CHAPTER 14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500-1800 VOCABULARY AND CHAPTER THINKING CHART - OPEN THE

E DOCUMENT AND SAVE IT AS YOUR OWN.

pp. 413-443

READ THE TEXT A SMALL SECTION AT A TIME THINK ABOUT WHAT YOU READ. COMPLETE THE SECTIONS WITH THE NEEDED INFORMATION AND EXPLANATORY DETAILS. INSERT YOUR DEFINITIONS AND THINKING DETAILS - BE SURE TO SAVE YOUR WORK. REMEMBER, THESE ARE GUIDING TERMS AND PHRASES ARE YOU PROVIDING SUFFICIENT INFORMATION TO UNDERSTAND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EACH? BE SURE TO PRINT OUT YOUR WORK WHEN YOU FINISH EACH PART ON THE BRINK OF A NEW WORLD AT END OF 15TH CENTURY EXPLAIN WHY EUROPEANS BEGAN TO EMBARK ON VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY AND EXPANSION AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY:

IMPORTANT IDEAS/INDIVIDUALS: Prester John Other writers attracted the Europeans to foreign lands with descriptions of Christian kingdoms: Prestor John in Africa and a community in southern india founded by St. Thomas the apostle. The Travels of John Mandeville Europeans had long been attracted to lands outside of Europe through fantasy literature about other worlds such as in the 14th century the author of The Travels of John Mandeville spoke of realms with precious stones and gold Marco Polo The most famous medieval travelers were the Polos of Venice in which Niccolo and Maffeo, merchants from Venice, accompanied by Niccolos son Marco, undertook the lengthy journey to the court of the Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan in 1271 An account of Marcos experience, the Travels, was the most informative of all the details of Asia Columbus had a copy of the Travels when he was planning his voyage through the Atlantic

MOTIVES FOR EXPANSION: Catholic Europe had been confined to one geographic area Its one major attempt were the crusades which failed Europe had never completely lost touch with the outside world such as goods from Asia and Africa in medieval castles, the works of muslim philosophers in medieval universities, and the Vikings in the 9th and 10th centuries made their way to the eastern part of north America However, contact with non-Europeans remained limited until the end of the 15th century. FANTASTIC LANDS Europeans had long been attracted to lands outside of Europe through fantasy literature about other worlds such as in the 14th century the author of The Travels of John Mandeville spoke of realms with precious stones and gold Other lands were more frightening

MEANS FOR EXPANSION: God, Glory, and Gold the expansion in Europe was connected to the growth of the centralized monarchies, in reality expansion was a state enterprise by the second half of the 15th century, European monarchies increased their power and resources to go beyond their border france, invasion of Italy, Portugal, went abroad, and spain did both MAPS the Europeans had achieved a level of wealth and technology that enabled them to make regular voyages beyond europe portolani Charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries were more useful Details on coastal contours, distances between ports, compass readings, they proved to be worth value for voyages in European waters but since they were drawn on a flat scale, it did not take into account the curvature of the earth, they were of little use in oversea voyages One they began to travel off the coast were they able to begin to accumulate information about the actual shape of the earth Cartography had developed to a point in

Other writers attracted the Europeans to foreign lands with descriptions of Christian kingdoms: Prestor John in Africa and a community in southern india founded by St. Thomas the apostle.

ECONOMIC MOTIVES The Mongol conquests had reopened the doors in the 13th century The most famous medieval travelers were the Polos of Venice in which Niccolo and Maffeo, merchants from Venice, accompanied by Niccolos son Marco, undertook the lengthy journey to the court of the Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan in 1271 An account of Marcos experience, the Travels, was the most informative of all the details of Asia In the 14th century, the conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the break-up of the Mongol empire reduced western traffic to the east, in which a number of people became interested in reaching asia by sea to get access to the spice trade. Columbus had a copy of the Travels when he was planning his voyage through the Atlantic An economic motive is that merchants, adventurers, and government officials wanted to find new areas of trade so they can have direct access to the spice trade so they would not have to deal with expensive arab intermediaries. Potential profits from the spice trade or from material gain such as gold or other metals were a big reason why they were doing this in the 1st place. RELIGIOUS ZEAL There was also a religious zeal, in which Portugal and Spain had a strong

"God, glory, and gold" God, Glory, and Gold the expansion in Europe was connected to the growth of the centralized monarchies, in reality expansion was a state enterprise by the second half of the 15th century, European monarchies increased their power and resources to go beyond their border france, invasion of Italy, Portugal, went abroad, and spain did both

which Europeans possessed fairly accurate maps of the known world Ptolemy's Geography One of the most important world maps was made by Ptolemy, an astronomer of the 2nd century C.E. in his work, Geography, had been known to the Arabs since the 8th century but a Latin translation was made in the 15th century which contained his world map, which showed the world as spherical with 3 major landmasses, Europe, asia, and Africa, and only 2 oceans He underestimated the circumference of the earth Lateen sails and square rigs Were able to develop ships that mastered the use of the axial rudder from china, and learned to combine the use of the square and the Lateen sail to sail against the wind and engage in naval warfare They were large enough to mount canons and carry a lot of goods Had a growing knowledge of the wind patterns in which the 1st European fleets that were sailing along west Africa found their efforts hindered from the winds that blew from the north They learned how to track out into the ocean where they were able to catch westerly winds in the vicinity of the Azores to bring them back to the coast of Western Europe Compass and astrolabe Previously, sailors had used a quadrant and their knowledge of the position of the Pole Star to find out their latitude but this was useless below the equator Only with the assistance of the compass

crusading mentality in which the Muslims had been driven out during the middle ages Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal said he was motivated by strengthening the church the church, though most contemporaries think that religious motives came after economic consideration Hernan Cortes, conqueror of Mexico, asked his Spanish rulers that was it not their duty to ensure that the Mexicans to become Catholics. Spiritual and secular affairs become closely intertwined in the 16th century THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTUGUESE MARITIME EMPIRE In 1419, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal founded a school for navigators in Portugal in which they shortly began to probe southward along the west coast of Africa in search of gold, just like what morocco had been doing for centuries from the atlas mountains 1441, they reached the Senegal river a brought home a cargo of black Africans which they sold as slaves to wealthy buyers about 1000 were sold annually within a few years, they were imported to Lisbon 1471, discovered a new source of gold in the southern part of the hump of west Africa, established contact with the Bakongo near the Zaire, Congo, River, facilitated trade of gold ivory and slaves by leasing land from local rulers to build forts THE PORTUGUESE IN INDIA The Portuguese continued their probing the Portuguese annually to the area and sought to establish a monopoly on the spice trade and destroy arab shipping

and the astrolabe were they able to explore the high seas, Compass: direction Astrolabe: latitude and longitude

NEW HORIZONS: THE PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH EMPIRES HOW DID PORTUGAL AND SPAIN ACQUIRE THEIR OVERSEAS EMPIRES, AND HOW DID THEIR EMPIRES DIFFER?

VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD - THE SPANISH EMPIRE the Spanish were attempting to reach the spice islands as well sailing westward across the atlantic which led to discovery and exploration in which greater resources enabled them to establish a far grander overseas empire VOYAGES OF Christopher Columbus an Italian known as Christopher Columbus in which knowledgeable Europeans were aware that the world was round and their understanding of its circumference or the extent of the continent of Asia in which the circumference of the earth was less and the continent was larger than people thought and that asia could be reached by sailing west persuaded the queen Isabella of Spain to finance his expedition 3 ships, Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta a crew 90 men. He set sail on August 3, 1492, on October 12, he reached the Bahamas coastline of Cuba, the northern shores of Hispaniola.

CONFLICT BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN -

HOW RESOLVED? Treaty of Tordesillas The Spanish were interested because of the 1494 treaty of Tordesillas in which they divided the newly discovered world into separate Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence Most of south America went to spain Eastward toward the cape of good hope and further east were Portuguese

possessions, while across the atlantic it was reserved for spain

1509, a Portuguese armada defeated Turkish and Indian ships off the coast of India and imposed a blockade of spice trade at the entrance of the red sea from muslim rulers

Prince Henry the Navigator In 1419, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal founded a school for navigators in Portugal in which they shortly began to probe southward along the west coast of Africa in search of gold, just like what morocco had been doing for centuries from the atlas mountains Bartholomew Dias 1488, he took advantage of the westerly winds in the Southern Atlantic to round the cape of good hope but he feared mutiny from his crew and returned Vasco da Gama and Calicut 1498, he rounded the cape of good hope, he stopped at several ports controlled by muslim merchants along the east coast of Africa, crossed the Arabia sea, and reached the port of Calicut SW India on May 18 1498 in search of Chrisitians and Spices he found the spices he sought and with his remaining vessels he brought their holds filled with ginger and cinnamon that earned investors profit Alfonso de Albuquerque they needed a land base in the area so he set up facilities in Gao which became the headquarters for Portuguese operations throughout the entire regions Though they permitted indian merchants to continue their trading activities, they conducted raids against arab shippers.

He believed that he had reached asia he would eventually find gold and believed that it was an opportunity to convert the natives, whom he called Indians to Christianity. On his 3 voyages, 1492, 1498, 1502, he tried to find the Asian mainland, in which he landed on all the major carribbean islands that are known today.

EXPLAIN HOW SPAIN AND PORTUGAL ACQUIRED THEIR OVERSEAS EMPIRES, AND DESCRIBE HOW THESE EMPIRES DIFFERED:

NEW VOYAGES Explorers soon realized that they had discovered a new frontier in which states sponsored the explorers on the race to the new world John Cabot, a venetian, explored the coastline of new England through a liscence from Henry VII of England Pedro Cabral, a Portuguese sea captain discovered south America Amerigo Vespucci a Florentine wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the new world, naming the new world the Americas They referred to the newly discovered territories as the new world in which they all saw the opportunity for conquest and exploitation The Spanish were interested because of the 1494 treaty of Tordesillas in which they divided the newly discovered world into separate Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence Most of south America went to spain Eastward toward the cape of good hope and further east were Portuguese possessions, while across the atlantic it was reserved for spain Ferdinand Magellan Passed through a strait named after him at the southern tip of south America in which he sailed across the pacific ocean

IN SEARCH OF SPICES: The Portuguese began to vary more widely in search of the spice trade 1511, Albuquerque sailed into the harbor of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula, which had been transformed by its muslim rulers into a thriving port and a major stopping point for the spice trade, this could help destroy the arab spice trade and provide the Portuguese with a way station on route to the Moluccas, the spice islands the Portuguese seized the city, massacred the local arab population, and initiated a fierce struggle between the Portuguese and the Arabs they launched expeditions to China and the spice islands, in which they signed a treaty with a local ruler for the purchase and export of cloves they seized control of the spice trade from the muslim traders, gained profits, yet they remained limited because they only had trading posts on the coasts of india and china and they lacked the power, population, and desire their success was based on guns and seamanship in which at 1st they were moderately sized 3 ships 20 guns but later fleets were more heavily armed which they can use as intimidation and inflict severe damage on native forces they did not possess a monopoly on the firearms or explosives but the effective use of naval technology and tactics helped them against the lightly armed rivals WHERE THEY WENT: to the spice islands, Africa, india, and china are the places that they went to The Gold Coast

and reached the Philippines, where he was killed by the natives though his name is still associated with the 1st circumnavigation of the earth Vasco Nunez de Balboa A Spanish explorer led an expedition along the isthmus of panama and reached the pacific ocean in 1513. Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma 1519, a Spanish expedition under hernan cortes landed on Veracruz on the gulf od mexico Moctezuma was the Aztec monarch that want conqured by Hernan Cortes THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE NEW WORLD: They conquistadors were authorized by the Castilian king but were financed and outfitted privately They benefited from rivalries among the native peoples and by European diseases WHERE THEY WENT: They went to central America, including mexico, and some parts of south America. Conquistadors The were Spanish conquerors that were hardy individuals motivated by the typical 16th century blend of glory, greed, and religious crusading zeal. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN THE NEW WORLD: Maya: began around 300 C.E. on the Yucatan peninsula as the Maya built sophisticated civilizations in the Americas They built temples, pyramids, accompanied by artists, developed a sophisticated calendar as accurate as the current one in existence at the time

1471, discovered a new source of gold in the southern part of the hump of west Africa, established contact with the Bakongo near the Zaire, Congo, River, facilitated trade of gold ivory and slaves by leasing land from local rulers to build forts Also known as the gold coast Malacca & Spice Islands 1511, Albuquerque sailed into the harbor of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula, which had been transformed by its muslim rulers into a thriving port and a major stopping point for the spice trade, this could help destroy the arab spice trade and provide the Portuguese with a way station on route to the Moluccas, the spice islands the Portuguese seized the city, massacred the local arab population, and initiated a fierce struggle between the Portuguese and the Arabs they launched expeditions to China and the spice islands, in which they signed a treaty with a local ruler for the purchase and export of cloves WHAT THEY FOUND: no Christians but a lot of spices such as cinnamon, ginger, and cloves

They were agrarian people who cleared rain forests, developed farming, and built a patch-work of ciry-states that included much of central America and southern mexico. For unknown reasons, they began to decline around 800 CE and collapsed less that 100 years later The Aztecs and Tenochtitlan 12th century the Aztecs began a long migration to the valley of mexico in which they established their capital of Tenochtitlan on the island in the middle of lake texcoco spent the next 100 years building their city, temples, public buildings, houses, and causeways across the island to link it to the many other islands in the lake, even built an aqueduct to transport fresh water were good warriors and wanted to bring the area around their city around under their control in which they became the leading city state consolidated much of their rule over much of modern mexico but was not a centralized state, it was a collection of semi-independent territories governed by local lords that confirmed their authority from the Aztec ruler in return for tribute SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE: 1519, a Spanish expedition under hernan cortes landed on Veracruz on the gulf od mexico he marched to the capital city with troops in which he made alliances with the city states that were tired of the Aztec rulers, especially Tlaxcala, a state that the Aztecs had not been able to conquer in November, he arrived to the capital city in which they met the monarch

Moctezuma who he believed that the visitors was a representative of Quetzacoatl a god who had departed and was expected to return to his homeland scared, he gave the Spaniards gifts of gold and the foreigners a palace to use moctezuma was then taken hostage and the city was pillaged in the fall of 1520, the local population revolted and expelled the Spanish but with no natural immunity to the diseases of the Europeans , many fell sick and died Cortes then received fresh troops from his new allies and conquered the city in about 4 months of fighting The devastation was wrought by smallpox and pyramids, temples, and palaces were leveled and the stones were used to building Spanish government buildings and churches, rivers and canals filled up, and they conquered N mexico between 1531-1550. Francisco Pizarro The inca empire was prosperous when the Spanish 1st arrived in which December of 1530 Francisco Pizarro landed on the pacific coast of south America with a band of 180 men with horses and fire arms but was lucky because the inca empire had succumbed to smallpox, even the emperor THE INCA and Pachakuti 14th century the inca were a small community in Cuzco, located in the mountains of peru 1440s, under the leadership of Pachakuti, he launched a campaign of conquest that eventually brought the whole entire region under their control it was a centralized state a city of stine in which his successors, Topa Inca and

Huayna Inca, extended the boundaries of the empire from Ecuador to chile to the edge of the amazon river basin and about 12 million people lived in the empire the realm was divided into 4 quarters then to provinces ruled by governor which were of the royal family 10.000 people=per province the emperor was supposably descended from the sun god one project was the system of 24,800 miles of roads, going N and S through the mountains and the coast with rest houses and storage depots between a days walk and also had bridges

Encomienda An economic and social system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE INCA EMPIRE The inca empire was prosperous when the Spanish 1st arrived in which December of 1530 Francisco Pizarro landed on the pacific coast of south America with a band of 180 men with horses and fire arms but was lucky because the inca empire had succumbed to smallpox, even the emperor When the emperor died, his 2 sons claimed the throne and cause civil war in which Atahualpa was seized and executed after he had beaten his brother Pizarro aided with his Incan allies marched to Cuzco and conquered it by 1535 and established he capital of lima for the new Spanish empire ADMINISTRATION OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE Spanish policy toward the Indians was a combination of confusion exploitation, and misguided paternalism in which

Queen Isabella declared that the natives are to be subject to castile and to the Spanish encomienda Holders of the encomienda were to pay wages, protect, and supervise the spiritual needs of the Indians but since they were so far away they usually ignored the government and brutally treated the Indians for their own economic interests They were put to work on plantations, and silver and gold mines, and even used the mita system which allowed authorities to draft workers to work on the mines The indians were ravaged by smallpox, measles, and typhus since they did not have any natural immunity to it 30-40% of the natives died, Hispaniola, 100,000 in 1493 and only 300 by 1570 awareness was raised about the harsh treatement of the Indians in which 1542 the encomineda system was abolished the new world was divided into new spain(mexico, central America, and the Caribbean islands, and peru(western south America) governed by viceroys spain had the right to appoint the clergy and bishops and build the church in the new world collect fees and supervise religious orders that sought to strengthen the church missionaries helped convert thousands of Indians in which the mass conversion brought about the organizational and institutional structures of the church of Catholicism of the new world The viceroy and audiencias Viceroy: administrative head of the provinces of new spain and peru and the rest of south America which also served as the kings chief civil and military officer

Audiencias: an advisory group that functioned as the supreme judicial bodies that helped supervise the viceroys The asiento WHY THEY WENT: To get more territories and resources to gain wealth WHAT THEY FOUND: Massive territories with already established societies, such as the Aztecs and the incas NEW RIVALS ON THE WORLD STAGE: HOW DID THE ARRIVAL OF THE DUTCH, BRITISH, AND FRENCH ON THE WORLD SCENE IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES AFFECTAFRICA, INDIA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, CHINA AND JAPAN? AFRICA: THE SLAVE TRADE: Realized that profits could be made from Africa itself The Portuguese built forts on the western and eastern coasts of Africa that wanted to dominate the trade in gold but by the mid 17th century, the dutch seized a # of Portuguese forts on the west African coast as well as and took control of most of the portuguese trade in the indian ocean The dutch east india company, 1602, under government sponsorship, established a settlement in south Africa near the cape of good hope to serve as a base for food and materials for ships on route to the spice islands Dutch farmer, known as boers, began to settle in the city of cape town because it had a moderate climate with no tropical diseases and only had effects on the coast for the most part, not that much on the interior. WHAT WERE THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE, AND WHAT EFFECTS DID IT HAVE ON AFRICA? GROWTH OF THE SLAVE TRADE: during the next 2 centuries, the trade in slaves grew and created the triangular trade European merchant ships carried manufactured goods sich as gin, guns, and cloth to Africa for slaves The slaves were then shipped to the Americas and sold The European merchants bought tobacco , molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, and raw cotton in which they were shipped back to Europe and they were sold 275,000 enslaved Africans were exported to other countries during the 16th century, 2000 to the Americas alone a million in the 17th century, 6million in the 18th century, in which trade grew from west and central Africa to east Africa 10million slaves were transported to the Americas between the 16th-19th centuries in which the half of them were carried by English ships and the other half was EFFECTS OF THE SLAVE TRADE: it had tragic effects on the lives of the slaves and their families the cheap manufactured goods from Europe undermined local cottage industries and it also led to the depopulation of some areas of many African communities of their youngest and strongest men the political effects were that since there was need to a constant supply of slaves led to increased warefare and violence as African chiefs and their followers armed with guns acquired from the trade with the Europeans increases their raids and ware with neighbors some of the devastating effects that it had on some of the African states is on the west coast in which benin was a brilliant and creative society in the 16th century in which they were pulled into the slave trade and their population declined, warefare increased, the people of benin lost fiath in their gods, their art deteriorated, and the did more and more human sacrifices the use of black slaves remained largely

ORIGINS OF THE SLAVE TRADE: Slavery had been practiced in Africa since ancient times and in the 15th century it continued at a fairly steady level in which the primary market for African slaves was the middle east where they were used as domestic servants. Slavery also existed in many European countries where slaves from Africa or war captives from regions north of the black sea were used as household help or agricultural workers At 1st, they replaced the European slaves with the African ones in which 1000 slaves were taken to Portugal every year They were used as domestic servants for the most affluent families in Europe but the discovery of the Americas in the 1490s and the planting of sugar cane in south America and in the islands of the Caribbean changed the situation Can sugar had been introduced to the Europeans from the middle east during the crusades in which the Portuguese set up sugar plantations worked by Africa laborers on an island off the coast of Africa 16th century, sugar cane plantations were set up on the eastern coast of brazil and on some of the islands in the Caribbean and because the growing of sugarcane required both skill and large quantiaties of labor, the plantations required more workers than the Indian population that was devastated wuth disease from Europe the climate and soil of Africa were not favorable for sugar, so they shipped the African slaves to work in Brazil and the Caribbean in which the 1st were sent by Portugal, but in 1518, a Spanish ship carried the 1st boatload to the new world

divided by other countries a lot of slaves were imported because there was a high death rate in which they were tightly packed into ships, 300450 per ship, and were chained in holds without sanitary facilities in which the journey took about 100 days there was an average of 10% mortality rate in which the Africans that survived the journey had no immunity to European diseases and had a high death rate death rates were lower for slaves that were raised in the new world the new generation developed immunity and the owners did not want the slaves to have children because they thought buying a new slave was less expensive then raising a child from birth to working age most slaves were prisoners of war in which they served as domestic servants or as wageless workers for the local ruler in which when the Europeans 1st began to take part in the slave trade they bought slaves from local African merchants at the slave markets in return for gold, guns, or other European goods such as textiles or copper or iron untensils. At 1st local slave traders obtained their supply from region nearby but as demand increased they had to move farther inland The protests from African were ignored and the local rulers viewed the slave trade as a source of income in which many sent raiders into defenseless villgaes Middle-men-merchants, local elites, or rulers- were active in dictating the price and the # of slaves to the European purchasers in which they perceived payment in goods, such as textiles,

acceptable to western society in which the Europeans viewed the blacks as inferior beings and were fit primarily for slave labor it was not until the society of friends, the Quakers, in the 1770s that they began to criticize slavery and excluded any member of the church that adhered to slavery it was not until the French revolution in the 1790s that they abolished slavery, the british followed in 1807, and slavery continued in the united states until the end of the civil war in the 1860s.

WHAT WERE THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE, AND WHAT EFFECTS DID IT HAVE ON AFRICA?

Slave trade and the Middle Passage Middle Passage: the journey of the slaves from Africa to the Americas became known as the middle passage, the middle leg of the triangular trade route. NEW RIVALS ON A WORLD STAGE: THE WEST IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: Portugals efforts to dominate the trade in south east asia was never totally successful because of the fact that they lacked both numbers and wealth to overcome the local resistance to colonize the Asian regions in which its its empire was to large, while itself was to small The Spanish had established themselves in the Philippines, where Magellan was killed, in which they gained control and made it a major Spanish base in the pacific in which they traded silk and other luxury goods to mexico in return for silver, from the mines The primary threat to the Portuguese was the ariival of the English and the dutch in which the dutch seized the Portuguese fort at Malacca in 1641 and Ceylon(Sri Lanka) The aggressive dutch drove the English traders out of the spice market limiting them only to a single port in Sumatra The dutch began to consolidate their political and military control over the entire area The arrival of Europeans had less impact on the mainland of SouthEast Asia where strong monarchies in Burma, Thailand, Combodia, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment The Portuguese established limited trade relations with these mainland states and

furnitures, and guns Triangular trade trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the American continents that characterized the new Atlantic economy "sugar factories" THE FRENCH AND BRITISH IN INDIA: The indian subcontinent was divided into Muslim and Hindu kingdoms but a new era of unity was found and it would be brought about by a foreign dynasty called the Mughals. Mughal Empire The founders of the Mughal empire were not natives from India but from a mountainous region in the north of the ganges river valley The founder of the dynasty was Babur in which his father was descended from, the great Asian conqueror Tamerland and his mother was from the mongol emperor Genghis Khan. It was Akbar, Baburs grandson, who brought most of India under his ruler THE AMERICAS: In the 16th century, spain and Portugal had established large colonial empires in the Americas in which Portugal continued to profit from brazil and Spanish maintained the enormous south American empire Spains commercial power declined in the 17th century because there was a drop in the output of silver and the poverty of the monarchy By the beginning of the 17th century, both spain and Portugal found themselves challenges from the dutch, BRITISH - WHERE THEY WENT, WHAT THEY FOUND: 13 colonies and the west indies and they found land to till goods such as sugar and tabacco FRENCH WHERE THEY WENT, WHAT THEY FOUND: to north America, specifically Canada and they found skins, furs, timber, leather, and fish as trading goods.

EXPLAIN HOW THE ARRIVAL OF THE DUTCH, BRITISH AND FRENCH ON THE WORLD SCENE IN 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES AFFECTED AFRICA, INDIA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, CHINA AND JAPAN:

in the 17th century, other nations followed and sought missionaries and trade privileges in which they were involved in local and factional disputes In Vietnam, the western merchants and missionaries coincided with internal conflict among the ruling groups in which expansion led to civil war that divided the country into northern and southern halfs. The Europeans began to take sides in the local politics in which the Dutch and the Portuguese supported rival factions, the Europeans set up trading posts but there economic opportunities were limited and most of them were abandoned French missionaries attempted to remain but the Vietnamese authorities blocked these efforts because they viewed converts to Catholicism as a threat to prestige to the Vietnamese emperor. The mainland states had a cohesive nature such as Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam had begun to define themselves as distinct political entities in which they Malay states were the exact opposite and were doomed through their own resources because the spice trade was so profitable European merchants and rulers wanted to gain control of the spice trade which led them to take direct control of the Indonesian archipelago. DUTCH - WHERE THEY WENT, WHAT THEY FOUND: Went to the Indonesian islands, in which they found spices, silks, and other luxury goods. Dutch East India Company Established in 1602 with government supervision and support the Dutch east india Company established pepper

English, and the french WEST INDIES The English and the French colonial empires of the new world included large parts of the west indies in which the English held large parts of the west indies The English held Barbados, Jamaica, and Bermuda, The French held Haiti, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. The tropical islands developed plantation economies worked by African slaves which produced tobacco, coffee, cotton, and sugar, all products in high demand across Europe The sugar factories the sugar plantations in the Caribbean, in which the last 2 decades in the 18th century the british colony of Jamaica exported 50,000 tons of sugar with 200,000 enslaved Africans in which saint domingue, had 500,000 slaves and exported 100,000 tons of sugar per year but had a high death rate because they were treated brutally. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA Spain claimed all of north America in which other countries ignored this claim, the british and the dutch disagreed with this. The dutch were the 1st to establish settlements on the north American continents in which the English explorer Henry Hudson, hired by the dutch in 1609, discovered the river that bears his name The dutch established the colony of New Netherland which stretched from the Hudson river all the way N to Albany new york

plantations which became the source of massive profits for dutch merchants in Amsterdam. Batavia On the island of Java, the Dutch established a fort at Batavia (modern Jakarta) in 1619, they found it necessary to bring the inland regions under their control to protect their position. On Java and Sumatra, the Dutch east india Company established pepper plantations which became the source of massive profits for dutch merchants in Amsterdam.

IMPACT OF THE WESTERN POWERS: The dutch and the English were competing with Portugal in which the in the 1st of the 17th century , English presence in india increased and by 1650, the English trading posts Surat and Fort William, Calcutta, near the Bay of Bengal, and Madras From madras, English ships carried Indian-made cotton goods to the east indies where they bartered for spices which were shipped back to England The English success in India attracted rivals including the dutch and the French in which the dutch abandoned their interests on the spice trade in the mid 17th century but the French were more persistent and established their own forts on the east coast, the French even captured the british fort at madras. The british were aided by the refusal of the French government to provide financial support for French efforts in india Clive began to consolidate British control in the bay of Bengal where the local

Competition from the English and the French led to the decline of the dutch commercial empire and in 1664, the English seized new netherland and shortly after the dutch west india company went bankrupt The English had begun to establish their own colonies in north America in which the 1st permanent English settlement was Jamestown founded in 1607 in modern Virginia and it barely survived because it was not conducive for quick profits The desire to practice your own religion and economic interests were successful for the colonization The Massachusetts bay colony had 4000 settlers but by 1660 it had well over 40,000 settlers In the 17th century the English established control over most of the eastern seaboard British north America consisted of 13 colonies which were thickly populated about 1.5 million in 1750 It was run by the british board of trade the royal council and parliament But the legislatures of each of the 13 colonies, they acted independently in which merchants from new york, boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston resisted regulation The colonies and the west indies were assigned roles in keeping the mercantilist theory in which they provided raw materials for the mother country, in which they then sold their manufactured goods

John Cabot

ruler attacked the fort of William and imprisoned the local british population in the black hole of Calcutta, an underground prison. 1757, a small british force defeated a Mughal led army at the battle of Plesey the british east india company received from the Mughal court after their defeat the authority to collect taxes from the land area surrounding Calcutta During the 7 Years war, the british forced the French to withdraw completely from india, in which expansion of the interior part of the continent was a simple economic decision due to the revenues that they would receive for the expensive military operations in india.

Britain's Navigation Acts Regulated what could be taken from and sold to the colonies in which this system was supposed to provide a balance of trade favorable to the mother country FRENCH NORTH AMERICA 1534, the French explorer Jacques cartier discovered the saint Lawrence river and laid claim to Canada as a French possession 1663, Canada was made the property of the French crown, administered by a French governor like a provice it was run autocratically in which it was a vast trading area which traded furs, leather, fish, and timber the inability of france to get people to emigrate there caused it to be very thinly populated by the mid 18th century 15,000 french Canadians were living there, in which most of them were hunters, trappers, missionaries, and explorers. The French failed to provide men or $ in which they European wars did not only them to concentrate on the subject 1713, the treaty of Utrecht, the French began to cede some of their American possesions to their british rival and as a result of the 7 years war, they would surrender all of Canada to the English in 1763 the british and French rivalry was evident in the colonial empires in latin America spain and Portugal had to depend on more resources from their colonies in which they imposed strict mercantalistic rules spain tried to limit all trade with its colonies to Spanish ships but the british

British East India Company Had been founded as a joint stock company in 1600 with government supervision Robert Clive The british were saved by the military genius of Sir Robert Clive who was an aggressive British empire builder who eventually became the chief representative of the east india company CHINA: 1514, the Portuguese stopped off the coast of china in which it was the 1st direct contact between the chinese and empire and Europe since the days of marco polo, 200 years earlier china appeared to be at the height of its power in which it stechtched from the steppes of central asia to the china sea from the Gobi desert to the tropical rainforests of Southeast asia from the loft perspective of the imperial throne in Beijing, the Europeans were a form of unusual barbarians in which they

were the younger brothers of the emperor, who was regarded as the son of heaven THE MING AND QING DYNASTIES the Ming dynasty, from 1369-1644, it was blessed with strong rulers in which china was extended into Mongolia and central asia the ming even briefly reconquered Vietnam , along the northern frontier, they strengthened the great wall, and made peace with the nomadic tribesmen in the 1630s epidemic devastated the population which helped spark a peasat revolt led by Li Zicheng 1644, Li and his forces occupied the capital city of Beijing, in which the last ming emperor committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree in the palace gardens the crumble of the ming dynasty created an opportunity for the manchus, a farming and hunting, people who lived in NE china in an area that we call today Manchuria the manchus conquered Beijing and defeated Li in which they declared the creation of a new dynasty, the Qing. The qing were also blessed with strong early rulers, pacified the country, corrected the most serious social and economical ills, and restored peace and prosperity Kangxi and Qianlong ruled china for over a century Lord Macartney and Emperor Qianlong In 1793, a british mission under lord macartney visited Beijing to press for liberalization of trade restirctions but the emperor Qianlong expressed no interests in british prodicts in which he

and the French were to powerful to be excluded the british cajoled the Portuguese allowing them to take part in the lucrative Brazilian trade the French were the 1st to break into the Spanish latin American market when the French bourbons became the kings of spain at the beginning of the 18th century

Asiento britains 1st entry into the Spanish American market came in 1713 when the british were granted the privilege of transporting 4,500 slaves a year to Spanish latin America. Samuel de Champlain 1608, established a settlement in quebec in which the French began to take a little bit of more interest in Canada as a colony

compared the chinese empire to an old lazy and fat and that he was incompetent for leadership WESTERN INROADS China was at the height of its power and glory in the mid 18th century in which the 1st signs of eternal decay showed up because its military campaigns along the frontier were expensive and placed heavy demands on the treasury The increasing pressure on the land because of the population growthled to the economic hardship The decline of the qing dynasty occurred just as Europe was increasing the pressure for more trade The 1st conflict was in the N where Russian traders sought to trade for skins and furs, but diplomatic relations were established in 1689 The foreigners that arrived by sea were a lot harder to handle in which the English replaced the Portuguese as the dominant force in European trade. Operating through the east india company, they established their 1st trading post at canon in 1699 in which they traded with china for tea and silk, which generally increased To limit contacts, the qing government confined all European traders to a small island just outside the city walls of canton and only permitted them to trade between October-march The british accepted this system because of profits but they then wanted to have access to other cities and that the country should be opened to british manufactured goods

JAPAN At the end of the 15th century japan was at a point near anarchy but in the 16th century powerful individuals achieved the unification of japan one of them being Tokugawa Ieyasu who took the title of shogun general in 1603, which was the most powerful and longest lasting of the shogunates who had central authority till 1868 OPENING TO THE WEST: Portuguese traders landed on the islands of japan in 1543 in which they stopped in nearby ports for trade between china, itself, and south-east asia. The 1st Jesuit missionary was Francis Xavier who arrived in 1549 and converted many Japanese to Catholicism The visitors were originally welcomed since they were curious with tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses, and other European goods and the local nobles were interested in European weapons and armaments in which they used it in defeating their enemies and unifying the islands The Japanese military had an effect on the architecture because local lords began to erect castles in stone based on the European model. The success of the catholic missionaries provoked a strong reaction against the presence of the westerners in which they interfered with local politics in which the tokugawa Ieyasu expelled the missionaries The Japanese Christians were now being persecuted in which a group of Christian peasants on the island of Kyushu rebloodily suppressed The European merchants closes the 2

major foreign trading posts of Hirando and Nagaski in which only a small dutch community was allowed to stay because they had not let missionary activities interfere with trade but the conditions for staying were very strict in which they were only allowed to dock at the nahaski harbor once a year for only 2-3 months at a time Tokugawa shoguns At the end of the 15th century japan was at a point near anarchy but in the 16th century powerful individuals achieved the unification of japan one of them being Tokugawa Ieyasu who took the title of shogun general in 1603, which was the most powerful and longest lasting of the shogunates who had central authority till 1868 Nagasaki and the Dutch The European merchants closes the 2 major foreign trading posts of Hirando and Nagaski in which only a small dutch community was allowed to stay because they had not let missionary activities interfere with trade but the conditions for staying were very strict in which they were only allowed to dock at the nahaski harbor once a year for only 2-3 months at a time IMPACT OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION 1500-1800, states battling it out by the end of the 18th century, it appeared that great Britain would become the great European imperial power in which they all had great impacts on the world The Conquered the native americans had their own DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF EXPANSION ON THE CONQUERED: Mestizos offspring between the Europeans and the native American indians Mulattos the offspring of the Africans and the whites DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF EXPANSION ON THE CONQUERORS:

unique qualities and a degree of sophistication that the Europeans did not appreaciate, in which they were vitually destroyed in addition to European diseases, the native Americans inherited a ancient social and political structure that was ripped up and replaced by European institutions , religion, language and culture in Africa, the real demographic impact is uncertain due to a lack of records and in which the slave trade negated any population growth rather than causing a decline the slave trade encouraged growth of the territories in west Africa such as Dahomey and Benin which had internal wars due to their desire for European goods and slaves W/O the slave trade, they were susceptible to European control in which the Portuguese had little impact, while the dutch control of the Indonesian archipelago was more pervasive China and Japan were still not really affected by westerners while India encountered the slow encroachment of the British Latin America was a multiracial society in which the Spanish and Portuguese settlers had few relatives and used female natives for sexual pleasure but married them as well 1501, Spanish rulers authorized intermarriage between Europeans and the native American Indians 8 million slaves were brought to Spanish and Portuguese America where they worked on plantations and contributed to the multiracial society this society had less rigid attitudes about race

Catholic Missionaries Cont. missionaries made long voyages to china on European merchants vessels in which the most active were the Jesuits who were usually highly educated men who were familiar with European philosophical and scientific developments brought clocks and various other instruments that impressed the chinese officials making them more open to western ideas the Jesuits pointed to similarities between Christian morality and Confucian ethics reached their height in the 18th century in which several thousand chinese officials became catholics along with 300,000 ordinary chinese this was undermined by the squabbling among the religious orders themselves in which the Jesuits had allowed the new catholics to continue the practice of ancestor worship jealous Dominicans and Franciscans complained to the pope and condemned the practice the chinese authorities soon suppressed the Christian activities throughout china some jersuits had success in japan where the converted local nobles and thousands of Japanese in the southernmost islands of Kyushu and Shikoku had become the Christians the practice of destroying local idols and shrines and turning them into temples into Christian schools or churches caused a severe reaction which led to the Spanish Franciscans being executed and a # of their Japanese converts when the missionaries continued to interfere with politics, Tokugawa Ieyasu

the Europeans brought horses and cattles to the Americas, in which cattle farming supplanted the Indian agricultural practice of growing maize this lead to the development of large estates raising cattle, making it a great exporter of beef Europeans also sought new crops such as wheat and cane sugar to be cultivated on plantations and in return the Europeans introduced sweet potatoes and maize to Africa in the 16th century Catholic Missionaries: They were far more active then the protestants in spreading Christianity in which the Spanish and the Portuguese were determined to Christianize the native people, in which this important role added to the power of the church Catholic missionaries traveled to different parts of the Spanish empire Missionaries brought Indians togetherinto villages where they were converted, taught trades, and encouraged to grow crops, in which the missionaries took control of their lives to help them become docile members of the empire They also served as military barriers to foreign encroachment The catholic church constructed hospitals, orphanages, and schools in which the monastic schools instructed indian students in reading writing and arithmetic Nunneries provided outlets for women other than marriage in which they were part of religious orders, often having an aristocratic background but lived well and worked through running schools or hospitals Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz part of the 17th

expelled all missionaries and the Japanese Christians were now persecuted The Conquerors Europeans thought that expansion brought about the possibility of obtaining land, riches, and social advancement. Poor, young, men left spain for mexico in hope of getting large estates and being called gentlemen Although some wives accompanied their husbands abroad, some women found new oppurtunities for marriage in the new world because of the lack of women A # of women found themselves rich after their husbands were killed unexpectedly In one area of central America about 25% of the land owned was by women by 1700 Europeans looked for sources of gold and silver in which rich silver deposits were found and exploited in mexico and southern peru (Bolivia) The mines at Potosi in peru were opened in 1545 the value of the precious metals quadrupled 1503-1650 35 million pounds of silver and 407,000 pounds of gold set off a price revolution in spain historians refer to the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas as the Columbian exchange the Europeans were taking new products such as potatoes, chocolate, corn, tomatoes, and tobacco back to Europe potatoes became the popular basic dietary staple because they were high in carbs and Vit. A & C., and they can be stored for winter use and people can then live on smaller plots of land

century best known literary figures in which she wrote poetry and prose and supported education of women Geradus Mercator Europeans had a new view of the world in which the 15th century they were dependant on maps that were often fanciful and inaccurate and their explorations helped them created new maps that gave them a realistic portrayal of the world as well as the new techniques that called for map projections that allowed them to represent the round surface of a sphere on a flat piece of paper. The Mercator projection, the work of a Flemish cartographer Geradus Mercator, in which mapmakers call a conformal projection Showed the true shape of the landmasses but only in a limited area in which the shapes of the lands near the equator are quite accurate but the farther away from the equator, the more exaggerated the size becomes This was valuable to ship captains for over 4 centuries.

this improved nutrition showed a rapid increases in population growth corchineal a red dye discovered in mexico was the perfect red for artists in cloths and paintings chocolate brought to spain from Aztec Mexico became a common drink in 1700 the 1st coffee and tea houses opened in London and in the 1650s spread to other parts of Europe in the 18th century, Europe had a craze for chinese furniture and porcelain on the upper classes, and Chinese ideas impacted intellectual attitudes European expansion was a product of rivalries which deepened the competition and increased the tensions among the European states Conflicts arose over cargoes among the new world and asia The anglo-dutch trade wars and the british-french rivalry over india and north America led to state-sponsored piracy The psychological impact of colonizers is awkward to evaluate because they were initially startled by the discovery of new peoples Some deemed them inhuman and could then be exploited for labor but others thought that

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GROWTH OF COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM: EXPLAIN MERCANTILISMS RELATIONSHIP TO COLONIAL EMPIRES: Inflation

HOW DID COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM DEVELOP? EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MERCANTILISM AND CAPITALISM WHAT IS MERCANTILISM? NEW BUSINESS PRACTICES OF COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM: OVERSEAS TRADE AND COLONIES MOVEMENT TOWARD GLOBALIZATION: Joint-stock companies House of Fugger

EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVERSEAS EXPANSION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE:

DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVERSEAS EXPANSION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE:

EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVERSEAS EXPANSION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE: