28 February 2012

THE ROLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN ADVANCED AUTOMOBILE FOR ASSISTANCE AND AUTOMATION
Akash, Kayannush J Paymaster, Mohit Jain, Mohmed Salman Khan, Pavan A, Pavan Kumar N, Pavan Kumar P N, Pramod Bhat M, Farhan N Vohra

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Introduction
Started with first

Microprocessor for fuel injection by Volkswagen 1600 in 1968 Conversion from mechanical electrical driving system from analog digital control systems

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Evolution
Earlier Systems

Fuel injection, lighting control, speedometer Safety and assistance to driver by ABS, parking assistance, cruise control

Modern Systems

Communication between different sensors controlled by a central processor, GPS, ACC Autonomous vehicles using AI & RTOS Challenge to make the vehicle safer, more energy efficient and networked

Low cost 8-bit 32-bit CPUs today

Assembly Code High level language like C

Just as replacement New applications and features

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Over the years

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Revenue

Semicast Report - $20 billion in 2010 to almost double to $39 billion in 2017

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Automotive Embedded Electronics Architecture

2 main classes of electronic systems: Hard-real-time control of mechanical parts and Information-entertainment. The first category includes: Chassis control Automotive body, including components such as interior air conditioning, dashboard, power windows, and control subsystems Powertrain, including the engine, transmission, and emission and control systems Active safety control. The second category includes: Information management, navigation, computing, external communication, and entertainment.

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Powertrain
The term powertrain or

powerplant refers to the group of components that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, water, or air. This includes
Engine, transmission, drive

shafts, differentials Final drive such as drive wheels, continuous track like with tanks or Caterpillar tractors, propeller etc.

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Block Diagram:

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Latest Powertrain Technologies

HCCI by General Motors

Technology by Nissan

HCCI - Homogeneous Charge

Three-cylinder 1.2-liter, direct-

Compression Ignition
Employs both spark ignition and compression ignition Expected to improve mileage about 15 percent over conventional engines

injected supercharged engine Employed Miller Cycle, in which the power stroke is delaying closing the intake valves
Claims to be most fuel efficient

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Video

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ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

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What is Cruise Control?

Mechanical system Invented in 1945 by Ralph Teetor IMPERIAL first car to use it in 1958 Alerts driver of a potential hazard Automatically controls the speed of a car Does not allow the car to go below a certain speed Hence, cannot be helpful in adopting to congested traffic

situations

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Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

Embedded system Adapts the speed of the leader vehicle Maintains a set distance from the leader vehicle Widely used in luxury cars Important part of a research on intelligent cars Easy to use in traffic Two types Radar based ACC Laser based ACC

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How does it work ?

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How does it work ? (contd.)

Distance between the two vehicles = host speed * time gap(s), Time gap = generally 1.5 - 3 s, set by driver for additional safety

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Block Diagram

Driver Console

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Functionality and Data Flow

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Hardware of Control Unit

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Available systems
Mitsubishi was the first automaker to offer a laser-based

ACC system in 1995 In 1997, Toyota began to use radar based ACC system with Celsior Mercedes-Benz - E-class and S-class Luxury sedans BMW, Nissan, Volkswagen, Ford and Volvo also use these systems in their luxury cars.

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Advancements in ACC
Cooperative adaptive cruise control CACC Wireless communication between vehicles No vision when such agreement could come into

practice

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THE CAN PROTOCOL

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How it began?

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How it began? (contd.)

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How it began? (contd.)

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Overview of CAN

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Basic Concepts

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Basic Concepts (contd.)

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CAN Bus Line Characteristics

(Wired-AND)

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Standardization Issues

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User Benefits
CAN means real-time Short message length (0 to 8 data bytes / message) Low latency between transmission request and actual start of transmission Inherent Arbitration on Message Priority (AMP) Multi Master using CSMA/CD + AMP method CAN is flexible CAN Nodes can be easily connected / disconnected (i.e. plug & play) Number of nodes not limited by the protocol CAN is fast maximum data rate is 1 MBit/s @ 40m bus length (still about 40 kBit/s @ 1000m bus length

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Application Examples
CAN in motor vehicles (cars, trucks, buses) Enables communication between ECUs like engine management system, anti-skid braking, gear control, active suspension (power train) Used to control units like dashboard, lighting, air conditioning, Windows, central locking, airbag, seat belts etc. (body control) CAN in utility vehicles Eg. construction vehicles, forklifts, tractors etc. CAN used for power train and hydraulic control CAN in trains High need of data exchange between the different electronic subsystem control units (i.e. acceleration, braking, door control, error messages etc. as well as diagnostics)

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

Designed to maintain driver control

and stability of the car during emergency braking. Locked wheels will slow a car down but will not provide steering ability. Allows maximum braking to be applied while retaining the ability to steer out of trouble. Operation can slightly reduce stopping distance in some cases like on wet road surfaces, but it can increase the stopping distance in others, as may be the case in deep snow or gravel.

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ABS Module by Freescale Technologies

Website

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Microcontrollers used in the ABS module

Products Microcontrollers (MCU) Upper
MPC560xB: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for Body Electronics Applications MPC564xL: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for Chassis and Safety Applications Microcontrollers (MCU) Lower

Features
32-bit Power Architecture MCU 32-bit dual-core Power Architecture MCU

S12XE: 16-Bit Automotive Microcontroller

MPC560xB: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for Body Electronics Applications MPC564xL: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for Chassis and Safety Applications

16-bit MCU, up to 1M Flash

32-bit Power Architecture MCU 32-bit dual-core Power Architecture MCU

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ABS demonstration by Mazda Motor Corp.

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Job Opportunities
The major areas of work for Automotive Embedded Systems

are :
Electric Power Steering (EPS) Electric Parking Brake Systems (EPB) Hydraulic Systems (EPHS)

Body Control Systems (BCS)

Driver Assistant Systems (DAS) etc. and various other Systems.

The primary work carried on these systems include Development, Designing, Automation. Verification and Validation Static and Dynamic Analysis Integration, Unit and Module level testing Real-time(Hardware) and Simulation Testing - DOORS Documentation - Reverse Engineering etc.

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Automotive Embedded Companies in India

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Top 8 Semiconductor Suppliers

Automotive Revenues as a % of the total

Source: Compiled by the authors from public and iSuppli sources and databases

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Research Universities
The Center for Automotive Embedded Systems Security

(CAESS)
University of California San Diego and University of Washington.

DIANA research project, Germany

Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory (CVAL)

Other Research Universities University of Michigan (Ann harbor, Dearborn), USA Texas A&M University, USA Oakland University, USA TU Munich, Germany University of Brighton, UK

MS in Automotive Embedded Systems Manipal University

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Research Regulatory Authorities

United States Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR) CAR Group (Michigan, Ann Harbour) EARPA (European Automotive Research Partners Association) EAMA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association)

European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR)

China Automotive Technology Research Center (CATARC) ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V.), Germany Federation of Automotive Products Manufacturers (FAPM),

Australia

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Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)

ARAI established in 1986 is located at Pune, India Co-operative industrial research association by the

automotive industry with the Ministry of Industries, Government of India More than 80 Member companies Services:
Research & Development Testing and Calibration Certification Standard Formulation Education and Training

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References
Study on Automotive Embedded System Design of Engine, Brake and

Security System Honbun ESL Development Gets A Leg Up - Graham Hellestrand (http://chipdesignmag.com /display.php?articleId=57&issueId=8) http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/about/AT.html http://visualoop.tumblr.com/post/17954846926/driverless-cars-of-thefuture-are-here-now http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/9503 http://johndayautomotivelectronics.com/ Is Europe in the Drivers Seat? The Future Competitiveness of the European Automotive Embedded Software Industry 2010 - Egil Juliussen and Richard Robinson www.eecs.umich.edu www.Newtechpapers.com www.wikipedia.com www.howstuffworks.com Cruise Control System in Cars: S. Giridharan,Bangalore

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References (contd.)
Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design" , Raj

Kamal, Publications : McGraw-Hill Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems - Chapman and Hall Adaptive Cruise Control - Gurulingesh R., IIT Bombay Powertrain: http://www.national.com/en/automotive/powertrain _block _diagrams.html New Powertrain technologies: http://www.trailerlife.com/camper-trailer news/trailer-gear/new-powertrain-technologies/ Bosch Documentation CAN Specification V 2.0 CAN Specification ISO 11898 Microchip Documentation CAN basics AN173 Siemens Microelectronics Documentation CANPRES Version 2 Gurpreet Berlin, Germany: http://kohligs.blogspot.in/2008/07/ automotive-embedded-companies-in-india.html www.manipal.edu DIANA Research Project: http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/corporate/ press/news/releases/2010/INFXX201007-058.html

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THANK YOU
Questions?