Practic

parasitology- Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuria vermicularis) (pinworm) world wide parasite. primarily in children. Most common helminthes infection in US and Western Europe. Transmission (oral/fecal) or inhaled. Disease : Enterobiasis or Oxyuriasis. habitat: large intestine of man (cecum and colon) Infective stage: embryonated egg.

Types of infection: Reinfection Retroinfection Cross infection

Pathogenesis: Usually asymptomatic. Mild gastrointestinal upsets. Perianal itching. bacterial infections. Children: restlessness, irritability, insomnia, loss of appetite. Vaginal irritation in women. Dignoses: Scotch tape test: Diagnosis depends on recovery of the characteristic eggs. The eggs and the female adults can be removed from the folds of the skin in the perianal regions by the use of the cellophane tape method. The examination should be made in the morning, before the patient has washed or defecated. Prevention & control of pinworm infections in households with infected persons: Take regular morning showers Wash hands often, especially before food preparation Keep fingernails short and clean Vacuum floors and surfaces regularly Wash bed linens, carpet 2-3 times/week at Treat with anti-pinworm drugs If infected, try not to scratch perianal region. Always wash hands before contact with other surfaces and mouth.

Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus (hookworm)

Intestinal parasites World wide distribution Hookworms are named for the dorsal curve in their anterior end. However, because they feed on blood a heavy infection can produce severe anemia. habitat of adult: small intestine of man. Infective stage: filariform larvae. Mode of transmission: penetration of filariform larvae in skin through bare feet. In some cases from mother to her baby. Diagnosis: eggs in stool. Disease: Hook worm infection.

L1, the feeding non-infective rhabditoform stage L2, which is also in the rhabditoform stage, will feed for approximately 7 days. L3 is the filariform stage of the parasite, that is, the non-feeding infective form of the larvae

 Pathogenesis: 1.Pathogenesis of the larvae (1) Dermatitis (ground itch due to working in farmland, contacting with the soil Susceptible locations: between fingers and toes (2) Symptoms caused by larva migration from pulmonary capillaries to alveoli a dry cough, sore throat,, etc 2. Pathogenesis of Adults: Worms burrow through the mucosa with buccal capsule, teeth, cutting plates, feed on blood, secret anticoagulants and proteinase. Worms continuously suck blood, but digest a little, the large amount of blood is passed. Worms change places and leave the wound bleeding. Clinical manifestation: (1) Anemia The amount of blood loss N. americanus: 0.02~0.10 ml per worm a day A. duodenale: 0.14~0.26 ml per worm a day In children a hookworm infection can stunt growth and cause a general lack of energy. (2) Gastrointestinal symptoms

 -Epigastric discomfort, pain - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. - Aberrations of appetite. Diagnoses: 1.Direct fecal smear (egg and Rhabditiform larvae (noninfective) in old stool samples. 2.Culture of hookworm larvae Harda-Mori culture: collection of larvae from eggs hatched on strips of filter paper with one end immersed in water. Prevention: Proper sanitation Wearing shoes and gloves