CHAPTER-2

CRIMES IN MEGA CITIES

Introduction
The term `Mega City here refers to cities having population of over 10 lakhs (1 million). The number of such cities has increased from 23 in 1991 to 35 in 2001. Mega cities are facing increased criminal activities on account of a number of socioeconomic factors. This chapter deals with crime analysis relating to these cities. The actual census population of these cities for the year 2001 is used for calculating the crime rates in the absence of mid-year population estimates for the year 2010 for these 35 cities from the Registrar General of India Office. The population of these 35 mega cities (see Table-1.6) constitutes nearly 9% of the countrys total population. 27.8% of population lives in Urban areas as per 2001 census. The present analysis does not aim at complete urban crime pattern in the country but restricts to only 35 mega cities representing nearly 37.8% of total urban population (1078.8 lakh out of 2853.5 lakh as per 2001 census).

Various forms of crime

The present analysis on mega cities is restricted to 22 major specified crimes under IPC and 21 specified crimes under SLL. The citywise details of these crimes for 35 mega cities are furnished in Chapter-I. Other related details on Property Stolen & Recovered, Crime against Women, Crime against Children and Cyber Crimes are also furnished in the respective chapters of the reports. The major crime pattern of IPC crimes & SLL crimes in 35 mega cities are discussed below.

Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Incidence

(All India22,24,831 Mega Cities3,68,883) A total of 3,68,883 cognizable crimes under the IPC were reported in 35 mega cities during 2010 as compared to 3,43,749 crimes during 2009, thereby reporting a rise of 7.3%. There was an increase of 4.9% in IPC crimes during 2010 over the previous year 2009 at the national level. The Urban agglomeration centres have accounted for 38.8% (57,268 out of 1,47,475) of the total auto theft cases in the country followed by 34.4% Counterfeiting cases (890 out of 2,589) and 25.9% Cheating cases (20,428 out of 78,999) of the nations total IPC crime. The cities of Delhi, Bengaluru and 43

Mumbai have accounted for 12.5%, 8.7% and 9.2% respectively of the total crimes reported from 35 mega cities. Kochi city has reported significant increase of 193.7% IPC crimes as compared to previous year (2009) while in 20 cities, declined of crime has reported.

Table-2 (A) IPC crime rate Mega Cities Vs Domain State Rate of Crime (IPC) Sl. City Mega Domain No. City State 1 Agra 363.5 87.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ahmedabad Allahabad Amritsar Asansol Bengaluru Bhopal Chennai Coimbatore 474.5 187.9 181.3 168.7 566.0 823.0 169.2 289.1 359.6 94.5 466.4 317.1 868.2 555.5 719.3 247.9 250.8 1897.8 117.3 455.1 252.5 223.6 283.4 207.3 364.0 389.2 528.2 362.1 401.6 264.2 358.7 175.7 577.0 535.1 341.9 200.1 87.5 134.4 143.7 242.0 297.2 274.5 274.5 279.8 125.7 240.4 215.7 297.2 297.2 242.8 125.7 87.5 424.1 143.7 87.5 134.4 274.5 87.5 189.2 189.2 189.2 131.1 189.2 200.1 200.1 200.1 87.5 215.7 215.7 187.6

Rate of Crime (IPC)

(All India187.6 Mega Cities341.9) The average rate of crime in Urban agglomeration centres at 341.9 was much higher than the national crime rate of 187.6 (Table-1.6). Kochi reported the highest crime rate (1897.8) among the mega cities in the country followed by Indore (868.2) and Bhopal (823). The crime rate for each city is compared with the corresponding crime rate of the domain State in Table 2(A). Crime rate (IPC) in cities was generally higher than the corresponding crime rate of domain State. The crime rate was lower than that of the respective State in case of Dhanbad, Chennai, Kolkata and Madurai. The crime rate at national level increased by 3.4% (from 181.4 in 2009 to 187.6 in 2010), however, the crime rate in cities has Increased by 7.3% (from 318.6 in 2009 to 341.9 in 2010).

10 Delhi 11 Dhanbad 12 Faridabad 13 Hyderabad 14 Indore 15 Jabalpur 16 Jaipur 17 Jamshedpur 18 Kanpur 19 Kochi 20 Kolkata 21 Lucknow 22 Ludhiana 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Madurai Meerut Mumbai Nagpur Nasik Patna Pune

30 Rajkot 31 Surat 32 Vadodara 33 Varanasi 34 Vijayawada 35 Vishakhapatnam Total (Cities/ All India)

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Incidence & Rate of IPC Crimes (mega cities) Percentage Change From 2001
30.0

FIGURE 2.1

27.3

25.0
23.4

20.0 19.8
Percent

18.6 15.0

15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 2001 2.7 -0.4 -2.5 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0.5 7.0 3.7 8.6 5.3 12.6 9.2

16.3 12.7

16.2

2007 Year

2008

2009

2010

% Variation (Incidence)

% Variation (Rate)

IPC Crime (mega cities) Percentage distribution during 2010

Total Cogni. Crimes Under IPC Other IPC Crimes Causing Death By Negligence Importation Of Girls Cruelty By Husband And Relatives Sexual Harassment Molestation Dowry Death Hurt Arson Counterfeiting Cheating Criminal Breach Of Trust Riots Other Theft Auto Theft Theft Burglary Robbery Preparation & Assembly For Dacoity Dacoity Kid. & Abd. Of Others Kid. & Abd. Of Women & Girls Kidnapping & Abduction (Kid. & Abd.) Rape C.H. Not Amounting Murder Attempt To Commit Murder Murder
16.6 15.1 9.7 19.4 12.4 13.7 8.2 9.2 11.5 3.5 34.4 25.9 22.0 6.9 24.5 38.8 30.9 18.8 21.4 23.7 8.7 28.1 12.7 16.1 8.1 8.8 9.1 8.7 91.9 91.2 90.9 91.3 87.3 83.9 91.3 71.9 81.2 78.6 76.3 69.1 93.1 75.5 61.2 74.1 78.0 96.5 65.6 91.8 90.8 88.5 87.6 86.3 90.3 80.6 83.4 84.9

FIGURE 2.2

Crime Head

Population (in lakhs) Incidence Rate

All India 11857.56 2224831 187.6

0.0

10.0 Cities
1078.8 368883 341.9

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Percentage

Mega Cities

Rest of Country

Crime Rate

2000.0

1800.0

1600.0

1400.0

1200.0

1000.0

800.0

600.0

400.0

200.0

0.0 Agra Ahmedabad Allahabad Amritsar Asansol Bengaluru Bhopal Chennai Coimbatore Delhi (City) Dhanbad Faridabad Hyderabad Indore Jabalpur Jaipur Jamshedpur Kanpur Kochi Kolkata Lucknow Ludhiana Madurai Meerut Mumbai Nagpur Nasik Patna Pune Rajkot Surat Vadodara Varanasi Vijayawada Vishakhapatnam

IPC Crime Rate During 2010

(Mega Cities Vs Domain States)

Cities/Domain States

FIGURE 2.3

Trend analysis IPC crimes

The details of IPC crimes in cities during 2006 to 2010 are presented in Table-2(B).
Table-2 (B)

Crime rate (SLL)

(All-India381.7 Mega Cities1037.8) The crime rate in Urban Agglomeration centres (826.5) was 2.7 times more than the National average (381.7). The highest crime rate of SLL crimes during 2010 was reported from Vishakhapatnam (7096.5) followed by Lucknow (6,680.2). The city-wise details are presented in Table-1.18.

Incidence & Rate of IPC crimes (mega cities)

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Incidence 3,26,363 3,36,889 3,47,153 3,43,749 3,68,883 Rate 302.5 312.3 321.8 318.6 341.9

Crimes under Local Laws

Special

and

Trends Analysis SLL Crimes

The details of SLL crimes in 35 mega cities during 2006 to 2010 are presented in Table-2(C). The crime rate in 35 mega cities has shown a mixed trend.
Table-2(C) Incidence & Rate of SLL crimes in Mega Cities Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Incidence 6,61,600 7,53,760 6,38,986 8,91,576 11,19,621 Rate 613.3 698.7 592.3 826.5 1037.8

(All India45,25,917 Mega Cities11,19,621) 35 cities have 11,19,621 reported cases registered as crimes under Special & Local Laws as compared to 8,91,576 in 2009. The incidence under SLL during 2010 showed an increased of 25.6% in cities as compared to decrease of 0.6% observed at National level. 35 Urban agglomeration centres have significantly accounted for 64.9% of the cases registered under Antiquities & Art Treasure Act in the country, 37.4% of the cases (934 out of 2,499) registered under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act and 25.6% cases (2,017 out of 7,889) registered under the Copyright Act in the country.

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