Class XIIth Class Xth

Chemistry

Electrochemistry

21
Real Numbers
Pre requisites Idea about number systems. Knowledge of types of numbers like prime number, rational number, irrational number etc. Basic concept of H.C.F. and L.C.M. ___________________________________________ Slide 1 Introduction In class IX, we have learnt elementary properties of real numbers. In this chapter, we will continue to discuss the real numbers. First of all we will start to learn the important properties of integers. (a) Euclids division algorithm (b) Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Algorithm An algorithm is a series of well-defined steps, which gives a procedure for solving a problem. __________________________________________ Slide 2 Lemma Lemma is a particular type of theorem. Theorem 1. Euclids division lemma Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a = bq + r, where 0 r < b, q, r is whole number ___________________________________________ Slide 3 Let us discuss the relation of two numbers of a pair (14, 5), (8, 3), (3, 7). These pairs can be rewritten as follows 14 = 5 2 + 4 8=32+2 3=70+3 This relation we obtain by division process. ___________________________________________ Slide 4 Highest common factor (H.C.F.) By Euclid division algorithm theorem we can find out H.C.F. of two given numbers. ___________________________________________ Slide 5 For example We find out H.C.F. of the integers 972 and 21. By Euclid Lemma, 972 = 21 46 + 6 Here the divisor is 46 and remainder is 6. We apply the division Lemma again on 21 and 6.

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Real Numbers
For Example
6 2 3

Mathematics (X)

21 = 6 3 + 3 Now the divisor is 6 and the reminder is 3. We again apply division Lemma on 6 and 3. 6=32+0 Now the remainder is zero so at this stage divisor will be the required H.C.F ___________________________________________ Slide 6 Illustration Find the H.C.F. of 867 and 255 by using Euclid Division algorithm. ___________________________________________ Slide 7 Illustration Show that every positive even integer is of the form 2n, and that every positive odd integer is of the form 2n + 1, where n is some integer. ___________________________________________ Slide 8 Illustration Use Euclids division algorithm to show that the cube of any positive integer is either of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8. ___________________________________________ Slide 9 (a) Theorem 2. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes, and this decomposition is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.

composite number ___________________________________________ Slide 9 (b)

Composite number = Product of Primes Composite numbers Product of primes 36 2 2 3 3 188 2 2 47 2310 2 3 5 7 11 30030 2 3 5 7 11 13 106260 2 2 3 5 7 11 23 ___________________________________________ Slide 9 (c) Every natural number can be written as a product of its prime factors There are infinitely many primes; if we combine all these primes we get a large natural number. It follows to a conjecture that every composite number can be written as the product of primes. Every composite number can be decomposed as a product of primes in a unique way. The order of the primes does not matter but primes can be repeated. In general when a composite number decomposes into primes and is written in ascending order. For example 27720 = 2 2 2 3 3 5 7 11 = 23 32 5 7 11.

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Slide 10 Illustration

Real Numbers
Slide 14 Number Systems

Mathematics (X)

Find the missing numbers in the following prime factorization.

The number 1, 2, 3, 4 are called Natural numbers. The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 are called whole numbers. The numbers ., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 are called integers. ___________________________________________ Slide 15 Note that Integers include negative, zero and positive numbers. Zero is neither negative nor positive number. The set of non-negative integers consists of zero and natural numbers. The set of non-positive integers consists of zero and negative integers. ___________________________________________ Slide 16 Prime and Composite Numbers All natural numbers other than 1have at least two divisors: Unity (one) and the number itself. The numbers that do not have any divisors are called prime numbers. For example 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23. etc. The numbers which have other divisors besides 1 and the number itself are called composite numbers.

___________________________________________ Slide 11 H.C.F. and L.C.M. H.C.F.: H.C.F. is the product of the smallest power of each common prime factor of the given numbers. L.C.M.: L.C.M. is the product of the greatest power of each prime factor appearing in the numbers ___________________________________________ Slide 12 Illustration Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of the following pairs of integers by applying prime factorization method. (i) 26, 91 (ii) 17, 25 ___________________________________________ Slide 13 Illustration Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

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Real Numbers
Slide 19 Note that

Mathematics (X)

For example, the number 21 is divisible by 1, 3, 7, and 21. Prime number: Those numbers which are divisible by only 1 and itself are called prime numbers. i.e. they do not have the divisor other than 1 and itself For example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19. ___________________________________________ Slide 17 Real numbers The rational and irrational numbers constitute the set of real numbers. Thus, any number, whether finite or infinite always defines a real number. For example, 101.25, 2, , 100, , etc. The set of real numbers is represented by R. ___________________________________________ Slide 18 Note that The number unity (one) is neither prime nor composite by convention. Rational and Irrational Numbers The numbers, which can be expressed in the p form of , (where p and q are integers, q 0) q are called rational numbers. For example 2 3 , , 0.25, 0.36 etc. 5 5 The numbers which can not be expressed in p the form of are called irrational numbers. q For example
2, , ...... etc.

A number with terminating decimal is called a rational number. A number with repeated but non-terminating decimal is also called a rational number, e.g. 2.34 = 2.343434. is a rational number. A number with non-terminating non-repeating decimal is called an irrational number. Between any two rational numbers there is always an irrational number. Between any two irrational numbers there is always a rational number. ___________________________________________ Slide 20 Irrational Numbers A number which is not rational is called irrational. Some more examples are 0.101001000100001 0.313113111311113 0.595995999599995 ___________________________________________ Slide 21 Note: 1. Terminating decimal If the number of digits after decimal is finite is a terminating decimal. e.g. 2.57, 3.1925, 0.333 2. Non-terminating decimal If the number of digits after decimal are infinite is a non-terminating decimal. e.g. 2.1372513215.. 1.01001000100001000001

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Slide 22 Illustration

Real Numbers

Mathematics (X)

Examine whether 2 is rational or irrational ___________________________________________ Slide 23 (a) Theorem 3. Let p be a prime number. Show that if p divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive integer. Solution Let P1, P2, P3, Pn be the factors of a. a = P1, P2, P3 Pn, where P1, P2, are primes not necessarily all distinct. Therefore a2 = (P1. P2. P3 Pn). (P1. P2. P3 Pn) 2 a2 = P12 .P2 .P32 .....Pn2 Given, P divides a2 (1) ___________________________________________ Slide 23 (b) p is a prime factor of a2, from the fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. The factor of a2 are only P1, P2, P3 .. Pn (Uniqueness of prime factors of fundamental theorem of Arithmetic) From (1) and (2), we have p is one of prime factors of P1. P2. P3 . Pn p divides a. ___________________________________________ Slide 24 Proof by contradiction Steps to prove that 2 is irrational. [Classical Proof] Step 1. We assume that 2 is rational.

Step 2. Based on this assumption we make a series of logical statements. Step 3. At last we find a statement that contradicts the assumption. Step 4. Therefore, 2 is irrational. ___________________________________________ Slide 25 Illustration Prove that 2 is an irrational number by contradiction method. ___________________________________________ Slide 26 Illustration Prove that 2 3 is an irrational number. ___________________________________________ Slide 27 Illustration Is a rational number? ___________________________________________ Slide 28 Illustration Is e a rational number? ___________________________________________ Slide 29 Properties of irrational numbers Property 1. An irrational number can be approximated as closely as we like by irrational numbers. For example, if a be an irrational number such that 0.2 < a < 0.3 where 0.2 and 0.3

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Real Numbers
Slide 31 Illustration

Mathematics (X)

are two rational numbers, then 0.201 < a < 0.2012 or 0.201001 < a < 0.201002 and so on. Property 2. There are infinitely many irrational numbers between two rational numbers. Property 3. The set of irrational numbers is dense everywhere, i.e., Between two irrational numbers a and b with a < b, there lies at least one irrational number and hence an infinite numbers of irrational numbers. ___________________________________________ Slide 30 Conversion of decimals into rational numbers General statement A rational number x
p q

Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion or a nonterminating repeating decimal expansion: 13 64 (a) (b) 3125 455 129 77 (c) 2 7 5 (d) . 257 210 ___________________________________________

Before next Lecture

Study about tangent to the circle. Read the chapter of circles.

has a terminating

decimal expansion, if the prime factorisation of q is of the form 2n 5m where m and n are non p negative integers. A rational number x has a q decimal non-terminating repeating expansion, if the prime factorisation of q is not of the form 2n 5m where m and n are non negative integers

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Real Numbers Chapter Assignment

Mathematics (X)

1 Mark Questions
Q 1. Express 140 as a product of its prime factors.

3 Mark Questions
Q 10. Show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m. Prove that 5 is irrational. Prove that 7 2 3 is irrational. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion. 17 13 (i) (ii) 8 3125 35 (iii) . 18 The following real numbers have decimal expansion as given below. In each case, decide whether they are rational or not? (i) 74.13257 (ii) 3.78125 (iii) 9.12030145 Find the HCF of 504 and 980 Show that any positive odd positive integer is of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q +5, where q is some integer. Show that every positive even integer is of the form 2q and that every positive odd integer is of the form 2q + 1 for some integer q. Show that every positive integer is of the form (4q + 1) or (4q + 3) for some integer q. Find the HCF and LCM of 18 and 24 by the prime factorization method. Find the HCF and LCM of 10224 and 1608 using prime factorization method.

2 Mark Questions
Q 2. Q 3. Use Euclids division algorithm to find the HCF of 135 and 225. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members on a parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march? Find LCM and HCF of 26 and 91 and verify that LCM HCF = 26 91. Find LCM and HCF of 12, 15 and 21 by applying the prime factorization method. There is a circular path around a sports field. A takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field, while B takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same time and go in the same direction, after how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point? Decompose 32760 into prime factors. Prove that negative of an irrational number is an irrational number. The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number. Q 11. Q 12. Q 13.

Q 4. Q 5. Q 6.

Q 14.

Q 15. Q 16.

Q 17.

Q 7. Q 8. Q 9.

Q 18. Q 19. Q 20.

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Q 21.

Real Numbers
Show that every positive odd integer is of the form (6q + 1) or (6q + 3) or (6q + 5) for some integer q. Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2, n + 4 is divisible by 3, where n is any positive integer. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of 25152 and 12156 by using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Prove that 3 is an irrational number by contradiction method. Prove that 5 is an irrational number by contradiction method. Prove that n is not a rational number, if n is not a perfect square. Show that the product of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is irrational.

Mathematics (X)

Q 22.

Q 23.

Q 24. Q 25. Q 26. Q 27.

5 Mark Questions
Q 28. Q 29. Using Euclids division Algorithm, find the H.C.F. of 92690, 7378 and 7161. Give an example each, of two irrational numbers, whose (a) difference is a rational number. (b) difference is an irrational number. (c) sum is a rational number. (d) sum is an irrational number.

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