
Training Manual
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solving numerically the set of governing mathematical equations
Conservation of mass Conservation of momentum Conservation of energy Conservation of species Effects of body forces Etc.
CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation by reducing total effort and cost required for experimentation and data acquisition.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Fluid region of pipe flow is discretized into a finite set of control volumes.
Unsteady
Convection
Diffusion
Generation
Partial differential equations are discretized into a system of algebraic equations All algebraic equations are then solved numerically to render the solution field
* FLUENT control volumes are cell-centered (i.e. they correspond directly with the mesh) while CFX control volumes are node-centered
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Problem Identification
1. Define your modeling goals 2. Identify the domain you will model
Solve
7. Compute solution
3. Create a solid model to represent the domain 4. Design and create the mesh (grid) 5. Set up the physics (physical models, material properties, domain properties, boundary conditions, ) 6. Define solver settings (numerical schemes, convergence controls, ) 7. Compute and monitor the solution
Post Processing
8. Examine results
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
Post-Processing
8. Examine the results. 9. Consider revisions to the model.
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
What results are you looking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass flow rate), and how will they be used?
What are your modeling options?
What physical models will need to be included in your analysis (i.e. turbulence, compressibility, radiation)? What simplifying assumptions do you have to make? What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)? Do you require a unique modeling capability?
User-defined functions (written in C) in FLUENT or User FORTRAN functions in CFX
What degree of accuracy is required? How quickly do you need the results? Is CFD an appropriate tool?
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
How will you isolate a piece of the complete physical system? Where will the computational domain begin and end?
Domain of Interest Do you have boundary condition as Part of a Larger information at these boundaries? System (not modeled) Can the boundary condition types accommodate that information? Can you extend the domain to a point where reasonable data exists?
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Do you need to split the model so that boundary conditions or domains can be created?
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
A mesh divides a geometry into many elements. These are used by the CFD solver to construct control volumes
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Prism/Wedge
How many cells/nodes are required? How many physical models will be used?
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Meshing tools designed for a specific application can streamline the process of creating a quad/hex mesh for some geometries.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Hybrid meshes typically combine tri/tet elements with other elements in selected regions
For example, use wedge/ prism elements to resolve boundary layers. More efficient and accurate than tri/tet alone. Wedge (prism) mesh Tetrahedral mesh
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
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Introduction to CFD
Multizone meshes yield a good combination of accuracy, efficient calculation time and meshing effort. When the nodes do not match across the regions, a non-conformal interface can be used.
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Introduction to CFD
Non-Conformal Meshes
Non conformal meshes are useful for meshing complex geometries
Mesh each part then join together
Training Manual
Non-conformal interface
3D Film Cooling Coolant is injected into a duct from a plenum. The plenum is meshed with tetrahedral cells while the duct is meshed with hexahedral cells Compressor and Scroll The compressor and scroll are joined through a non conformal interface. This serves to connect the hex and tet meshes and also allows a change in reference frame
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
For complex problems solving a simplified or 2D problem will provide valuable experience with the models and solver settings for your problem in a short amount of time.
Prescribe operating conditions Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary zones Provide initial values or a previous solution Set up solver controls Set up convergence monitors
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
The discretized conservation equations are solved iteratively until convergence. Convergence is reached when:
Changes in solution variables from one iteration to the next are negligible.
Residuals provide a mechanism to help monitor this trend.
Quantities of interest (e.g. drag, pressure drop) have reach steady values.
Monitor points track quantities of interest.
Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models. Mesh resolution and independence Numerical errors
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Post Processing
8. Examine results
Forces and Moments Average heat transfer coefficients Surface and Volume integrated quantities Flux Balances
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Post Processing
8. Examine results
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Turbulence
RANS-based models (SpalartAllmaras, k, k, Reynolds stress) Large-eddy simulation (LES) and detached eddy simulation (DES)
Surface Reactions
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Gas outlet
Water outlet
Oil outlet
Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Import the geometry file (CAD model or DesignModeler .agdb file) You can also link the FLUENT simulation to an existing DesignModeler session.
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Introduction to CFD
Generate a Mesh
Right-click on Mesh cell and select Edit.
Meshing opens and loads geometry
Training Manual
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
You will also need to define the regions of the flow containing fluid and solid (if any).
Solids are required for conjugate heat transfer calculations only. More details will be presented later.
velocit y inlet
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Once run, the solution can then be either post processed in FLUENT or data exported to CFD-Post for post processing
Contour and vector plots Profile plots Calculation of forces and moments Animation of unsteady flow results
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Online help and documentation is available on each panel by pressing the help button
Requires that you have the documentation installed and properly connected to your web browser.
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Introduction to CFD
Training Manual
Directories
Tutorial mesh/case/data files can be found in c:\Student Files\fluent\tut\ We recommend that you save your work into a central working folder: c:\users Working folder shown on the desktop is a shortcut to c:\users
To start FLUENT and/or Workbench, use the desktop icons. Your support engineer will save your work at the end of the week. It is recommended that you restart FLUENT and/or Workbench for each tutorial to avoid mixing solver settings from different workshops.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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