Instructor 0607

Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control
Instructor Manual
Wisconsin Department of Justice Law Enforcement Standards Board June 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people have contributed to the writing of this manual. The Training and Standards Bureau, Wisconsin Department of Justice gratefully acknowledges the dedication of the Patrol Procedures Advisory Committee, which has worked long and hard to revise the content of earlier manuals and develop new content for the present guide. The current members of the Committee are
Designated Representatives
Jeff Pettis, Sheriffs Representative Tom Winscher, Chiefs Representative Clark Pagel, Wisconsin Technical College System Darrell Hill, Wisconsin State Patrol Craig Henry and Chance Bamba, Milwaukee Police Department Carol Curfman, Milwaukee County Sheriffs Office Sherri Strand, Madison Police Department Stephanie Pederson, Training and Standards Bureau (Chair)
Practitioners
Monica Barman, Sun Prairie Police Department Bruce Buchholtz, Platteville Police Department Steven D. Hausner, Burlington Police Department Robert Lawrence, La Crosse Police Department Richard Nichols, Lafayette County Sheriffs Office Deanna Reilly, Madison Police Department Tom Witczak, Fox Valley Technical College
Emeritus (non-voting) Members

Colleen Belongea Jon Gutzman Timothy Hufschmid Jay Iding Ed Janke Mark Kelsey Bernie Kocher Dave Mattheisen Robert Miller Wayne Misener Mike Murray
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................3 INSTRUCTIONAL TOPICS...................................................................................4 COMPETENCIES AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES.....................................5 INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW ..................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................7 TEACHING TOOLS .................................................................................................8 TRAINING TIPS .....................................................................................................9 TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING.............................................................................................................13
LESSON 1-1: THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING ..................................13
TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION........................................................................19

LESSON 2-1: VEHICLE INSPECTION .......................................................................19 LESSON 2-2: DRIVER PREPARATION ....................................................................25 LESSON 2-3: BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS................................................31 LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS ..........................................................................37
TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE................................................43

LESSON 3-1: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................43 LESSON 3-2 THE STRESS RESPONSE ...................................................................53 LESSON 3-3 VEHICLE DYNAMICS AT HIGH SPEEDS .................................................59 LESSON 3-4 SPECIAL TOPICS ..............................................................................65
TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................71

LESSON 4-1 LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES ...............................................................71 LESSON 4-2 CONDUCTING THE PURSUIT ..............................................................83 LESSON 4-3 PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................93 LESSON 4-4 OPTIONS TO STOP..........................................................................103
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INSTRUCTIONAL TOPICS
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL DRIVING TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds Lesson 3-4: Special Topics TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING Lesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-4: Options to Stop
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Instructor Overview
COMPETENCIES AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this course, students will learn the legal basis and limitations on the use of non-emergency and emergency driving, basic patrol operation, emergency vehicle response, and pursuit driving. Emergency vehicle operation and control (EVOC) techniques are psychomotor skills, which means that they involve both the brain and muscles. For that reason, students will spend much of the time in EVOC on the driving range practicing the techniques required for on the job performance. Competencies and Performance Objectives 1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of a shift. 1.1 Distinguish among the various types of law enforcement driving. 1.2 Identify parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipment that need to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation. 1.3 Conduct driver preparation steps that need to be taken prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation.
2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of a vehicle. 2.1 Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling. 2.2 Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking. 2.3 Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, night driving, and fatigue play in normal patrol driving. 2.4 Identify methods to maintain control of the vehicle in situations of rapid air loss in a tire (tire blow out) and off road recovery. 2.5 Demonstrate driving techniques in simulated conditions.
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Instructor Overview 3. Describe the legal and policy considerations surrounding law enforcement driving, including normal patrol operations, emergency response, and pursuit driving. 3.1 Identify and interpret the laws related to officer non-emergency and emergency driving. 3.2 Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response. 4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving, and apply proper emergency driving techniques. 4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, and cornering. 4.2 Describe possible citizen responses to emergency lights and sirens. 4.3 Identify route selection issues that effect emergency driving. 4.4 Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving. 4.5 Demonstrate emergency driving techniques in simulated conditions. 5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting, and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles. 5.1 Identify how disturbance resolution applies to emergency vehicle operation. 5.2 Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement. 5.3 Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits. 5.4 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving. 5.5 Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit. 5.6 Document and debrief a simulated pursuit. 5.7 Describe induce-to-stop methods. 5.8 Demonstrate induce-to-stop methods in simulated conditions. 5.9 Identify when force-to-stop methods would be appropriate. 5.10 Describe force to stop methods and the criteria for use.
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Instructor Overview
INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
In this course, students will learn the legal basis and limitations on the use of non-emergency and emergency driving, basic patrol operation, emergency vehicle response, and pursuit driving. Emergency vehicle operation and control (EVOC) techniques are psychomotor skills, which means that they involve both the brain and muscles. For that reason, students will spend much of the time in EVOC on the driving range practicing the techniques required for on the job performance.
ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Minimum Instructor Requirements The competencies and learning objectives identify the minimum standards that must be met by instructors when presenting this training. Instructors should feel free to present additional information beyond the required minimum competencies and objectives. Learning plan activities that are provided in these documents should be used as a guide for instructors when creating their own learning plans. Instructors should feel free to choose any of the learning activities provided or create their own learning activities. Instructor-Student Ratio The minimum instructor-student ratio for Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control training is 1:6 (one instructor for each six students) during non-classroom portions of the training. Student Handouts It is required that instructors distribute a copy of the competencies and learning objectives that are to be covered during the course to each student. Instructors are encouraged to plan and develop other handout material as well. Such handouts may include a learning plan that identifies the learning activities that will be covered in class and the performance assessment task score-sheets that provide guidance relating to classroom assignments. Assessment and Evaluation Strategy The assessment and evaluation strategy for this portion of the curriculum consists of assessment of competence with the performance assessment tasks (PAT) and evaluation of cognitive knowledge through a written test. Performance assessment tasks are provided for each competency in this curriculum. Unless otherwise noted by an asterisk, these assessments are optional and may be used as a guide for instructors in determining whether students are grasping the concepts that are being presented. The evaluation of students with the written test is required. The minimum requirement for this evaluation is 70% correct, and each training school has the option of setting a higher standard, if desired.
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Instructor Overview
TEACHING TOOLS
The teaching tools serve a variety of purposes: Focus attention on what the content is by visual review of the material Increase interest in content by making it visually appealing Improve retention by engaging more than one of the senses during the presentation
Tools that may be included for Instructor use: Videos
( )
Training videos accompany the curriculum to stimulate interest, motivate, illustrate behaviors or attitudes, and add professionalism to the training. As part of the preparation for the training, the instructors should view each of them. Once a video is presented in class, the instructor should summarize the learning points to generate discussion. Handouts
The instructor may use the handouts provided or others the instructor prefers. The information must be topical and reduce the need for participants to memorize or take notes during a presentation. Exercises
The instructor may use any of the exercises described in the manual to illustrate a concept and to provide a learning experience with class participation. The manual also includes scenarios for progressive role-play by participants and as opportunity for individual evaluation by the instructor. Power Point Slides ( )/Overheads ( )
A power point slide presentation or overheads may also be available to the instructor for illustration of the course concepts. Lesson Plan Each lesson plan contains performance objectives, specific topical information, material needs, and a time estimate. Lesson plans may also include exercises, handouts, videos, overheads, or power point slides that the instructor may elect to use when emphasizing the topical information for class.
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Instructor Overview
TRAINING TIPS
1. Prepare For the Training Good instruction requires preparation. To prepare to conduct training, do the following: Review materials. Personalize the content. Practice. Check the equipment. Equipment needed includes a TV, VCR, flipcharts, markers, tape, overhead projector, and screen. Stick to the agenda to ensure all information is presented in the classroom. Adhere to regular breaks and opportunities for questions. Address the group, not the screen. Use notes and face the audience. Refer to the text and advise the participants where a topic can be found.
2. Adhere to Adult Learning Principles Law enforcement recruits are adults and benefit from instruction tailored to adult learning needs. Here are some principles of adult learning: Explain the benefits of the subject matter Relate learning to participants past experiences Make use of participants life experiences to encourage participation Listen and respect the participants' ideas Encourage the participants to be resources to each other and to you, the trainer Maximize efficiency of learning Involve the participants in learning-centered activities
3. Facilitate Discussion Dialogue provides a good learning environment where everyone teaches and everyone learns. Make use of participants life experiences to encourage participation. By interspersing a lecture with questions the instructor will heighten interest, review main ideas, encourage class participation and obtain feedback for all.
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Instructor Overview Participation in the classroom is for the purpose of learning and practicing the specific communication skills and models. Education must be structured so participants can apply what they learn. Demonstration is primarily a passive experience for the adult learner; therefore, effective instructors usually encourage questions and then follow up with hands-on practice. Give participants the opportunity to demonstrate failures and uncertainties, to reflect on and evaluate technique, and to rehearse for the real thing. Learning and action go hand in hand. 4. Use Exercises Case studies can be used for teaching and evaluation. A participant is provided with a number of facts relating to a specific situation and must solve one or more problems or perform one or more tasks using the facts. A case study/scenario may be elaborate or quite short depending on the objective of the lesson. Other practical exercises can also be used. These can be any structured activity or simulation in which the students actually perform in the classroom or on the range what they will be doing when on the job. Remember: mistakes must be possible. Remind the group that the exercises are meant to elicit a variety of responsesnot just one right response. It is the participant's thought process and articulation of that thought process that is evaluated as well as the performance of the action. Evaluation will help participants recognize and use what they know and identify and understand what was missing and must be developed. 5. Include Simulations Simulation training involves a series of progressive and realistic exercises designed for learner participation. In scenarios and simulations, participants are able to practice and test their knowledge and decision-making as well as their communication and tactical skills, in a safe and controlled environment. Participants will also demonstrate their ability to articulate verbally and document in writing what action they took and their reasons for it. To be safe and effective, simulations must meet these criteria: Reality- and behavior-based and progressive Scripted and staged Evaluated Debriefed in a safe environment Documented
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Instructor Overview Reality- and behavior-based and progressive. The environment of the scenarios must be realistic in the use of props and physical space to provide for tactical concerns and atmosphere. Introduce simplistic scenarios first in the classroom and then make them increasingly more complex with the addition of various characters, props, environmental changes, additional police issues and investigative concerns to provide progressive training for the participant. Scripted and staged. To ensure the safety of participants and to provide an optimal learning environment, draft a script for each scenario to include the objectives of the exercise, the type of situation, the characters and backgrounds, the details of the action, and the dispatch information. Evaluated. After the simulation has been completed, the participants articulate what their plan was and what actions they took. Participants do a written police report of the simulated situation. Instructors can then ask follow-up questions for a full explanation of situation and response. Class peers and evaluation team members complete a written feedback form on the performance. Videotaping of the final scenarios is highly recommended. Debriefed in a safe environment. Instructors and evaluation team members explain the objectives of the scenario and evaluate the individuals performance measured against the core abilities. If the simulation was videotaped, the participant should view his or her own performance. Evaluators note areas where the participant performed well and identify areas that need improvement. Peer feedback forms are given to the participant and written reports are reviewed and returned to participants with feedback. Documented. All videotapes, reports, feedback forms, evaluation forms, and the participants response to feedback should be considered formal training documentation and should be retained in conformance with academy policies.
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Instructor Overview
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING

LESSON 1-1: THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING
To introduce law enforcement driving: non-emergency and emergency driving.
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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving Topic 1: Introduction and the Context of Law Enforcement Driving Lesson 1-1: The Context of Law Enforcement Driving Performance Objectives 1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of a shift. 1.1 Distinguish among the various types of law enforcement driving.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen
Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (Basic Patrol Operation); slides 1-12 Instructional Method Lecture, discussion Estimated Length of Class Fifteen Minutes Reading Assignment Text, pp. 1-2
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Topic 1: Introduction and the Context of Law Enforcement Driving Lesson 1-1: The Context of Law Enforcement Driving Time 15 Minutes Topic Driving and Law Enforcement Context EVOC Non-Emergency Driving Emergency Driving Pursuits Components of Driving Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 1-12 Notes
Lecture Lecture
Lecture Lecture Lecture
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Pp. 1-2 LECTURE: Introduction Introduction 15 1-12 Purpose: To introduce law enforcement Minutes driving: non-emergency and emergency driving. Points to Cover: 1. Law enforcement driving as unique from ordinary driving. This course will help you learn: 3 Your capabilities and limitations as a driver. Your vehicles capabilities and limitations. How to handle common driving situations you are likely to encounter. How to properly operate your vehicle in emergency situations. This section is just the introduction to the course. Do not get into detail; just discuss these issues in a general sense. They will be discussed in more detail later in the course.
4-5
2. Non-emergency driving. You must be continually alert to your environment and be prepared to shift into emergency mode at any time. Expectation is to role model driving behavior Public expectations of law enforcement and citizen complaints
3. Emergency driving
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Driving you will do when responding to situations in which persons or property are in danger. May need to use your emergency lights and siren and disregard certain traffic laws. Emergency response driving will require you to use certain driving techniques to ensure you maintain control of your vehicle.
4. Pursuits Pursuits represent one of the most dangerous tasks in law enforcement. Pursuits generally end in one of two ways: in a crash or a highrisk vehicle contact.
5. Components of Driving Awareness Space management Crash Avoidance.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection
TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION

LESSON 2-1: VEHICLE INSPECTION
Identify what needs to be inspected and prepared prior to placing a patrol vehicle into operation.
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Topic 2: Patrol Operation Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection Performance Objectives 1. Inspect the vehicle and place a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of a shift. 1.2 Inspect parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipment that need to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation.
Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (Basic Patrol Operation); slides: 13 15. DOJ EVOC Video: Vehicle Inspection Instructional Method Lecture, video Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 3-6
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Topic 2: Patrol Operations Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection Time Hour #1 Topic Vehicle Inspection Tires and Wheels Exterior Trunk Passenger Compartment Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 13 15 Notes
Vehicle Inspection Video DOJ Video: Vehicle Inspection
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13 - 15
Lecture: Vehicle Inspection Purpose: Identify what needs to be inspected and prepared prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation. Points to Cover:
Pg. 3 1. The student must realize the
importance of a vehicle inspection. A properly inspected vehicle will ensure a greater degree of confidence, reliability, and functionality with respect to vehicle performance and condition.
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2. The inspection would include, but not limit itself to the following categories: Tires and wheels Exterior Trunk Passenger compartment
Note: Use of a vehicle inspection sheet: your documentation can prove that you exercised proper care to ensure that the vehicle was in good condition and working order before operating it. Be familiar with any such form used in your department, and with the policies and procedures governing use of such form.
Pg. 4
13
Tires and wheels; inspect all four wheels: Inflation Tread depth Damage, cracks or punctures Rims Lug nuts Wheel covers
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Pg. 4
13
Exterior Body damage Window damage Equipment damage Suspension normal Undercarriage damage; muffler, tail pipe, fluid leaks Under the hood; fluid levels, battery and cables, hoses
Pg. 5 Trunk
13 Spare tire Lug wrench and jack Required equipment and supplies (varies by agency) All items secured Any additional items (personal items, evidence, etc.)
Pg. 5 - 6 Passenger compartment

13 Check under rear seat and entire passenger area for contraband or harmful objects. (with flashlight) Check all equipment for operation: door locks, cage or screen, seatbelts/shoulder harnesses, windshield wipers, and gauges Check all lights: signals, spots, interior, emergency
Note: Ensure every officer is adequately familiar with the operation of the squad radio system without losing control of the vehicle.
Check all electronics: radio, P.A.,
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection siren, MDT/computer, and radar Check any long gun and mount Check lights: emergency lights; headlights (both high and low beams); spotlights; taillights; brake lights; turn signals; and hazard lights (flashers).
DOJ EVOC Video: Vehicle Inspection
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation
LESSON 2-2: DRIVER PREPARATION

Pre-operation driver preparation is discussed.
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Topic 2: Patrol Operations Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation Performance Objectives 1. Inspect the vehicle and complete other steps necessary for placing a patrol vehicle into service at the beginning of a shift. 1.3 Conduct driver preparation steps that need to be taken prior to placing a patrol vehicle in to operation.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (Basic Patrol Operation); slides: 16-21 Instructional Method Lecture, discussion Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 6-9
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Topic 1: Patrol Operations Lesson 1-2: Driver Preparation Time Hour #1 Topic Driver Preparation Adjusting Seat Adjusting Steering Wheel Adjusting Mirrors Adjusting Seat Belt Securing Squad Box Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 16-21 Notes
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16-21
Lecture: Driver preparation Points to Cover: Seat Steering wheel Mirrors Safety harness Squad box Seat belts, head rests and shoulder harness should be adjusted or fastened for all occupants prior to vehicle operation. While there are some exceptions for law enforcement officers permitting them not to wear seat belts under specified conditions, in most cases seat belts are required.
Hour #1
Pg. 6
16
SEAT: find a position that allows for comfort for knees, back, arms, and yet provide for optimum operation of steering wheel, airbag, and other equipment. STEERING WHEEL: find a position that is comfortable for arms and legs yet allows clear view of gauges and through the windshield. MIRRORS: Center mirror should provide a view out the rear window The driver's-side mirror should remain level and provide a view of the edge of the squad Passenger-side mirror should not provide a blind spot, but view just the edge of the squad
Note: Remember, the airbag can only deploy if the steering wheel is 10" away.
Pg. 7
16
Pg. 7
16
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Pg. 7 - 8
17-19
SAFETY HARNESS: State law requires safety harness use. Ask the students to name some reasons why people do not use safety restraints before showing the slide. The reasons safety harnesses should be worn are: Body stops if car is stopped by impact Force is distributed across body Prevent ejection Body is positioned for airbag deployment Body may be more able to maintain control of vehicle
Note: In addition, local policy may require the use of seatbelts despite exceptions in the statute.
Pg. 8
16
SQUAD BOX: Any large items which are unsecured in the vehicle (such as briefcases, squad boxes, equipment, report forms, evidence containers, etc) can become a missile inside the vehicle upon impact.
Note: Back track to slide 16 or just cover this point prior to moving on to the safety restraint slides.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations
LESSON 2-3: BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS

The goals and strategies of squad car operation are introduced.
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Topic 2: Patrol Operations Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations Performance Objectives 2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of a vehicle. 2.1 Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (Basic Patrol Operation); slides: 23-32 Instructional Method Lecture, discussion Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 11-18
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Topic 2: Patrol Operations Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations Time Hour #1 Topic Basic Patrol Driving Operations Patrol Strategies Traffic Strategies Driving Techniques Hand Position Acceleration Deceleration Managing Distractions Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 23-32 Notes
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23-32
Lecture: Basic Patrol Driving Operations Purpose: To introduce purposeful and strategic driving for law enforcement. Points to cover: 2. Patrol strategies 3. Traffic strategies 4. Driving techniques 5. Hand position on the steering wheel 6. Acceleration/deceleration 7. Managing distractions
Pg. 11-12 1. Patrol Strategies:

23 Know where you are both to plan the route to the call and/or notify others if in need of assistance. Vary your route for the inconvenience of the criminals. Stay alert and be proactive. Play "what if?" scenarios. This strategy is used to practice hypothetical situations in preparation for an actual event.
Pg. 12-14 2. Traffic Strategies:

24-28 Smith System: a five-step system for awareness of traffic. Aim high Get the big picture Keep your eyes moving Leave yourself an out Make sure they see you
SIPDE Search Identify Predict Decide Execute
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Zone Control: area of path of travel and line of sight, sides, and back Watch front for changes Check other zones Get best control
Pg. 14-16 3. Driving Techniques: Hand Position

on the Steering Wheel 29 9 oclock/3 oclock: able to turn the wheel farther and faster with more control; not recommended for backing Shuffle steering: Both hands are on the wheel at all times, but one hand grips tightly and the other loosely. The tight-grip hand moves the steering wheel toward the loose one, bringing the wheel to the loose-grip hand. The 12-6 axis should not be broken. This method avoids crossing the hands, by sliding the wheel in small amounts. It is best for gradual turns. Hand-to-hand steering: hand feeds wheel to other hand; not recommended for abrupt or evasive turns Hand-over-hand steering: bottom hand releases steering wheel in turn and re-grips at top of the steering wheel; sacrifice control of vehicle 12 oclock (backing): left hand at 12 oclock, turn body to look out rear window for direct view
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations 4. Acceleration/deceleration:
Pg. 16-17 Always smoothly and in control, why?

30 Maintain traction Less likely to over-accelerate NOTE: A safe backing speed is considered a fast walk or 5 - 7 mph.
Pg. 17-18 5. Managing Distractions:

31-32 Radio: follow protocol of agency, keep transmissions short and professional, avoid sensitive information, don't override others, wait until keyed on to talk and finish before keying off. NOTE: Law enforcement officers need to set the example by not driving while using a MDTs: require an officer's attention (eyes are off of the road); never read cell phone. or type while driving Cell phones: find a place to park, as the distraction is an increasingly common cause of accidents.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics
LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS

Introduces methods to maintain control of a vehicle.
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Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics Topic 2: Patrol Operations Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics Performance Objectives 2. Apply proper driving strategies and techniques for basic patrol operation of a vehicle.
2.2 2.3
Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking. Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, night driving and fatigue play in normal patrol driving. Identify methods to maintain control of the vehicle in situations of rapid air loss (tire blow out) in a tire and off road recovery.
2.4
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen DVD player Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (Basic Patrol Operation); slides: 33-74 DOJ EVOC Videos: Parking Maneuver, Y-Turn Maneuver, Serpentine Forward, Straight Line Backing, Reverse Serpentine, Cornering Maneuver, Pivot Foot, Controlled Braking Maneuver, Evasive Maneuver. Optional Video: Alert International/Michelin: Tire Safety Police Training. (DVD) Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, videos, exercises Estimated Length of Class Two Hours Reading Assignment Text, pp. 19-30
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Topic 2: Patrol Operations Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics Time Hour #1 Topic Vehicle Dynamics Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 33-74 DOJ Videos: Parking Maneuver, YTurn Maneuver, Serpentine Forward. DOJ Videos: Straight Line Backing, Reverse Serpentine. DOJ Video: Cornering DOJ Videos: Pivot Foot, Controlled Braking, Evasive Maneuver. Notes
Steering
Lecture/Video
Backing
Lecture/Video
Cornering
Lecture//Video
Braking
Lecture/Video
Special Issues Unexpected Hazards
Lecture Lecture / Optional Video Alert International/ Michelin Optional Video: Tire Safety Police Training.
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33-74
Lecture: Vehicle Dynamics Purpose: To learn to operate squad smoothly and with maximum control. Points to cover: 1. Steering 2. Backing 3. Cornering 4. Breaking 5. Special Issues 6. Unexpected Hazards 1. Vehicle Dynamics
Pg. 19-20
33-36
Steering Changing lanes: keep a cushion of space (4 seconds) Passing : do not crowd the other vehicle and wait to return to the driving lane until you see both headlights of the passed vehicle
VIDEOS: Parking Maneuver Y-Turn Maneuver Serpentine Forward
Pg. 20
37-38
Backing: remember your field of vision is smaller than going forward. Get out and look if possible Use 12 o'clock position Aim at a spot in the distance Use outside mirrors
VIDEOS: Straight Line Backing Reverse Serpentine
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Pg 21-23
39-45
Cornering: evaluate the sharpness of the curve and the traffic in the intersection prior to cornering. Aim for the apex of the curve In reaching the apex begin to accelerate Watch for acceleration and weight transfer
VIDEO: Cornering
Pg. 23-25
46-62
Braking: don't underestimate the required stopping distances. Use controlled braking. Remember: Avoid following too close Avoid left-foot braking Be aware of any traffic behind
Note: Stopping distance is the driver reaction time, vehicle capability, and environment.
Controlled Braking: Always use "early and smooth" braking, trail braking. Sudden Stops: If sudden stops are necessary, use ABS, threshold or lockup. VIDEOS: Pivot Foot Controlled Braking Evasive Maneuver
Pg. 26-29 2. Special Issues:

63-68 Multi-taskingdivides attention to driving and raises risk Weather and road conditions officers are comfortable driving at fast speeds yet slower speeds are recommended with inclement weather or other road conditions
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Night drivingsee less distance ahead of vehicle and vision can be blinded by headlights Fatiguehigh risk for impaired driving Emotional factors and cumulative stress inability to concentrate, irritability will affect
Pg. 29-30 3. Unexpected Hazards:

69-74 Rapid air loss Off-road recovery NOTE: Optional Video available from DOJ Video Library. Shows how to recover from Rapid Air Loss and Hydroplaning. (Approximately 25 minutes long.)
OPTIONAL VIDEO: Michelin/Alert International: Tire Safety Police Training
* The techniques covered in this section will be practiced once on the driving range.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations
TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE

LESSON 3-1: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
The legal issues involved in emergency vehicle operation are presented, including statutory responsibilities and privileges and matters of civil and criminal liability.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle Response Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations Performance Objectives 3. Describe the legal and policy considerations surrounding law enforcement driving, including normal patrol operation, emergency response, and pursuit driving. 3.1 Identify and interpret the laws related to officer non-emergency and emergency driving. 3.2 Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: Emergency Vehicle Operations and Control (Emergency Response); slides 1-51 DOJ Video: The Michelle Norton Story Handouts/Overheads: True Emergency, Privilege Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, video Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 31-37
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Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle Response Lesson 3-1: Legal Considerations Time Hour #1 Topic Driving and Law Enforcement Context Non-Emergency Driving Emergency Driving Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 151 Notes
Lecture
Lecture Video DOJ Video: The Michelle Norton Story. Handout: True Emergency Defined.
Statutory Requirements and Privileges
Lecture
Handout: Privilege. DOJ Video: Emergency Response
Video
Due Regard
Lecture
Civil and Criminal Liability Other Consequences Silent Emergency Statutes
Lecture
Lecture Lecture Lecture Case Law City of Madison v. Polenska
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Pg. 31-37 LECTURE: Legal Considerations

Purpose: To become familiar with law enforcement driving and the laws that apply to non-emergency and emergency driving.
Hour #1
1-14 Points to Cover:

1. Law enforcement driving as unique from ordinary driving. Poses serious danger to officers. You must know the laws that apply to you while driving. Potential civil liability. Note: Instructors should update crash statistics each year; information is available through DOT Crash Facts.
2. Slide # 5 represents the total numbers of crashes involving law enforcement vehicles: including those with injuries and fatalities. 3. The Michelle Norton Story. VIDEO: The Michelle Norton Story Who are the victims affected by the crash? What consequences can an officer involved in this type of crash expect to face? What action can you take to avoid being involved in a similar crash yourself? What can you do to prevent other officers from being involved in such a crash?
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Pg. 31
4. True Emergency
16
Source: Law Enforcement Driver Training Reference A situation in which there is a high probability of death or serious injury Guide 2000 National Highway or significant property loss, and Traffic Safety action by an emergency vehicle operator may reduce the seriousness Administration (see RESOURCES) of the situation. HANDOUT: True Emergency
17-22 5.

Definitions of Emergency Vehicles: Section 340.01 WI Stats Authorized Emergency Vehicle Fire Department Vehicles Emergency Medical Services Vehicles Other Authorized Emergency Vehicles Liability and Applicability: Section 345.05 WI Stats Section 346.02 WI Stats
23 6.

Pg. 32 7. Privilege 24-25

HANDOUT: Privilege Section 346.03 (1)-(6) WI Stats give operators of authorized emergency vehicles certain privileges with respect tot the rules of the road.
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346.03(1)
(1) The operator of an authorized emergency vehicle, when responding to an emergency call or when in the pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law or when responding to but not upon returning from a fire alarm, may exercise the privileges set forth in this section, but subject to the conditions stated in subs. (2) to (5).
Pg. 32
346.03(2)
26-30 (2) The operator of an authorized

emergency vehicle may: (a) Stop, stand or park, irrespective of the provisions of this chapter. (b) Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation. (c) Exceed the speed limit. (d) Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions. 346.03(3) This privilege applies only when giving visible and audible signal. Lights alone are not enough!
VIDEO: Emergency Response
Pg. 33
8. Due Regard definition 346.03(5)
31 The degree of care that a reasonably

careful person, performing similar duties, and acting under similar circumstances would show.
Note: Emphasize officers ALWAYS have the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of others.
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9. Civil and Criminal Liability Civil liability Wisconsin law indemnifies officers from having to pay judgments against them if they were: - Acting in their official capacity Pg. 33 895.46
32-38
- Acting within the scope of their employment In such a case, the employing unit of government must pay the judgment. Generally, officers enjoy qualified immunity from civil liability for discretionary acts but no ministerial ones. - Discretionary = you have a range of possible responses to choose from - Ministerial = you must do a certain thing If an officers conduct is outside the scope of employment, the officer could be held individually liable, civilly or criminally.
940.10 Homicide by negligent operation of a vehicle
940.23 Reckless Injury
941.01 Negligent Operation of a vehicle
941.30 Recklessly Endangering Safety
Negligence - Failure to comply with statute requirements - Failure to comply with general tort law principles - Failure to comply with agency policy and procedures
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Civil action - Small Claims Court - Civil Litigation
34
35
Administrative Action - Written reprimand - Removal from driving assignment - Suspension without pay - Termination - Referred for criminal prosecution
Pg. 34 10. Other Consequences 37

Personal Injury: - Minor - Major - Life-Threatening - Disability - Death
38
Agency Consequences: - Civil Litigation - Personnel Costs - Equipment Costs - Negative Publicity
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Pg. 34-35
11. Silent Emergency definition "may exceed the speed limit without 39-48 giving audible and visual signal under the following circumstances: If the officer is obtaining evidence of a speed violation. If the officer is responding to a call which the officer reasonably believes involves a felony in progress and the officer reasonably believes that knowledge of the officers presence may:
- Endanger the safety of a victim or other person. - Cause the suspected violator to evade apprehension. - Cause the suspected violator to destroy evidence of a suspected felony or may otherwise result in the loss of evidence of a suspected felony. - Cause the suspected violator to cease the commission of a suspected felony before the officer obtains sufficient evidence to establish grounds for arrest.
Pg. 35-37 49-50
Obligations of other drivers when an emergency vehicle is involved in an emergency response:
- Approach of an emergency vehicle, Section 346.19(1), (2) - Eluding an officer prohibited, Section 346.04(3) Felony Offense and Section 346.04(2T) Misdemeanor Offense
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- Stay 500 feet behind an emergency vehicle involved in an emergency response - Passing a parked or standing emergency vehicle must be done from another lane of traffic or with a reduced speed Case Law: City of Madison v. Polenska If you do not exercise due regard for the safety of others, you can be liable under both civil and criminal law. Note: Refer students to other case law in Appendix A in the student text and/or to Case Study tab on WILENET under EVOC topic.
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June 2007
Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response
LESSON 3-2 THE STRESS RESPONSE

To introduce the physiological changes that affects the ability to drive.
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June 2007
Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle Response Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response Performance Objectives 4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving, and apply proper emergency driving techniques. 4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, and cornering.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slides 52-54 Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, exercises Estimated Length of Class One-half hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 39-41
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Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle Response Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response Time Topic Activities Hour #1 Stress Response and Lecture driving Managing stress during EVOC Lecture
Resources Powerpoint: 52-54
Notes
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June 2007
Pg. 39-41 LECTURE: The Stress Response

Purpose: To identify the physiological changes that happen as a result of stress and their effects on driving ability. Procedure: 52 1. Normal state: body governed by the parasympathetic nervous system 2. When under stress, body is governed by the sympathetic nervous system: Body secretes adrenaline Blood flow to large muscles increases Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase Sweat glands stimulated Blood sugar increases Vision and hearing may become more keen-but brain may exclude stimuli that aren't central to the perceived threat Blood flow directed away from cognitive part of the brain--making it difficult to think and make decisions You may experience tunnel vision and auditory exclusion.
3. Emergency responsea hot call, or even turning on lights/siren can trigger this physical response. 4. Effects on emergency driving can be very negative: Driving fast requires more concentration and attentionbut your brain is not working as well Tunnel vision may worsen the tendency to focus only on the road in frontwhich people tend to do when driving fast or at night
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-2: The Stress Response You need to increase awareness of traffic & intersections, but tunnel vision and auditory exclusion may block them out. The stress response, also called the "fight or flight" response, may make you aggressive, so that you drive too aggressively and take chances that in retrospect may look reckless. This aroused state does not diminish quickly.
LECTURE/DISCUSSION: Mitigating the Effects Pg. 40 of Stress 54 Purpose: To present techniques for managing stress in the context of emergency driving. Procedure: 1. Ask class if they have techniques for managing stress. List these on chalkboard or flip chart. 2. Discuss techniques recommended in text: DAAT:

Scan (move the tunnel around) Breathe (autogenic breathing)
Pg. 41 Autogenic breathing as taught in Firearms and

Inhale slowly (count to four) through your nose. Pause for a moment. Exhale slowly (4-count) through pursed lips. Pause for a moment. Repeat.
Talk: (positive self-talk as taught in Professional Communication, pg. 97)
Example: I'm okayI'm safe. OK, calm down. "Things are under control. If possible, you may find it helpful to spend a few minutes by yourself away from the immediate scene focusing on your own needs. 57 June 2007
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June 2007
Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
LESSON 3-3 VEHICLE DYNAMICS AT HIGH SPEEDS

To introduce how vehicle dynamics are affected by higher vehicle speeds.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds TOPIC 3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds Performance Objectives 4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving, and apply proper driving techniques. 4.1 Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, and cornering.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slide: 55 Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, exercises Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 41-42
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds
Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle Response Lesson 3-3: Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds Time Topic Activities Hour #1 Vehicle Dynamics at High Speeds Steering Braking Cornering Lecture
Resources Powerpoint: 55
Notes
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June 2007
Pg. 41-42 LECTURE: Vehicle Dynamics

55 Purpose: To explain how higher vehicle speeds affect vehicle dynamics Procedure: 1. Increased speed tends to exaggerate effects on vehicle handling, particularly Steering Braking Cornering Note: Stress decreases fine motor control
2. Steering Minor input needed at high speeds Front wheel vs. rear wheel drive: - front wheel more responsive - rear wheel less responsive Reason: acceleration transfers weight to rear wheels - increases traction (RWD) - diminishes steering ability loose material on road surface will reduce your steering ability
3. Braking Stopping distance increases with speed Road surface (wet, loose material, etc.) Vehicle maintenance Panic braking may lock up brakes use threshold braking ABS designed not to lock up, but may fail in certain conditions, reverting to standard braking
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4. Cornering High speed: sudden weight transfer when turning may cause skid. Front-wheel-drive vehicles tend to plow in a straight line. To correct, reduce steering input and lightly brake until you regain control. Rear-wheel-drive vehicle may go into a sideways skid. To correct, steer in the direction you want the car to go. Too much correction can cause secondary skid. To correct, steer in opposite directionbut dont over correct. In a front-wheel-drive car, correct for a sideways skid by accelerating out of it.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics
64
June 2007
LESSON 3-4 SPECIAL TOPICS

To address several complicating issues for emergency vehicle response.
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Topic 3 Lesson 3-4: Special Topics TOPIC 3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE Lesson 3-4: Special Topics Performance Objectives 4. Describe safety factors and vehicle dynamics involved in emergency driving, and apply proper driving techniques. 4.2 4.3 4.4 Describe possible citizen responses to emergency lights and sirens. Identify route selection issues that effect emergency driving. Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Emergency Response); slides: 56-62 Instructional Method Lecture, discussion Estimated Length of Class One-half hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 43-46
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Topic 3: Emergency Vehicle Response Lesson 3-4: Special Topics Time Topic Activities Hour #1 Citizen response to your lights/siren Route selection Radio use Driving Considerations Lecture
Notes
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June 2007
Pg. 43-46 LECTURE: Special Topics

Purpose: To address several complicating
Hour #1
56-62 issues for emergency vehicle response

Procedure: 1. In an emergency response, in addition to driving issues, you are faced with three additional challenges: Citizen response to your lights/siren Route selection Radio use
Pg. 43 2. Citizen response can be very 57

unpredictable: Note: Continue to travel as if unaware of you Brake suddenly in front of you Speed up to evade you Cross several lanes of traffic in front of you to pull off on the right Cause an accident because the driver is focused on you Emphasize the need for a large cushion of space Note: Remember: it does no good to get halfway there really fastif you end up in a crash, you do no good and take other officers out of service. Note: Emphasize that intersections are the most dangerous part of emergency response.
3. Key Reminder: The object is to get to the scene of the emergency as quickly as you safely can. Slowing down a little to give other drivers an opportunity to get out of your way may get you to the scene faster in the end.
Pg. 44 4. Route Selection: consider 58

Traffic Patterns Construction Road Conditions Intersections
-Observe in advance -Slow down & be prepared to stop -The fewer intersections the better -Alternate siren patterns -Search for other traffic/additional emergency vehicles 68
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Pg. 45 5. Radio Use 59-60

Dont initiate radio contact when approaching an intersection. Operate by feel. Avoid long broadcasts. Give information useful to other responding units. Always let dispatch know of your arrival on scene.
Pg. 45 6. Driving Considerations 61

Siren use in advance. Approaching Intersections slow down. Municipal Roads anticipate potential problems (pedestrians, parked cars, etc.). Rural Roadways Watch for slow moving vehicles and livestock. Freeways Drive in the left hand lane. NOTE: Remember your siren is ineffective at freeway speeds so motorists may not hear you coming up behind them.
Pg. 46 LECTURE: Summary

Purpose: To summarize the issues Procedure: 1. Emergency response is challenging Increased stress Requires concentration/alertness Hazardous Liability exposure
Note: Quiz students as to the definition of due regard.
2. Remember: Your responsibility to show DUE REGARD for the safety of others overrides all other concerns. 3. Paradoxically, while emergency driving requires better ability to make good decisions (faster speed means less time to ponder), the stress may diminish our abilities to make good decisions.
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4. Stress management techniques (such as autogenic breathing) can help. 5. Vehicle dynamics also change requiring adjustments in steering, braking, and cornering. 6. You must also be prepared for citizen responses, choose the best route, and use your radio effectively.
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June 2007
Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues
TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING

LESSON 4-1 LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES
The legal context for pursuit driving is discussed and the criteria for deciding if a pursuit is justified are presented.
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Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues Performance Objectives 5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting, and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Identify how disturbance resolution applies to emergency vehicle operation. Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement. Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits. Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 1-22 Handouts/overheads: "Pursuits Quote from the AAA", "Use of Force EVOC, and the Intervention Options chart." An optional hand out would be a copy of the Alert International Pursuit Policy or your agencies policy. Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, exercises Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 47-58
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Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-1: Legal and Policy Issues Time Hour #1 Topic Review Incident Response and the Disturbance Resolution Model Activities Lecture Resources Powerpoint: 1-22 Handout: Intervention Option Chart Lecture Handout Handout: Pursuits Quote from the AAA. Video clips of pursuits. Case law: Sacramento v. Lewis and Estate of Cavanaugh v. Andrade Handout: "Use of Force EVO" Notes
Hour #2
Legal Issues and Pursuits
Exercise/video
Case law
Handout
What is reasonable?
Lecture Exercise
Do you pursue?
Pursuit Polices
Lecture Handout
Example Policies
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Pg. 47-58 LECTURE: Why are pursuits important?

Purpose: To define pursuits and explain why
1-22 officers need to know when they are appropriate.

Procedure:
Pg. 47-49 3-5

1. Incident Response and Disturbance Resolution Model Review: (a) Incident Response Report Evaluate Stabilize Preserve Organize Normalize Document/Debrief (b) Disturbance Resolution Approach Considerations Intervention Options (Handout) Follow-Through Considerations NOTE: Point out where pursuits fall in the Intervention Options chart.
Pg. 50 2. What is a pursuit? Definition:
6-7
an active attempt by a law enforcement officer on-duty in an authorized law enforcement vehicle to apprehend one or more occupants of a moving motor vehicle, providing the driver of such vehicle is aware of the attempt and is resisting apprehension by maintaining or increasing his speed or by ignoring the law enforcement officer's attempt to stop him or her. Key points: Officer is in an authorized emergency vehicle-should be recognized as a law enforcement officer Driver is aware of officer's attempt to stop him or her 74 June 2007
Driver is resisting apprehension Vehicle speed may vary
Pg. 50-51
3.
Other Definitions Fresh Pursuit Close Pursuit
4.
Why are pursuits an issue for law enforcement officers? High liability areadangerous for officers, subjects, and public Requires balancing the need to apprehend criminals against the safety of those at risk Attitudes are changing, shifting the balance toward safety
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HANDOUT/OVERHEAD: PURSUITS Quote from the American Automotive Association Quotation from AAA Foundation for Public Safety: "In years past, the police and the public generally maintained an attitude that it was the law enforcement officer's responsibility to catch anyone evading the police regardless of the cost. It was not uncommon that officers would feel obligated to catch the violator by taking unnecessarily high risks, so that they would not be seen as derelict in their duty, or weak and cowardly by their fellow workers. These attitudes can still influence police judgment, but the tone has been changing to a more responsible philosophy. Public, judicial, and ultimately police attitudes are changing regarding the degree of risk that we as a society are willing to take in the apprehension of a suspect. Public safety, the safety of the officer, and the safety of the violator are becoming more and more an important and persuasive element of the pursuit equation. We are beginning to realize that 'When a police officer engages in a pursuit, his vehicle becomes a potentially dangerous weapon, perhaps the most dangerous weapon in the police officer's arsenal.'"
EXERCISE: Purpose: To help students identify factors affecting their decisions to pursue Procedure: 1. Show video clips from movie or TV police pursuits 2. Have students identify ways that movies or TV might influence their decision to engage in a pursuit.
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Pg. 51 LECTURE: Legal Issues

1. Constitutional: Pursuits can be construed as a use of force, so United States Graham v. Connor dictates that pursuits: Supreme Court Must be objectively reasonable in light of 490 U.S. 386 (1989) The severity of the alleged crime at issue Whether the suspect poses an imminent threat to the safety of officers and/or others 9-10 Whether the suspect is actively resisting or attempting to evade arrest by flight Judged under the totality of the circumstances from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene with similar training and experience. (Review) 2. Wisconsin Law No Review s.346.03 Wis. Stats. (privileges of an Slides operator of an authorized emergency vehicle) S.346.03(2): the operator "of an authorized emergency vehicle" may: -Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop Unmarked sign, but only after slowing down as may be squad: necessary for safe operation; State v. Opperman -Disregard regulations governing direction of (see movement or turning in specified directions. Appendix) -Exceed the speed limit; S.346.03(3): "privileges" apply only when the emergency vehicle operating is "giving visual signal" by "flashing, oscillating or rotating lights", and - in certain circumstances - by a siren or whistle as well.
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S.346.03(4) a law enforcement officer operating an emergency vehicle "may exceed the speed limit without giving audible and visual signal" under certain circumstances, which are specified in the wording of the subsection; S.346.03(5) the exemptions granted under s.346.03 do not relieve the driver of an emergency vehicle from the "duty to drive with due regard under the circumstances for the safety of all persons," nor do the exemptions protect the driver "from the consequences of his or her reckless disregard for the safety of others." As discussed previously, the phrase "due regard" implies that a reasonably carefully person, performing similar duties and acting under similar circumstances, would act in the same manner.
CASE LAW: Sacramento v. Lewis and Estate of Cavanaugh v. Andrade. Pg. 52-53
11-13
NOTE: Sacramento v. Lewis (Shock the conscience) Cavanaugh v. Andrade (Immunity)
Handout/Overhead: Use of Force (EVOC / Handout Tab on WILENET)
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-1 Legal and Policy Issues LECTURE: What is reasonable? Purpose: To help officers identify the factors to consider in deciding to engage in or continue a pursuit Procedure: 15 1. General factors Courts have considered these factors to determine the reasonableness of a pursuit: Purpose: Was the pursuit for a legitimate law enforcement objective? Policy: Did the officer act within his/her agency's pursuit policy? Driving conditions: Did the weather, roadway, traffic density, population density, and presence of non-motoring public make the pursuit reasonable? Use of warning devices: Did the officer use appropriate warning devices? Speed: Did the officer's speed render the pursuit unreasonably dangerous? Disobeying traffic laws: While s346.03 Wis. Stats. permits officers to disregard certain traffic laws, that privilege must be balanced against driving with due regard for the safety of all persons. Roadblocks: If roadblocks were used, was their use appropriate (generally only when deadly force would be justified), and were they properly set up? Use of force: Did the officer use force during the pursuit, and if so, was it reasonable according to the standards of Graham v. Connor? Oscillating, rotating, or flashing lights and siren. See s. 347.25(1m)(a) and (b) Wis Stats. for description of permitted lights and mounting procedures.
14-15
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Continuation of pursuit: Once initiated, was it reasonable to continue the pursuit, or were there reasonably clear and compelling reasons to terminate it?
2. Nature of the Offense Your agency policy may authorize or prohibit pursuits for certain offenses, and you must always follow your policy. In general, these factors are important: If the subject is not immediately apprehended, will he or she pose a danger to others? The greater the danger, the more justification to pursue. Has the subject committed (or is about to commit) a serious felony involving acts or threats that you reasonably believe could result in death or great bodily harm? Again, the greater the danger, the more justification to pursue. Does the need to apprehend the suspect outweigh the danger involved in a pursuit? Your own abilities and attitudes Your level of training Your degree of experience Your attitude may affect your ability to make good decisions about whether to pursue: feeling like you have to pursue because it is "macho" or expected of you choosing to pursue because you take the violator's actions personally being upset about something else in your personal or professional life
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3. Conditions at the time of the incident Weather (conditions that affect visibility or traction) Time of day (visibility) Roadway (surface, width, number of intersections, etc.) Traffic density Non-motoring public (pedestrians, bicyclists, children near schools, etc.) Density of population
Have students brainstorm conditions that might affect the decision to pursue or not.
EXERCISE Purpose: To give students a chance to practice decision making. Procedure: 1. Provide students with a scenario that would clearly justify a pursuit (serious violent felony, danger to others, good driving conditions, little traffic, etc.) 2. One by one, change the elements in the scenario to make it less clear a decision (e.g., increase traffic, worsen the weather, etc.) 3. Poll the class to see when/if students would decide not to pursue. 4. Have students articulate their reasons for either continuing or terminating the pursuit. NOTE: You can choose a case from the case studies and change the elements or choose a case from your experience.
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Pg. 53-58 LECTURE: Department Policy

16-22 Purpose: To explain the statutory requirements for pursuit policies and present the LESB pursuit standard. Procedure: 1. Refer students to 346.03(6) Wis. Stats. Every law enforcement agency that uses authorized emergency vehicles shall provide written guidelines for its officers and employees regarding exceeding speed limits under the circumstances specified in sub.(4) and when otherwise in pursuit of actual or suspected violators. The guidelines shall consider, among other factors, road conditions, density of population, severity of crime and necessity of pursuit by vehicle 2. Note the factors specifically mentioned: Road conditions Density of population Severity of crime Necessity of pursuit by vehicle NOTE: LES 3.07
3. Review the model standards. Emphasize factors in determining whether to continue pursuit balancing danger of the pursuit vs. value of apprehending subject establishment of suspect's ID Emphasize conditions that indicate pursuit should be terminated supervisor orders termination further pursuit is futile location of suspect vehicle is unknown officer's vehicle or emergency equipment malfunctions necessary to stop and render aid 4. Note that an agency's policy may be more specific/restrictive regarding when a pursuit is authorized.
Emphasize that they must follow policy.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit
LESSON 4-2 CONDUCTING THE PURSUIT

Guidelines are presented for deciding when to pursue, and for initiating, continuing and terminating pursuits.
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Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit Performance Objectives 5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting, and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles. 5.4 5.5 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving. Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Audio Tape player Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 23-33 Handouts/overheads: "Decision Points of Pursuit Driving", "Pursuit Risk Assessment", "Risk Management" Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, exercises Estimated Length of Class Two hours Reading Assignment Text, pp. 59-63
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Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-2: Conducting the Pursuit Time Hour #1 Topic Deciding to Initiate a Pursuit Activities Lecture Exercise Resources Powerpoint: 23 - 33 Handout: Decision Points of Pursuit Driving", Notes
Hour #2
Initiating the Pursuit Continuing the Pursuit
Lecture Lecture Handout: Pursuit Risk Assessment", "Risk Management"
Terminating the Pursuit
Lecture Exercise
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-2 Conducting the Pursuit
Pg. 59-63 LECTURE: Deciding to Initiate a Pursuit 23-33 Purpose: To review the factors in deciding
whether to initiate a pursuit. Procedure: 1. Remind students that Disturbance Resolution applies to pursuits as well as Pg. 59-61 other law enforcement interventions. The first step under Approach Considerations is decision-making.
Hour #1
24 2. Among the factors to consider in whether

to initiate a pursuit include these: Nature of the offense and the danger posed by the driver The officer's capabilities and limitations as a driver The officer's vehicle capabilities and limitations Weather, roadway, and traffic conditions Likelihood of apprehending the driver without a pursuit.
Handout/Overhead: Decision Points of Pursuit Driving
25
3. Have students list some specific decision 346.175 Wis. points that would argue for or against a Stats. provides pursuit. for owner liability if the 4. List the responses on a chalkboard or driver of a flip chart. vehicle flees police--unless 5. Point out that it is a balancing test: the the owner ID's officer has to balance the danger to the the driver. public against the value of apprehending the suspect
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-2 Conducting the Pursuit 6. Remind students that their agency's policies may specifically authorize or prohibit pursuits in certain cases, and that they must always follow policy. EXERCISE Purpose: To give students practice in balancing danger vs. value of apprehension Procedure: 1. Present (on a chalkboard or overhead) a matrix showing increasing danger on Yaxis and increasing value of apprehension on X-axis: Adapted from "Pursuit Seminar for Law Enforcement Driver Trainers" NHTSA/ ALERT 2002
No Danger
Maybe
Maybe
Yes
Value of Apprehension
2. Explain that the divisions indicate rough decision-making guides, but specific instances still need to be mentally "plotted" 3. Provide some examples including both the event causing the need to pursue and the conditions, and ask students to plot them. 4. Point out that the same event (such as a stolen car) might indicate a pursuit in some circumstances but not others.
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Exercise: Decision to Pursue Risk Assessment Handout/Overhead: Pursuit Risk Assessment Adapted from "Pursuit Seminar for Law Enforcement Driver Trainers" NHTSA/ ALERT 2002
27
Scale used will be 1 - 10 1=least risk to the public 10=greatest risk to the public Students will consider the risk factors for minor traffic violators, suspected intoxicated or reckless drivers, fleeing armed suspects, and fleeing nonviolent felons.
5. Risk Management: Law enforcement risk management is the protection of the public and the reduction of agency and officer civil liability. If predictableit is preventable. Identify exposure to hazards or potential hazards. Determine means of reducing exposure. Implement reduction measures. Monitor the effectiveness of reduction measures.
Adapted from "Pursuit Seminar for Law Enforcement Driver Trainers" NHTSA/ ALERT 2002 (see Appendix handouts section)
Handout: Risk Management
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Pg. 61-62 LECTURE: Initiating the Pursuit

Purpose: To outline the responsibilities of
28 an officer initiating a pursuit.

Explain the difference between a: Take off Catch Up Pursuit Remind that 346.03(3) requires audible and visual signals for emergency vehicles to be exempted from certain traffic laws. 346.03(4) authorizes a "silent run" --but permits disregarding speed limits only.
Pg. 61 Procedure: 29
1. Activate your emergency lights and siren Lights (flashing, oscillating, rotating) Siren Headlights (flashers if available)
2. Notify dispatch Your call sign and that you have initiated a pursuit Suspect vehicle/occupant description Vehicle's location and direction of travel Reason for the pursuit Your speed Weather and traffic conditions
346.03(5) requires you 3. Continue to evaluate your decision to always to drive pursue with due regard for the safety of Tactical evaluation is always ongoing. others As conditions change, your decision to keep pursuing may change as well.
Pg. 62 LECTURE: Continuing the Pursuit 30 Purpose: To review ongoing

responsibilities in a pursuit Procedure: 1. Continue tactical evaluation--you can terminate the pursuit at any time if you 89
Hour #2
June 2007
Topic 4 Lesson 4-2 Conducting the Pursuit believe it is unreasonably dangerous to continue.
30 2. Keep dispatch updated with current

location, speed, direction, and conditions.
3. Manage your own stress, using techniques already learned in DAAT and elsewhere. Scankeep your eyes moving and stay aware of the environment. Avoid "tunnel vision." Breatheuse autogenic breathing. Talkuse positive self-talk.
Remind students of the Smith system guidelines: 1. Aim high in driving. 2. Keep your eyes moving. 3. Get the big picture. 4. Leave yourself an out. 5. Make sure they see you.
EXAMPLES If available, play audio tapes of actual pursuits, to illustrate the importance of keeping one's voice calm and of continually updating dispatch (and other officers) of location, speed, and direction.
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Pg. 63 LECTURE: Terminating the Pursuit 31-33 Purpose: To go over the reasons and
procedure for terminating a pursuit. Procedure: 1. When to terminate a pursuit
31-32
Risks outweigh the benefits Supervisor orders it Suspect ID'd and no need for immediate apprehension You no longer know suspect's location Suspect so far ahead that apprehension is unlikely Your vehicle or equipment fails Pursuit would unreasonably endanger others You need to stop to render aid and no other unit is available
346.175 Wis. Stats
33
2. How to terminate a pursuit Notify dispatch and fellow officers of your intent to terminate the pursuit via radio. Reduce speed to speed limit Turn off emergency equipment Confirm terminating the pursuit with dispatch and notify them of your location. Pull over and stop briefly Continue to drive normally along suspect's last known route to check for accidents or other problems. NOTE: Follow your department's policies and procedures for terminating pursuits.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving
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LESSON 4-3 PURSUIT DRIVING

Guidelines for conducting and concluding a pursuit are presented.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving Performance Objectives 5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting, and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles. 5.4 5.6 Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving. Document and debrief a simulated pursuit.
Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides: 34-48 DOJ Video: Phoenix Pursuit Video Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, exercises Estimated Length of Class Two hours Reading Assignment Text, pp. 64-71
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Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-3: Pursuit Driving Time Topic Hour #1 Pursuit Driving Techniques
Activities Lecture
Notes
Communicating with Other Officers Pursuit Example
Lecture
Video
Phoenix Pursuit
Hour #2
Concluding the Pursuit Documenting Required agency reporting Pursuit report writing Debriefing
Lecture
Lecture Discussion
Exercise Lecture
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3 Pursuit Driving
Pg. 64-71 LECTURE: Pursuit Driving Techniques 34-48 Purpose: To present guidelines for
effective operation of an emergency vehicle during a pursuit. Procedure:
Pg. 64 1. Effective driving in a pursuit requires 35

Using good driving techniques Maintaining distance Maintaining a position of advantage Anticipating the suspect's actions
2. Good driving techniques Goal is to pace the suspect vehicle, not overtake it Smooth, efficient driving is best Balanced driver inputs (acceleration, steering, braking) Drive in accordance with your skills, rather than trying to match the suspect's maneuvers
3. Maintain distance As with any driving, a cushion of space is needed. At higher speeds, more distance is needed. More distance gives you more reaction time, more maneuvering room, and makes it clear that the suspect is choosing the speed--you aren't "pushing."
Suspect may be more or less skilled than you and may use poor judgment in his/her attempt to flee.
In a pursuit, maintain at least 4 seconds distance from the suspect vehicle
4. Maintain a position of advantage Officers should always seek a position of advantage In a pursuit, this is slightly to the left of the fleeing vehicle - allows oncoming traffic to see you -allows you to see the subject vehicle's front tires (may indicate
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3 Pursuit Driving intent to turn) -allows you to see the road ahead of the suspect vehicle -gives a psychological advantage (you appear in all mirrors and appear able to pass at will)
Pg. 65 5. Anticipate the suspect's actions

keep the suspect in sight look for indications of next action (turns, stops, etc.) stay alert for suspects tossing items from vehicle, reaching for weapons, etc. watch for conditions ahead to help you predict the suspects action and prepare for your own driving. watch for conditions favoring the suspect (changing traffic lights, vehicles entering intersections, etc.)
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Pg. 65-66 LECTURE: Communicating with other

officers
36-38
Purpose: To outline the responsibilities of primary and back-up officers during a pursuit Procedure:
36
1. Emphasize the importance of communication Other officers as well as dispatch need to know where the suspect vehicle and pursuing squad are Pursuits may involve multiple jurisdictions and officers from different agencies
Note: Emphasize knowing agency policy
VIDEO: Phoenix Pursuit Video
38 2. Roles of assisting officers

Provide support to primary unit, such as blocking on-ramps or intersections to limit uninvolved traffic Be prepared to take over the pursuit if the primary officer requests it or the primary vehicle is disabled Be prepared to take over communication Be available to render aid to injured persons Be ready to assist in the conclusion of the pursuit Note: Tactical deployment is the second Avoid "caravan" of squads element of Do not interfere with the pursuit Disturbance Do not get involved unless authorized Resolution to do so. 98 June 2007
3. Tactical Deployment
Topic 4 Lesson 4-3 Pursuit Driving Follow agency policy with respect to: -maximum number of squads to be involved -whether to parallel the pursuit -communication during the pursuit Note: Know your agency's policy regarding interjurisdictional pursuits Note: Interjurisdictional pursuits can be problematic because of varying policies, different radio frequencies, and unfamiliarity with roads
4. Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuits If you pursue into another jurisdiction -Give notice to that jurisdiction -Specify whether you are requesting assistance or just giving a courtesy notice -Communicate! If another agency pursues into your jurisdiction -Do not get involved unless asked/authorized -Communicate your intent using appropriate channels -Be prepared to assume a backup role.
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Pg. 66-67 LECTURE: Concluding the Pursuit 39 Purpose: To review proper action at the
conclusion of a pursuit Procedure: 1. Pursuits end (if not terminated by the officer) in four ways: The suspect chooses to stop The suspect is induced to stop The suspect is forced to stop The suspect crashes
Hour #2
Note: A pursuit may end because the officer's vehicle crashesif no other units are available to continue the pursuit
2. If suspect voluntarily stops or is induced/forced to stop, handle as a highrisk stop. 3. If suspect crashes use caution Approach cautiously--if vehicle is damaged but serious injury is unlikely, handle as a high-risk stop. If you must approach, do so tactically and with backup available.
Pg. 67-71 LECTURE: Documenting

40-47 Purpose: To go over the content of a pursuit report Procedure: Note: Emphasize that the more specific and detailed the better. The officer must paint a picture of what happened, so others can see that he/she operated with
Pg. 67
1. Remind students to make the report complete and specific. The following information must be included 40 The reason for the pursuit. Basis for deciding to initiate, continue and (if applicable) terminate the pursuit. A detailed description of the pursuit itself, including the suspects actions, the officers responses, and other key
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3 Pursuit Driving aspects (duration, route of travel, speeds, weather and traffic conditions, etc.). Actions taken (if any) to induce or force the suspect to stop. How the pursuit concluded (voluntary stop, involuntary stop, crash, termination). Description of suspect(s) and vehicle, and how suspects were identified. Physical evidence collected. Actions of assisting officers and other responding personnel. Follow-through procedures undertaken after the pursuit concluded. due regard for the safety of all concerned.
Note: Emphasize knowing agency policy about reporting responsibilities.
Pg. 68 2. All pursuit data must be submitted

41-47
Note: If you choose to walk electronically via the Department of students Justices WILENET system. through this Enter your login ID and password for procedure on WILENET, DO WILENET. NOT actually Look for the DOT choice under the submit a report. Features Tab. This is an The DOT page will have a list of active link and links. Find the High Speed Pursuit Reporting Form and click on that link. any information You are now connected to the Pursuit you enter will be entered into web application at State Patrol. the actual Select your agency and then enter pursuit your pursuit information. reporting system.
DISCUSSION IDEA: Explain the statutory requirement for police agencies to report pursuits. Ask students to consider how that information might be used and what effects under-reporting might have. 85.07(8)(b) Wis. Stats.
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-3 Pursuit Driving EXERCISE Purpose: To familiarize students with pursuit reports Procedure: 1. Give students examples of several pursuit reports. 2. Have students work in small groups to identify strengths and weaknesses of the reports in terms of the guidelines you have presented. 3. Have a group member report back to the class what they found and how they would improve the report (if needed).
Pg. 67-68 LECTURE: Debriefing 48 Purpose: To review the purpose and types
of debriefing Procedure: 1. Types of debriefing Incident Subject
See pp. 95-99 in Professional Communication Text
2. Incident debriefings can be formal or informal, and can be stress debriefings (as in a critical incident) or tactical. 3. Subject debriefings involve the officers first calming themselves and their partners, then the subject and others involved.
4. Because pursuits are potentially dangerous and stressful, some sort of debriefing (even if informal) is always appropriate.
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Competencies and Performance Objectives
LESSON 4-4 OPTIONS TO STOP

Induce-to-stop and force-to-stop options are described and discussed.
Topic 4 Lesson 4-4 Options to Stop Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-4: Options to Stop Performance Objectives 5. Identify the legal, policy, and safety considerations in initiating, conducting, and terminating pursuits, including options to stop subject vehicles. 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Describe induce-to-stop methods. Demonstrate induce-to-stop methods in simulated conditions. Identify when force-to-stop methods would be appropriate. Describe force to stop methods and the criteria for use.
Materials Textbook: Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control: A Training Guide for Law Enforcement Officers PowerPoint presentation: EVOC (Pursuits); slides 49-71 DOJ EVOC videos: Tire Deflation Devices, Channelization, Moving Roadblock (Boxing-In), Roadblock (with escape route), and P.I.T. Maneuver, Roadblock (no escape route) and Ramming. Instructional Method Lecture, discussion, video Estimated Length of Class One hour Reading Assignment Text, pp. 72-76
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-4 Options to Stop
Topic 4: Pursuit Driving Lesson 4-4: Options to Stop Time Topic Hour #1 Options to Stop
Activities Lecture
Notes
Induce-to-Stop
Lecture Video DOJ Videos: Tire Deflation Devices, Channelization , Moving Roadblock (Boxing-In), Roadblock (with escape route), P.I.T. Maneuver.
Force-to-Stop
Lecture Video DOJ Video: Roadblock (no escape route), Ramming
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Pg. 72-76 LECTURE: Options to Stop 49-71 Purpose: To describe various options to
stop fleeing vehicles Procedure: Emphasize that agency policy differs on what techniques are authorized and trained. Officers must know and follow their own agency's policies. Note: Emphasize that we do not train these techniques in basic training. This is for familiarization only. Note:
49
See Intervention Options pg. 49 Student Text
1. Differentiate between induce to stop and force to stop Induce-to-stop makes it more difficult to flee, but not impossible Force-to-stop leaves the driver no choice.
51-59
2. Describe induce-to-stop techniques and when they are appropriate Tire-deflation devices timing is critical communication is critical may be used in conjunction with channeling VIDEO: Tire Deflation Devices
Channelization used to divert suspect to preferred route similar to open road block, but may involve more squads, depending on what needs to be blocked same considerations as open road block.
VIDEO: Channelization
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Moving road block (Boxing-In) four squads surround suspect, and slowly bring to a stop low-speed operation dangerous: cannot control actions of suspect
VIDEO: Moving Roadblock (Boxing-In)
Road block (with escape route) usually two police units involved should be on straight, level roadway sufficient sight/stopping distance other traffic diverted emergency warning lights must be used and visible if time permits, use flares, cones, etc. to guide.
VIDEO: Roadblock (with escape route)
PIT (Pursuit Intervention Techniques) controlled maneuver by squad that results in loss of vehicle control by suspect communication is critical to ensure others are not in the way because suspect vehicle may crash, backup should be near to manage the conclusion
Note: Review criterion for deadly force: Officer reasonably believes that he or someone else is in
VIDEO: P.I.T. Maneuver
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Topic 4 Lesson 4-4 Options to Stop imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. Imminence: Intent Weapon Delivery system
Pg. 74-75 3. Force-to-stop techniques 60-62

Considered deadly force Policy may require supervisor's authorization Only to be used as a last resort Must be able to articulate the need Techniques: Road Block (no escape route) other traffic must be diverted must be enough visual warning (emergency lights) to give suspect opportunity to stop voluntarily must communicate to prevent officer injury
VIDEO: Roadblock (no escape route)
Ramming not a trained technique high risk of injury to suspect, officer, and others used only as a last resort under extreme circumstances
VIDEO: Ramming
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4. Results of a Pursuit
63
The suspect stops The suspect gets away The suspect vehicle crashes The police vehicle crashes
Pg. 75-76 5. Summary 64-71

Important factors in a Pursuit: Your safety Safety for the General Public Safety for the fleeing suspect Operate your vehicle safely and control your emotions Apprehension of the fleeing suspect should be secondary
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Competencies and Performance Objectives

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Emergency Vehicle Operation and Control

Wisconsin Department of Justice Law Enforcement Standards Board June 2007

Emeritus (non-voting) Members

TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION........................................................................19

TOPIC 3: EMERGENCY VEHICLE RESPONSE................................................43

TOPIC 4: PURSUIT DRIVING ............................................................................71

COMPETENCIES AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES

ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Tools that may be included for Instructor use: Videos

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Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND THE CONTEXT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DRIVING

Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen

Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving

Lecture Lecture Lecture

Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving

Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving

5. Components of Driving Awareness Space management Crash Avoidance.

Topic 1 Lesson 1-1: Context of Law Enforcement Driving

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Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection

TOPIC 2: PATROL OPERATION

Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection

Equipment Chalkboard or flip chart PowerPoint projector, screen

Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection

Vehicle Inspection Video DOJ Video: Vehicle Inspection

Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection

Pg. 3 1. The student must realize the

Topic 2 Lesson 2-1: Vehicle Inspection

Pg. 5 - 6 Passenger compartment

Check all electronics: radio, P.A.,

DOJ EVOC Video: Vehicle Inspection

Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

LESSON 2-2: DRIVER PREPARATION

Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

Topic 2 Lesson 2-2: Driver Preparation

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Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations

LESSON 2-3: BASIC PATROL DRIVING OPERATIONS

Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations

Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations

Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations

Pg. 11-12 1. Patrol Strategies:

Pg. 12-14 2. Traffic Strategies:

SIPDE Search Identify Predict Decide Execute

Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations

Pg. 14-16 3. Driving Techniques: Hand Position

Topic 2 Lesson 2-3: Basic Patrol Driving Operations 4. Acceleration/deceleration:

Pg. 16-17 Always smoothly and in control, why?

Pg. 17-18 5. Managing Distractions:

Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics

LESSON 2-4: VEHICLE DYNAMICS

Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics

Special Issues Unexpected Hazards

Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics

VIDEOS: Parking Maneuver Y-Turn Maneuver Serpentine Forward

VIDEOS: Straight Line Backing Reverse Serpentine

Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics

Pg. 26-29 2. Special Issues:

Topic 2 Lesson 2-4: Vehicle Dynamics