Session I Paper 6

DEVELOPMENT OF PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMERS FOR SCOTTISH AND SOUTHERN ENERGY plc
Krishnamurthy Vijayan, Waldemar Ziomek, Juan Carlos Garcia Pauwels Canada Inc., Winnipeg, Canada Willi Felber Felber Engineering, Austria

INTRODUCTION Reliability of power systems are strengthened by large interconnected networks. Effective control of power flow in these networks is essential for improving stability, enhancing reliability and optimizing capabilities of such large interconnected systems. The voltage variation provided by load tap changers in transformers can help to control only reactive power flow where as Phase Shifting Transformers (PSTs) are proven solution for control of real power flow in interconnected systems. In 2004, Pauwels Canada Inc. successfully developed 240 MVA and 150 MVA PSTs for Scottish and Southern Energy plc, Scotland. This paper describes briefly the general principle and basic types of PSTs. It also describes specific details on the design, manufacture and testing process of the PSTs delivered to Scottish and Southern Energy plc. PRINCIPLE OF PSTs Purpose PSTs are primarily used to control flow of real power in parallel lines or interconnected systems by introducing a phase angle shift between the Primary (Source) and Secondary (Load) terminals. This is achieved by providing a boost voltage in quadrature (perpendicular) to line voltage. Application Consider the current distribution between two parallel lines as shown below i1 Z1 VL VS i2 Z2 iTOTAL Fig. 1 Current distribution in parallel lines

When power flows between these two systems, Individual line loading depends on the impedance of the lines. More power flows through the path with lower impedance. This may cause individual line overloading and is usually contrary to efficient system operation. If it is desired to balance the current by increasing i1 by Di, and therefore decreasing the current in line 2 to i2-Di, it is necessary to introduce a circulating current Di in the system. This can be done with the introduction of a PST in series with one of the lines (see Fig. 2). An expression for the circulating current is V (1) i = Z1 + Z 2 Where DV is the quadrature boost voltage provided by the PST. This voltage needs to be almost perpendicular to the line voltage so that control of real power flow can be achieved. By using on load tap changers in PSTs DV can be varied or even reversed so that a full range of power flow control is possible between parallel lines. Another important application of PSTs is the control of power flow between two large independent grids. The flow of active power between two interconnected systems is given by (2).

System 1 V1
P

System 2 V2

Fig. 3 Two independent grids

VPST VL VS

PST

V1V2 sin ( ) (2) Z Therefore, the flow of real power between two systems can be effectively controlled by varying the phase angle difference (j). P=
Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram Before understanding the phasor diagram it is essential to understand the following terminologies Advance phase angle : The phase angle that results when I-28

i1+i i2-i

Z1 Z2

VL iTOTAL

Fig. 2 Current distribution in parallel lines with PST

Session I Paper 6 the PST's Load terminal voltage leads the Source voltage terminal. This condition produces an increase in the line's source to load power flow. Fig. 4 shows the vector diagram for this case. Retard phase angle: The phase angles those results when the Load terminal voltage lags the Source terminal voltage. This condition produces a decrease of the line's source to load power flow. Like any transformer, PSTs have inherent impedance which varies with the phase angle. Generally, PSTs have their minimum impedance at zero phase shift which increase with the phase angle. PSTs can be considered as voltage sources with internal impedances that vary with phase angle shift. TYPES OF PSTs The different types of PSTs can be better understood if certain terminologies are defined. Symmetrical PST: Under no-load the magnitude of the PST's source and load voltages are equal, independently of the phase angle between them. Quadrature: It refers to the boost voltage introduced by the PST being perpendicular to the line voltage at one terminal. The basic types of PSTs can be Symmetrical or nonsymmetrical, they can be single core or dual core and they can be single tank or dual tank. There are also many other types or design possibilities which makes the subject of PST development very challenging. Types of Phase shifting transformers Non-symmetrical quadrature type

VS

VL RPST+jXPST
iLXPST VL No Load iLRPST VLeff iL

VL

eff

iL

VS

Phase shifting transformer

Quadrature symmetrical Single core Single Tank Quadrature non symmetrical

Load
Fig. 4 PST equivalent circuit and phasor diagram As can be seen in the vector diagram, under load condition, the phase angle shift is affected by the PST's internal impedance. The internal phase shift b of the PST can be calculated as [2]
I L X PST cos ( ) RPST sin ( ) = arctan VL + I L X PST sin ( ) RPST cos ( )

Two core Dual tank

Fig. 5 Types of PSTs

(3)

Where cos(f) is the load power factor.

ADVANCE = NO LOAD LOAD RETARD LOAD = NO LOAD +

The effective phase shift under load is given by These relations not only have impact on the transformer design but also on the selection of load tap changer. The PSTs rated phase-shift is generally defined at no-load but as can be seen from the equations, it is not possible to achieve this phase angle under load in advance position. Also if the no-load angle is exceeded in retard position, over excitation will occur in parts of PST. I-29

Fig. 6 Asymmetrical PST

Session I Design For Reliability In this type of PST the quadrature voltage is achieved by connecting the regulating winding of phase B to the Delta connection point of phase A and B and so on. The advantage of this type is that it has no exciting transformer. The major disadvantage of this type is the tap changer and regulating winding being directly exposed to system disturbances. Special measures are required to ensure their impulse withstand capability. Symmetrical quadrature type single-core This is the standard and classical solution with series and exciting transformers each built on its own core but with windings electrically interconnected. Single tank/Dual tank These are possible design options for 2 core designs. Depending on size, voltage class, etc., the Series and Exciting transformers could be housed in the same tank or in separate tanks. Obviously housing in separate tanks has the disadvantages of being more expensive and that the inter-connection between the units needs to be redone at site. PSTs FOR SCOTTISH AND SOUTHERN ENERGY plc Application In the Scottish power system, two double-circuit 275kV parallel lines run north to south via the east coast to transport Hydroelectric and Wind energy. One doublecircuit 132kV line runs north to south via the west coast and a single 132 kV line runs north to south via the east coast for the same purpose. When there is a fault on one of the 275kV lines the power tries to flow through the 132kV system since its impedance is smaller under that condition. This leads to over loading of the 132kV lines. In this case three PSTs were needed to control the active (real) power flows in the non faulty lines so that each of these lines could be used to its rated capacity without over loading the 132kV lines. The PSTs will be bypassed using bypass switch under normal condition. Thus there is possible impulse condition with both Source and Load terminals connected together. Ratings and special requirements Basic ratings Site1 (Fiddes substation) 1 x 150 MVA, 132 kV class, 50 Hz, 550 kV BIL with phase angle shift under load of +/-15, using load tap changer with +/-8 steps Site2 (Errochty substation) 2 x 240MVA, 132 kV class, 50 Hz, 550 kV BIL with phase angle shift under load of +10/-20, using load tap changer with +/-8 steps Special requirements
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Fig. 7 Symmetrical PST This is an extension of the non-symmetrical type which can be achieved with an additional tap changer. Two-core symmetrical quadrature PST

Fig. 8 Quadrature-booster PST I-30

Transformers to comply with IEC 76 standards. Requirements specific to PSTs to be as per IEEE C57.135 [2], which are the only available standards for this kind of applications.

Session I Paper 6
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Dual core with separate series and exciting transformer, Quadrature booster designs preferred. Dual tank design anticipated due to transportation limitations. A maximum height of 4.87 m and weight of 220 T is allowed on the roads approaching the final site in UK. Single tank designs meeting these transportation limits are acceptable. Use of non-linear voltage limiting devices to control internal voltages to be avoided. 115% chop wave test required Special impulse test required with both Source and Load terminals connected together to simulate the PST bypass condition. The ratio of zero sequence to positive sequence impedance to be smaller than 9 (Z0/ZP< 9) 110% over voltage and frequency variation of 47.5 to 52 Hz

Design details Basic design The winding disposition on the two cores is indicated below.
Series unit Exciting unit

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D E L T A

S E R I E S

E X C I T E R

T E R T I A R Y

L T C 2

L T C 1

Fig. 9 PST windings layout Impedance calculation and loss control FEM based leakage flux analyses were used to determine size and position of tank shunts and clamp shunts. Impedance calculations were performed with the help of field calculation tool based on Bessel functions.

Design approach
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A classical design concept of a two-core symmetrical Quadrature booster was applied An extremely compact design concept was applied in order to house both, series and exciting units in a single tank while meeting size and weight transportation requirements. Such compactness was achieved by using tall and slim design concept with low impedance. Special care was taken to assure withstand capability against short circuits. Series transformer and exciting transformer are built on separate 3 leg cores with electrical interconnection between them A tertiary delta winding was introduced in the exciting transformer in order to meet the zero sequence impedance requirement Use of a special dual multi-layer design on the series transformer delta winding to achieve controlled dielectric stresses during lightning impulse condition. Center-fed exciting winding so that the high voltage connection with the series winding is made at the center, away from core ground potential. The two transformer heights and dimensions were closely matched to facilitate the interconnection inside the tank Fully interleaved exciting winding Special 2 layer tap winding with leads connected to high speed resistance type tap changer. I-31

a)

b)

Fig. 10 Electromagnetic FEM simulations. a) Series transformer b) Exciting transformer Dielectric design Impulse calculations using LC network based software were performed for each of the following conditions: a) Impulse on S (or L) terminal with the other terminal grounded b) Impulse on S & L terminals connected (bypassed PST). For condition b) the center connection point voltage was estimated to rise to 1034kV during the 550 kV full wave impulse test. Electrostatic stress analyses were performed for all critical locations and special contouring and insulation components were used wherever necessary.

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Session I Design For Reliability Design reviews were conducted at every stage of the development process. Testing Special features of some of the factory tests are highlighted here Phase angle measurement Phase angles were measured according to proposed method in IEEE C57.135 [2]. The phase shift was also recorded in oscilogram, see figure below.

Fig. 11 Typical stress plot: Series transformer main gap at highest stress region Manufacturing
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Fig. 13 S and L wave shapes when S leads L Dielectric tests Lightning impulse Low voltage recurrent surge impulse tests were done with both series and excitation units electrically connected to verify impulse voltage calculations. Some of these measurements were done with both assemblies outside the tank and inside the tank. The measured values were close to calculated values.

All windings and core were built to close dimensional tolerance Pre-fit of the units inside tank was necessary to make measurements for final interconnection at center. After final housing of the units, special contoured high voltage inter connection was done by skilled person inside the tank. Connections inspected and approved by Quality Assurance and Engineering by physical inspection inside tank. Special manufacturing process evolved by building a prototype for the dual multi-layer type delta winding.

L S L

Photograph below shows the two units assembled and housed inside the common tank.
N

Fig. 14 Lightning impulse test on S (or L) terminal and on S+L terminals (bypassed PST)

Fig. 12 Series and exciting transformers assembled inside tank I-32

Fig. 15 Low voltage recurrent surge impulse-test. Impulse response at the exciter T connection point

Session I Paper 6 Besides impulse test on S and L terminal, special lightning impulse test including 115% chop wave condition were applied to (S+L) connected together. The calculated and RSG test results at the T point for 1.2/50s full wave impulse applied to (S+L) is shown in Fig. 15. The maximum values by test are lower than calculated values. The difference is attributed to a) Measurement for this case was done in air outside tank and b) Our calculations do not consider damping. Induced voltage test For this test the unit was energized through a set of temporary test bushings brought out of the tap windings. Both 1-phase and 3-phase induced tests were conducted as per IEC standard [3]. Loss measurement In PST the loss distribution in series and exciting units vary with the phase angle. Typical loss distribution of the measured values for 240MVA unit is shown in table.
Table 1 Summary of tested losses on 240 MVA PST Series unit No load loss kW Zero phase shift Maximum phase shift Load loss kW Zero phase shif Maximum phase shift Total loss kW Zero phase shif Maximum phase shift 0 21.2 224.3 224.3 224.3 245.5 Exciting unit 26.8 26.8 0 268.7 26.8 295.5 Total
S
Series winding on ST R [ ] Exciting winding R [] Re []

Fig. 16 T network used to calculate the exciting winding resistance 3. Resistance of Delta winding & LTC winding are measured using temporary test bushings connected to LTC. Test frequency The phase shifters were designed for frequency of 50Hz to suit the Scottish system. However the test frequency at the Pauwels Canadian plant was 60Hz and hence conversion factors were applied to the tests results in order to get guaranteed design parameters at 50Hz. Useful guidance was taken from IEEE Tutorial for the conversion factors [3]. Test summary All the tests on both the ratings were very successful. All three units passed all tests first time right.
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26.8 48 224.3 493 251.1 541

The measured phase angles were within 1% of the guaranteed values. The maximum P.D level was 103 pC. The maximum hot spot temperature was 68.50C. The special zero sequence impedance ratio requirement of Zo-open /Z positive was fully met. (Photo of unit under test)

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Temperature rise test With single tank design, temperature rise test for obtaining oil rise values do not pose any difficulties. But measurement of gradients of each of the windings needs special methods. Gradient of each winding including the LTC winding was measured either by direct or indirect measurements. 1. Resistance of Series winding of ST can be measured directly between S & L ( R+R= 2R in the diagram below) 2. For the Exciting winding it will be an indirect measurement as follows S & L terminals to be connected & resistance to neutral was measured. This will give (R/2 + Re) ohms. Since R is known, Re can be calculated. I-33

CONCLUSIONS As can be seen the design and development of Phase shifting transformers are unique. It was a challenge to meet

Fig. 17 240 MVA phase shifter on site. Courtesy of Scottish and Southern Energy plc

Session I Design For Reliability the transport limits with the single-tank design. Considering various advantages it was worth the efforts since this approach gives the best satisfaction to the ultimate customer. All the three units have reached site and they are presently undergoing field trials. REFERENCES 1. W. Seitlinger, "Phase Shifting Transformers, Discussion of Specific Characteristics", CIGRE Session 1998 2. IEEE Std C57.135-2001 "IEEE Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of PhaseShifting Transformers", IEEE Power Engineering Society, 2002 3. E.G. teNyenhuis, R.S. Girgis, "50Hz to 60Hz conversion factors for transformer performance parameters". IEEE/PES Transformer Committee Tutorial session April 16,2002 4. IEC standard 60076 IEC: 2000 "Power transformers". 5. Axel Kramer "On-Load Tap-changers for Power transformers by (MR publication)" 6. Scottish Hydro-Electric Transmission Ltd "Specification for Quadrature booster transformers". Enquiry No:C33995/01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their sincere thanks to Scottish and Southern Energy plc., for providing the system details and site photographs. The authors also acknowledge the support provided by the management and colleagues at Pauwels Canada Inc.,

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