University of Strathclyde MSc Supply Chain and Operations Management

Advanced Project Management MS 910

By

Miss Ratchaya Mangklapan

Word Count: 2545

Submission date: 14 January, 2011

Table of Contents

Introduction..3 The project environment.4 Stakeholders and their power and influence.4 The project life cycle4 Project risks..6 Planning, Scheduling and Managing Resources...6 Supply chain issues..8 Conclusion9

Introduction Burj Dubai Tower Key Data Architect Main Contractor Location Estimated Completion Official Opened Date Construction Skidmore, Owings and Merrill Samsung (South Korea), Besix Arabtech and Developer Emaar Dubai , UAE 30 December 2008 4 January 2010 Height Antenna/Spire ~818 m (2,684 ft) Roof ~643.3 m (2,111 ft) Top floor ~624.1 m (2,048 ft) Technical details Floor count 164 [1] Floor area 334,000 m (3,595,100 sq ft) $900,000,000 $1,500,000,000 The geometries of a desert flower along with Islamic architecture The worlds tallest building

Estimated Cost Final Cost Design Purpose

Burj Dubai Tower is a 828 meters and more than 160 stories building make it became; the tallest building in the world, the tallest free standing structure in the world, the highest number of stories in the world, the highest occupied floor in the world, the highest outdoor observation deck in the world, elevator with the longest travel distance in the world and tallest service elevator in the world. According to Mr. Mohammed Alabbar, Chairman of Emaar Properties said Burj Dubai Tower goes beyond its imposing physical specification. We see the triumph of Dubais vision of attaining the seemingly impossible and setting new benchmarks. It is a source of inspiration for every one of us. The project is a declaration of the emirates capabilities and of the resolve of its leader and people to work hand in hand.

The Project Environment Dubai Tower takes very different managerial requirements from the multi-site and high number of sub-contractors. The tower itself is built mainly by Samsung a South Korean company along with Belgian company Besix and ArabTech a UAE company. The project contains very high complexity in term of design, construction, resource, time and bureaucracy. The project of final height of Dubai Tower was kept as a secret due to several competitors. One of Dubai Towers competitors is Murjan Tower in Bahrain, which is expected to be 1,022m height. Moreover, a massive development project in Kuwait called Madinat al-Hareer is another potentially competitor since the project is included Olympic stadium, residences, hotel and retail facilities. However, the project may take 25 years to complete. The complex design of the tower is engaged by many international multidisciplinary consulting firms to assist with the design, review and assess in the construction process. The degree of human resource is very high from labors through engineers since Dubai Tower is made by immigrant engineers and workers from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, China and Philippine. Stakeholders and their power and influence The most powerful stakeholder seems to be the UAE government and immigrant labor union. There was a demonstration from labor during construction period. The cause of this problem is an extremely low labor wages and The UAEs close connection with the low US dollar as well as the increasing of living cost in the region. According to Press Report indicated that skilled carpenters at the construction site earned $7.6 per day and labor earned only $4.0 per day. Consequently, on March 21, 2006 many workers upset about over low wages and poor working conditions, so they began to damaging cars, offices, computers and construction unions. The damage from this riot cost approximately $1 million. One year later, UAEs government came up with the solution of sending illegal immigrant workers back home with no charge and no question has been asked. However, this riot causes a big problem for the supply of workers of Dubai Tower projects. The Project Life Cycle The early project life cycle includes all phases from point of inception to final termination of the project (Wideman, 2003). However, the phases of project are different depends on the type of a project. According to PMBOK guide, construction project has seven phases. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Planning, Data gathering and procedures Studies and basic engineering Major review Detail engineering Detail engineering/ construction overlap Construction Testing and commissioning

Dubai tower project started with high complexity and ended with higher complexity, as the height was well-protected and could be changed during the construction phase. Nonetheless, it was very important to develop strategy in the early phase. Their strategy is not only involved with engineering, but also with coordinating and builder works (Baker, Mazeika, & Pawlikowski, 2009). Since the project is more than 160 floors, coordination of many overlapping activities require careful planning, analysis and scheduling (Abdelrazaq, Kim, & Kim, 2008). It should be

noted that this project is extensive and all details cannot be adequately described in this paper. However, author briefly illustrated Project life cycle of Dubai Tower (Fig. 1). As a final note, this project is iterative considers its life cycle because the project contains high complexity. For example, after the testing of wind tunnel system finished in detailed engineering phase and activities finished in both construction phase and end phase, engineers switch back to the detailed engineering phase for the central core and corridors design and enter to the same cycle again. The cycle will be iterative until both exterior and interior are completed.

Fig.1 Details of Dubai Tower Project Life Cycle

Source: self-evaluation

Project Risk An extremely high design structure of Burj Dubai Tower and its historical term wind generators reflecting the results of placing a very tall project in changing and intense climate that induce a high risk in design construction. Wind is the critical factor in the design of super tall building. Therefore, the tower was designed to minimize the wind forces. The risk in construction is becoming harder when the design has to be able to handle the gust throughout the year. As a result, The wind climate studies is take place to predict wind loads and wind response on return period. Local ground base data was collected from several weather stations in the region including the data from Dubai International Airport as well as Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ras al Khaimah and Doha. Wind force not only created a pressure on design construction, but also the cladding for the tower. The cladding testing takes in to account specifics of building geometry, local climate and surrounding details. This testing requires a consultation between SOM and RWDI engineers to agree where they should install testing equipment. Moreover, other systems such as walls and glasses systems must be proven. The testing of glass and metal walls need to be tested to verify their effectiveness. Those effectiveness included air infiltration, water penetration under varying conditions, structural performance, incidental loads, seismic movement and exposure to cyclical temperature. Planning, Scheduling and Managing Resources The Dubai Tower is ordered in 2003, but it took one year before the construction started. The official construction was announced on February 24, 2003 by EMAAR Properties PJSC, the leading real-estate company in the region. The design of the foundation was carried out in 2003 along with the verification of the design. Due to the geology of the Arabian Gulf and a number of changes sea level, the geographical investigation and testing program need to be done before the drilling process. According to Poulos and Bunce, a geotechnician and hyder consultant in the beginning of year 2003, the geographical was carried out into four phase Phase 1 (main investigation 1/06/03-23/07/03) : 23 bareholes, 40 pressuremeter tests in 3 bareholes, laboratory testing, specialist laboratory testing and contamination testing. Phase 2 (main investigation 7/08/03-25/08/03) : 3 geophysical bareholes with cross holes and tomography surveys was carried out. Phase 3 (16/09/03-10/10/03) : installation of two standpipe piezometers and laboratory testing. Phase 4 : Cross hole testing in 3 bareholes and down hole geophysical testing in 1 barehole and laboratory testing Once the foundation of the tower is ready, Emaar has announced their official process to public, there is a schedule of constructing part as well as marketing parts as shown in the table Date March 8,2004 September 20,2004 Activities EMAAR announced it will show case The Dubai Tower and master-plan development in Cannes, France. His Highness General Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and UAE Prime Minister witnessed the pouring of cement EMAAR announced the general contractor, which is Samsung Corporation. The constructing goal is set to become the tallest structure in the world and will be the centerpiece of Downtown Dubai Development The pouring for the sheer wall of the core which will hold the structure

December 8, 2004

April 17, 2005

August 31, 2005

October 8, 2005

December 6, 2005 September 5, 2006 October 31, 2006 December 16, 2006 January 16, 2007 April 7, 2007 July 21, 2007 February 5, 2009

was started A construction stage was successfully done which will see the developer moved to the next phase and incorporate the Armani. Progress on the building has been rapid in recent week as it has climbed to five-storey height- the first level for the luxury Armani Hotel Emaar sign a landmark AED 3.216 billion deal to officially appoint Samsung Corporation as a main contractor on terms of market capitalization. Giorgio Armani tour at The Dubai Tower site for the worlds first Armani hotel. Emaar properties marked a milestone scaled 50 levels Completed 80 levels and continue rising to the height of 277 meters with 2400 workers daily on site. Burj Dubai employs the latest advance in engineering technology to complete the project on schedule and now reached 95 levels height Burj Dubai is now 100 levels height Burj Dubai is set for global record of having more floors than any building in the world with 120 storeys and 422.5 meters height Burj Dubai has broken the record as The worlds tallest building in the world at 512.1 meters. Complete 50 percent cladding work, more than 12000 panels has been installed on the tower. The height now is 604.9 meters without revealing the final height. Construction of the two communication floors is ongoing and structural steel work has started. The interior of Burj Dubai is rapidly progressing alongside of the towers exterior cladding. The exterior panel cladding is done. The total weight of aluminium is equivalent to five A380 aircraft and the total length of stainless steel is 293 times the height of The Eiffle Tower in Paris The worlds tallest is inaugurated by His Highness General Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and UAE Prime Minister. At over 800 meters and more than 160 floors.

June 17, 2008 May 4, 2009 October 1, 2009

January 4, 2010

This mega project has started from the design description, which has the Y shape structural concrete to reduce the wind force on to the tower following the concept of confuse the wind. After the design description is done, the architecture design and structural analysis are carried out. The overall progress of construction site is mentioned in the table above until the step of Longterm and construction consequence analysis. This step is involved of the determination of the behavior of concrete, which can cause by time dependent deformation. There are also many processes that are essential to study and include in the plan such as vertical shortening procedure, compensation methodology, gravity induced horizontal sideways and reinforce concrete link beam analysis. Those process need to finish on time in order to begin the construction. According to the project paper, we can conclude that the project definition of Dubai Tower is defined clearly; as a result it made people have the same expectation of the outset. However, the settlement measurement during construction is smaller than those predicted and the overall performance of the foundation system has exceeded expectation to date.

Supply Chain Issues Burj Dubai Tower has many suppliers, who provide their equipment and resources. The process of selecting the right equipment to ensure delivery of material requires ongoing analysis and constant modification due to its complex construction. The project of this tall building is directly related to the latest development in material technologies, structural engineering, wind engineering, seismic engineering and computer technologies. The Burj Dubai project capitalizes on advancements in these technologies as well as its supreme supply chain network. Since the project is dealing with more than 160 floors, the supply chain process is including a large number of suppliers. Therefore, only a brief summary of the equipment used and the name of suppliers for the project will be provided in the following table. Suppliers KBC Network Royal Gulf Otis Dorma Gulf Marvell Putzmeister Unimix Emirate Glass Country N/A Italy N/A Germany UAE N/A UAE UAE Details Supplying video and data, fiber optic transmission equipment for security system Provide 4000 fan coin units to facilitate the cooling within the tower Supply and install 66 elevators and escalators including 20 Gen2 flat belt machine Supply of a range of items including door closers, panic exit devices and level handle. Supply, install, tested and commissioned plant safety system monitoring refrigerant leak and oxygen depletion Provide concrete pumps, pipelines and booms Concrete supply Glass supply

The process of selecting each suppliers is done through a reverse bid system. For example, Burj Dubai Tower is set a requirement for $386 million for glass, $225 million for glassplates and $612 million for interior glass. The bidding is grabbed an attention from Taiwan and South Korean government. However, the winner is Emirate Glass company, a Dubai Investment and Leading supplier of architectural glass products. Additionally, there is a complex system which requires equipment from different sources but the finalization process is in Dubai. For instance, a concrete pumping system consists of the structural steel and the pinnacle structure. The spire structural steel works is fabricated in Dubai. While, the pinnacle structure is procured and made in Korea and shipped to Dubai for final fabrications and assembly.

Conclusion

Quality

Scope

Time
Refers to failure

Cost

Refers to success At the core of the iron triangle, we focus on the key constraints : scope, cost and time. These constraints are considered an iron triangle because you can rarely change one constraint without impacting the others. We also discuss of what particular part in which Emaar is success/fail. The construction of the Burj Dubai tower demonstrates a heavy-weight matrix project organizational model. The model of management is done in both hierarchical and flat structure. Although how perfect of their plan is, the nature of this project is directly related to the potential harm that may arise from the progress of the project. In the Burj Dubai Tower project, the design and construction scope was clearly transferred to stakeholders (star sign). As a result, its completion has proven by the record breaking as the tallest building in the world. The success of the project bringing attention to Dubai and potential financial flow through tourism and investment. Unfortunately, the project was delayed for two years due to report upgraded finishes (red spot). It might be that there are delays in getting materials as well as an issue of project management. Moreover, there were reported labor abuses, with allegations about poor housing conditions for workers, low pay and lack of supportive infrastructure including transportation issues (Migrant Rights, 2010) To sum up, Emaar has proven themselves to define a strong scope, yet minimize the likelihood of scope changing during the project. However, they had a problem with delivery timeline because of internal and external factors. Furthermore, they have to spend more budgets to ensure all problems are solved so their project is exceeding its original budget approximately by $600 million.

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