Exp No: L4/S1/ MT4051/01

DEPENDENCE OF STRENGTH ON FLAWS

INSTRUCTED BY: Mr. WANASINGHA D. D. PARTNERS: 1. SANDARUWAN A.P.A. 2. ANURADHA A.K. 3. BANDARA W.V. 4. CHANDIMAL N.D.S. 5. CHATHURANGA K.D.H.D.P. 6. DE ZOYSA K.P.S. 7. DISSANAYAKA D.M.N.N. 8. HEWA WEDAGE N.A. 9. JAYASINGHE W.G.P. NAME COURSE GROUP INDEX NO : DE SILVA R. G. P. : B. SC. ENGINEERING :A : 080071M

DATE OF PER: 05/03/2012 DATE OF SUB : 15/03/2012

TITLE: DEPENDANCE ON STRENGTH ON FLOWS INTRODUCTION The classical brittle fracture mechanisms fail to account for the mechanical properties of glasses, but the widespread evidence of plastic flow in all glass fracture phenomena even at room temperature suggests that this flow might provide a consistent glass strength theory. Brittle materials do not undergo plastic deformation before fracture. That is due to the naturally generated cracks on the surface which cause the final fracture. Those tiny cracks act as the crack initiators and highly affect the strength of the material. In this practical the effect of the flows on the strength of a brittle material is tested. THEORY 1.) Breaking strength of sample 2.) Modulus of Rupture = Breaking load Area = 8FL/d3

Where, F Fracture force; L Length of glass rod; d Diameter of a glass rod 3.) The probability of survival (PS) of each ranked position n in a total sample size of N is given by

By

taking

logarithms of both sides of equation

After changing the sign of both sides to avoid negative values, taking logarithms again

CALCULATIONS Braking Strength of the first unetched sample = = 216 N (5.116)2mm2 10.5034 MPa

Similarly breaking strengths for other glass rods can also be calculated as above, Breaking Stress for Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Un-etched samples (MPa) 10.5034 6.1270 5.8352 3.0635 5.1058 9.0446 5.1058 4.8140 6.5646 5.2517 7.5858 9.0446 5.2517 8.1693 7.8775 5.1058 4.8140 7.1481 5.1058 9.1904 Table 1 = = Braking Stress for Etched samples (MPa) 5.8926 5.7453 9.5756 4.0757 8.2497 10.6559 7.6604 7.5131 8.6917 3.5356 2.1115 5.7453 5.7453 5.1561 8.5443 13.9459 10.9014 5.4998 7.8078 9.2809

Maximum breaking strength for unetched samples Minimum breaking strength for unetched samples

10.5034MPa 3.0635MPa

When entire range is divided in to five intervals, interval of range = (10.5034-3.0635)MPa 5 = 1.488MPa Since the total number of etched specimens is 20 then frequency of broken samples within the interval can be tabulated as shown in table 3,

Probability for fail within the first interval = Frequency of broken sample within the interval Total Number of samples = = plotted as shown in result. Mean breaking strength = 130.7084 MPa 20 = 6.5354MPa 1/20 0.05

Same calculation is done for other intervals (as in Table 2). Probability density function can be

Cumulative frequency was considered and cumulative probability for fail was calculated in same way (as in Table for un-etched sample). Since the cumulative probability for safe = 1- cumulative probability for fail The cumulative probability for safe was calculated in same way also. (as in Table 3) Cumulative distribution function can be plotted using those values. Standard deviation = ( fd2/N- (fd/N)2)0.5

The standard deviation can be calculated by using this formula. The graph ln(ln(1/Ps)) vs ln(Breaking Strength/Mean Breaking Strength) can be plotted and slope of the graph was calculated. According to the theory the slope of this graph is the Weibull Modulus. Modulus of rupture for first un-etched sample= 8xFxL Nmm-2 d3 = 8x216x40Nmm-2 x5.1163 = 164.2432Nmm-2 Similarly modulus of rupture for other samples can be calculated. Calculations procedure is similar for other etched and un-etched samples.

Breaking strength of samples max load(Mpa) min load(Mpa) mean strength(Mpa) interval range

Un-eched 10.5034 3.0635 6.5354 1.488

Etched 13.9459 2.1115 7.3167 2.367

Table 2

Calculated data values for the un-etched samples,

Interval (MPa) Mean value (MPa) (x) Frequency of broken samples (f) Probability for fail (Pf) Probability for safe (Ps) Cumulative Frequency for broken samples (cf) Cumulative probability for fail (cPf) Cumulative probability for safe (cPs) d = (x-a) fd fd2 ln(Breaking Stress/ Mean Breaking Stress) ln[ln(1/Ps)]

3.0635 -4.5515 3.8075 1 0.05 0.95 1 0.05 0.95 -1.488 -1.488 2.2141 -0.5403 -2.9702

4.5515 -6.0395 5.2955 9 0.45 0.55 10 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 -0.2104 -0.3665 Table 3

6.0395 -7.5275 6.7835 3 0.15 0.85 13 0.65 0.35 1.488 4.464 6.6424 0.0373 0.0486

7.5275 -9.0155 8.2715 3 0.15 0.85 16 0.8 0.2 2.976 8.928 26.5697 0.2356 0.4759

9.0155 -10.5035 9.7595 4 0.2 0.8 20 1 0 4.464 17.856 79.7092 0.4010 -

 fd2 = 115.1355 fd = 29.76 Standard deviation = ( fd2/N- (fd/N)2)0.5 =[115.1355/20- (29.76/20)2 ]1/2 =1.8822 Calculated data values for the etched samples, Interval (MPa) Mean value (MPa) (x) Frequency of broken samples (f) Probability for fail (Pf) Probability for safe (Ps) Cumulative Frequency for broken samples (cf) Cumulative probability for fail (cPf) Cumulative probability for safe (cPs) d = (x-a) fd fd2 ln(Breaking Stress/ Mean Breaking Stress) ln[ln(1/Ps)] 2.1115 -4.4785 3.295 3 0.15 0.85 3 0.15 0.85 -2.367 -7.101 16.8081 -0.7978 -1.817 4.4785 -6.8455 5.662 6 0.3 0.7 9 0.45 0.55 0 0 0 -0.2564 -0.5144 Table 4 6.8455 -9.2125 8.029 6 0.3 0.7 15 0.75 0.25 2.367 14.202 33.6161 0.0929 0.3266 9.2125 -11.5795 10.396 4 0.2 0.8 19 0.95 0.05 4.734 18.936 89.6430 0.3513 1.0972 11.5795 -13.9459 12.763 1 0.05 0.95 20 1 0 7.101 7.101 50.4242 0.5564 -

fd2 =190.4914 fd = 33.138 Standard deviation = ( fd2/N- (fd/N)2)0.5 = 2.6037

Modulus of rupture values for both etched and un-etched samples.

Sample No. Un - eched M.O.R Etched M.O.R

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

216 126 120 63 105 186 105 99 135 108 156 186 108 168 162 105 99 147 105 189

164.2432 95.8086 91.2462 47.9043 79.84046 141.4317 79.8405 75.2782 102.652 82.1216 118.6201 141.4317 82.1216 127.7447 123.1824 79.8405 75.27815 111.7766 79.8405 143.7128 Table 5

120 117 195 83 168 217 156 153 177 72 43 117 117 105 174 284 222 112 159 189

92.59708 90.28215 150.4703 64.04631 129.6359 167.4464 120.3762 118.0613 136.5807 55.5583 33.1806 90.2822 90.2822 81.0225 134.2658 219.1464 171.3046 86.4239 122.6911 145.8404

RESULTS : Mean breaking strength for un-etched samples Mean breaking strength for etched samples Standard deviation of un-etched samples Standard deviation of etched samples Mean Value of MOR for un-etched samples Mean Value of MOR for etched samples Weibull Modulus for un-etched samples Weibull Modulus for etched samples = 6.5354MPa = 7.3167MPa = 1.8822 = 2.6037 = 102.1958MPa = 114.9747MPa = 4.344 = 2.507