Objective 1. To be able to prepare soya bean oil in water emulsion. 2.

To observe the effect of heat to physical changes of oil-in-water emulsion. 3. To understand the concept of phase separation and destabilization of oil-in-water emulsion. 4. To study the importance of viscosity on the stability of emulsion. 5. To learn how to handle Brookefield viscometer correctly. 6. To compare viscosity and stability of an emulsion without viscosity modifier. 7. To compare viscosity and stability of an emulsion with viscosity modifier. 8. To learn how to determine the particle size of emulsion using a laser particle size analyser and optical microscope. 9. To observe the effect addition of polyelectrolyte to emulsion. 10. To learn how to handle optical microscope and laser particle size analyser correctly. Safety and Precautions : 1. Throughout the experiment the measuring cylinder and beaker which contained the emulsion need to be covered to prevent evaporation of water , oxidation and avoid contamination. 2. During the homogenization process the speed must be kept constant. 3. All materials used must be weight accurately based on the calculation given. 4. Carefully read the meniscus of measuring cylinder must be at parallax. 5. The instructions should be read carefully and the viscometer should be handled with care . 6. Do not exert pressure while mounting the spindle. This may cause damage to the instrument. 7. Read the instructions and handle the microscope and laser particle analyzer with care. 8. Prepare slide carefully to avoid slide from break. 9. Start focusing of image from low power objectives lens to high power objectives lens.

Procedures/ Methods Practical 1 : Emulsion Formation To prepare 400ml oil in water emulsion with using surfactants SPAN 20 and TWEEN 20 with HLB 10, the following methods are practiced: 1. Both soya bean oil(80g) and water(312g) are weighed in a separate beaker using electronic balance. 2. The surfactants, TWEEN 20(1.39g) and SPAN 20(6.615 g) are weighed. So , the total amount of emulsifiers used are 8g which is 10% to oil content. 3. The weighed materials are then poured into 500ml beaker and are mixed thoroughly using glass rod. 4. Next, sufficient amount of perfume is added to the mixture. 5. The mixture is homogenized for 10 minutes at the speed of 11 000 rpm at room temperature by using Ultra Turvax T25 basic homogenizer. 6. After 10 minutes of homogenization, the beaker is covered with plastic film. 7. 50 g of the emulsion is weighed in a beaker and warmed up in water bath at 70 C. The differences and changes that happened to the emulsion are observed. 8. 100 ml of homogenized emulsion is poured into 100 ml graduated cylinder and covered. Then, keep it at room temperature. The separation of the phases after 10 minutes, 1 and 2 hours are observed and recorded. Practical 2 : Emulsion Stability Using the remaining emulsion that already prepared : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The remaining emulsion is homogenized again for a minute. Viscosity of the emulsion is measured by using Brookefield viscometer, 100ml of the emulsion is poured into a beaker. Then, carbopol(1g) is weighed and added into the beaker. The mixture is homogenized again using Ultra Turvax T25 basic homogenizer for a minute. Then, viscosity of emulsion with carbopol is measured. After that,100 ml mixture of emulsion with carbopol is poured into measuring cylinder . The measuring cylinder and beaker are covered again with plastic film. Phase separation and changes that occur are observed and recorded.

Practical 3 : Emulsion Characteristics Reuse remaining emulsion that had already prepared , particles size of the emulsion are measured : 1. The remaining emulsion is stirred and homogenised again. 2. A drop of the emulsion is put into slide and observed using optical microscope( OLYMPUS CX31).

3. The observation process start from low power objectives lens until 40 times magnification objectives lens until 400 times magnification in order to obtained a clear image. A picture with clear image is taken. 4. To get the particles size, seven drops of the emulsion is poured into laser particle size analyzer BT-9300H and the result obtained is printed out and analyzed. 5. To prepare emulsion with aluminium chloride 5ml of 0.5M aluminium chloride is added to a beaker contained 50 ml of emulsion and stirred. 6. After 30 minutes , slide for emulsion with aluminium chloride is prepared .The slide is observed under optical microscope and a picture with clear image is taken.