PROJECT WORK ON

FM BASED LONG RANGE REMOTE CONTROL

For the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Department of Technical Education

Submitted By
C.M. RAJA J. VICTOR JEGAN S. ARICHANDRAN R.K. VIGNESH E. RAJ KUMAR T. JEGATHESH

Guided by
Mr. G. V. PREM KUMAR., B.E

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
NAGERCOIL 629 004. 2005-2006

FM BASED LONG RANGE REMOTE CONTROL

PROJECT REPORT
CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide recode of project work on FM BASED LONG RANGE REMOTE CONTROL done by Mr. Reg. No: of Final year Electronics & Communication Engineering during the year 2005-2006

Project Guide

Head of the Department

Submitted for the Board Examinations, April 2006

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to thank the GOD Who is invisible without him nothing is possible. We here by acknowledge our sincere thanks to our Principal, TMT.C.J.HONIBALD M.E., MISTE, for her constant encouragement and blessing. We express our sincere and hearty thanks to our Head of Electronics & Communication Engineering department & our guide Mr. G. V. PREM KUMAR., B.E. for his source inspiration and technical guidance throughout this project. We also express our sincere thanks to our teaching & non teaching staffs & friends for their co-operation to complete this project.

CONTENTS 1. SYNOPSIS 2. INTRODUCTION 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 5. FLOW CHART 6. PROGRAM 7. PCB PREPARATION 8. ESTIMATION 9. CONCLUSION 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. SYNOPSIS
The Project Long Range Remote Control can be used to remotely control a number of Electrical or Electronic Gadgets connected to it. Unlike Infra Red remote control, this Project employs FM transmission and Reception, and hence it can be used for comparatively longer range. Any gadget can be switched on/off by keying the number allocated to it. The Receiver is made up of the famous 8 bit Microcontroller from Atmel. The Microcontroller is used as the Master in the receiver end which is used to control all the devices. It decodes the Signal from the transmitter and control the relays according to the signal. For transmission we are using frequency modulation at the frequency of 433.92Mhz.

2. INTRODUCTION
A microcontroller unit (MCU) uses the microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU) and incorporates memory, timing reference, I/O peripherals, etc on the same chip. Limited computational capabilities and enhanced I/O are special features. In our Project the Microcontroller is used to control all the External devices. The Transmitter transmits the signal using the FM transmitter. In the receiver end the FM receiver is used to receive the FM signal and its output contains the digital signal. The digital signals are decoded by a decoder and the outputs are coupled to the microcontroller. It controls the External devices through the Relays. In our Project we are using the 8-bit Microcontroller AT89C2051 from Atmel semiconductors

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSMITTER SECTION

KEYPAD

DIGITAL ENCODER

FM TRANSMITTER

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE RECEIVER SECTION

FM RECEIVER

DIGITAL ENCODER

MICRO CONTROLLER

RELAY DRIVER

RELAYS

Block Diagram Explanation

3.1. WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER? A microcontroller (often abbreviated MCU) is a single computer chip (integrated circuit) that executes a user program, normally for the purpose of controlling some device hence the name microcontroller. The program is normally contained either in a second chip, called an EPROM, or within the same chip as the microcontroller itself. A microcontroller is normally found in devices such as microwave ovens, automobiles, keyboards, CD players, cell phones, VCRs, security systems, time & attendance clocks, etc. Microcontrollers are used in devices that require some amount of computing power but dont require as much computing power as that provided by a complex (and expensive) 486 or Pentium system which generally requires a large amount of supporting circuitry (large motherboards, hundreds of megabytes of RAM, hard drives, hard drive controllers, video cards, etc). A microwave oven just doesnt need that much computing power. Microcontroller-based systems are generally smaller, more reliable, and cheaper. They are ideal for the types of applications described above where cost and unit size are very important considerations. In such applications it is almost always desirable to produce circuits that require the smallest number of integrated circuits, that require the smallest amount of physical space, require the least amount of energy, and cost as little as possible.

Microcontroller Program Storage The program for a microcontroller is normally stored on a memory integrated circuit (IC), called an EPROM, or on the microcontroller chip itself. An EPROM (Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory) is a special type of integrated circuit that does nothing more than store program code or other data but which is maintained even when the power to the EPROM is turned off. Once youve developed software for a microcontroller it is normally programmed (or burned) into an EPROM chip, and that chip is subsequently physically inserted into the circuitry of your hardware. The microcontroller accesses the program stored in the EPROM and executes it. Thus the program is made available to the microcontroller without the need for a hard drive, floppy drive, or any of the other circuitry necessary to access such devices. In recent years, more and more microcontrollers offer the capability of having programs loaded internally into the microcontroller chip itself. Thus, rather than having a circuit that includes both a microcontroller and an external EPROM chip, it is now entirely possible to have a single microcontroller which stores the program code internally.

3.2. Features of AT89C2051 Compatible with MCS-51 Products 2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-Level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-Chip Analog Comparator Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

DESCRIPTION The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2 Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry Standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.

PIN CONFIGURATIONS

BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3. Pin Description of AT89C2051 VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and program verification. Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and programming verification. RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

3.4. 212 Series of Decoders (HT12D)

FEATURES Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components

Pair with Holteks 212 series of encoders

GENERAL DESCRIPTION The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired withHoltek_s 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross reference table). For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212 series of decoders are capable of decoding informations that consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits.

Pin Diagram of HT12D

PIN DESCRIPTION OF HT12D

3.5. 212 SERIES OF ENCODERS (HT12E)

FEATURES Operating voltage o 2.4V~12V for the HT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V Minimum transmission word Four words for the HT12E Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components

Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of decoders

18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package APPLICATIONS Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems

GENERAL DESCRIPTION The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/ data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12E further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders.

PIN DIAGRAM OF HT12E

PIN DESCRIPTIONS OF HT12E

3.6. WIRELESS TRANSMITTER MODULE TX1-433.92MHZ FEATURES: Complete RF Transmitter Module no external components and no tuning required. High Performance SAW Based Architecture with a Maximum Range of 100 feet at 4800 bps data rate. Interface directly to Encoders and Microcontrollers with ease. Low Power Consumption suitable for battery operated devices. 4 Pin Compact size module Can be directly used in your PCB Right angle Pin (Flat out) is the standard in these modules. Optional Vertical pin out available Can be used with Fixed Code and Rolling Code Encoders or direct with microcontrollers

PIN DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSMITTER MODULE

PIN DETAILS OF THE TRANSMITTER MODULE

PIN 1 PIN 2 PIN 3 PIN 4 RF OUT DATA IN GROUND VCC

SPECIFICATIONS PARAMETER MINIMUM TYPICAL RANGE UNITS Modulation method ON-OFF KEYED (OOK) Modulation (FM) Voltage 2.7 3 5.2V DC Supply Current 5 5.5 mA Stand by Current 3 micro A Output power into -2 0 0 dBm 50ohms Overall frequency -250 250 KHz accuracy Data input low 0 0.8 Volts Data input High >0.8 Vcc Volts Operating temp. 0 70 Deg. Cel range Operating 433.67 433.92 434.17 MHZ frequencies Max. Data rate 2400 bps Antenna External1/4 Wave Whip, Helical or PCB Trace Package SMD

3.7. FM RECEIVER MODULE (RX-3304) This is the radio frequency receiver module, which can facilitate the OEM designers to design their remote control applications in remote control in the quickest way. The circuit is designed with SMD components and the module size is small enough to be able to be fitted in almost any application. PIN DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER MODULE

433.92MHZ R/F Gnd OUT Gnd Vcc Gnd Ant

Vcc

PIN DETAILS OF RECEIVER MODULE PIN 1: GND PIN 2: Digital Output PIN 3: Linear Output (For Testing) PIN 4: VCC (5V DC) PIN 5: VCC (5V DC) PIN 6: GND PIN 7: GND PIN 8: ANT

4. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
4.1. Main Circuit Diagram

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2

4.3. CIRCUIT EXPLANATION The Circuit consists of the transmitter and a Receiver section. The transmitter section has encoder IC HT12E which scans the keys and convert into analog data. This analog data was transmitted continuously through the FM transmitter. At the receiving end the FM signal was received by the FM receiver and the data was decoded by the decoder IC and the decoded signal was fed to the microcontroller and the microcontroller will control the devices according to the received signal. In the power supply circuit diagram we are using a 230v to 12v AC step down transformer. The 12v ac is further Rectified with help of the four Diodes. At the rectifier output we get an 12v DC which is filtered by the Capacitor and the filtered 12v dc is regulated to 5v dc using the three terminal regulator IC 7805. For the transmitter section we use a 3V battery.

5. FLOW CHART
RECEIVER SECTION

START

CHECK IF SIGNAL IS AVAILABLE YES

NO

READ THE DATA

CHECK DATA=01

YES COMPLEMENT DEVICE 1

NO

CHECK DATA=02

YES COMPLEMENT DEVICE 2

NO

CHECK DATA=03

YES COMPLEMENT DEVICE 3

NO

CHECK DATA=04

YES

NO

CO MPLEMENT DEVICE 4

6. PROGRAM
INCLUDE reg_51.pdf VT DATA1 DATA2 DATA3 DATA4 EQU P3.0 EQU P3.2 EQU P3.3 EQU P3.4 EQU P3.5

DEV1 EQU P1.7 DEV2 EQU P1.6 DEV3 EQU P1.5 DEV4 EQU P1.4 CSEG ; AT 0 ; RESET VECTOR

;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------PROCESSOR INTERRUPT AND RESET VECTORS ;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------ORG JMP 00H MAIN ; Reset

;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------; Main routine. Program execution starts here. ;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------MAIN: MOV SP,#2FH MOV P1,#0FFH TOP: SETB VT JB VT,$

SETB DATA1 SETB DATA2 SETB DATA3 SETB DATA4 JB DATA1,DOWN1 CPL DEV1 JNB DATA1,$ DOWN1:JB DATA2,DOWN2 CPL DEV2 JNB DATA2,$ DOWN2:JB DATA3,DOWN3 CPL DEV3 JNB DATA3,$ DOWN3:JB DATA4,DOWN4 CPL DEV4 JNB DATA4,$ DOWN4:AJMP TOP

;********************************************************** DELAY: MOV R1,#055H REP2: MOV R2,#0FFH REP1: NOP DJNZ R2,REP1 DJNZ R1,REP2 RET ;********************************************************** END

7. PCB DETAILS 7.1. PCB Layout

7.2. Component Layout

7.3. PCB Design

The PCB design starts right from the selection of the laminates .The two main types of base laminate are epoxy glass and phenolic paper laminates are generally used for simple circuits. Though it is very cheap and can easily be drilled, phenolic paper has poor electrical characteristics and it absorbs more moisture than epoxy glass. Epoxy glass has higher mechanical strength. The important properties that have to be considered for selecting the PCB substrate are the dielectric strength ,insulation resistance, water absorption property, coefficient of thermal expansion ,shear strength, hardness, dimensional stability etc.

7.4 Manufacturing Process

The steps involved in manufacture are a) Art work preparation . b) Resist preparation . c) Resist application an fixing . d) Acid etch. e) Cleaning and inspection. f) Resist removal.

7.5. PCB Fabrication

The fabrication of a PCB basically of four steps. a) Preparing the PCB pattern . b) Transferring the pattern onto the PCB. c) Developing the PCB. d) Finishing ie) drilling, cutting, smoothing, turning etc. Pattern designing is the primary step in fabricating a PCB in this step, all interconnection between the components in the given circuit are converted into PCB tracks several factors such as positioning ,the diameter of holes ,the area that each component would occupy ,the type of end terminal should be considered. Transferring the PCB Pattern The copper side of the PCB should be thoroughly cleaned with the help of alcoholic spirit or petrol must be completely free from dust and other contaminants. The mirror image of the pattern must be carbon copied and to the laminate the complete pattern may now be made each resistant with the help of paint and thin brush.

Developing In this developing all excessive copper is removed from the board and only the printed pattern is left behind. About 100ml of tape water should be heated to 75 C and 30.5 grams of FeCl3 added to it, the mixture should be thoroughly stirred and a few drops of HCl may be added to speed up the process. The board with its copper side facing upward, should be placed in a flat bottomed plastic tray and the aqueous solution of FeCl 2 poured in the etching process would take 40 to 60 min to complete. After etching the board it should be washed under running water and then held against light .the printed pattern should be cleanly visible. The paint should be removed with the help of thinner. Finishing Touches After the etching is completed ,hole of suitable diameter should be drilled ,then the PCB may be tin plated using an ordinary 35 Watts soldering rod along with the solder core ,the copper side may be given a coat of varnish to prevent oxidation. Drilling Drills for PCB use usually come with either a set of collects of various sizes or a 3-Jaw chuck. For accuracy however 3-jaw chunks arent brilliant and small drill below 1 mm from grooves in the jaws preventing good grips.

Soldering Begin the construction by soldering the resistors followed by the capacitors and the LEDs diodes and IC sockets. Dont try soldering an IC directly unless you trust your skill in soldering. All components should be soldered as shown in the figure. Now connect the switch and then solder/screw if on the PCB using multiple washers or spaces. Soldering it directly will only reduce its height above other components and hamper in its easy fixation in the cabinet. Now connect the battery lead. Assembling The circuit can be enclosed in any kind of cabinet. Before fitting the PCB suitable holes must be drilled in the cabinet for the switch, LED and buzzer. Note that a rotary switch can be used instead of a slide type. Switch on the circuit to be desired range. It will automatically start its timing cycles. To be sure that it is working properly watch the LED flash. The components are selected to trigger the alarm a few minutes before the set limit.

8. ESTIMATION
Sl.No Component Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Total Microcontroller Encoder IC Decoder IC FM transmitter module FM receiver module Antenna Battery SIP Resistors Capacitor Crystal PCB Designing PCB Fabrication Microcontroller Programming Rs. 3400-00 9V 10K 12 MHZ Number AT89C205 1 HT12E HT12D _ Quantity 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 Price 400 250 300 250 300 50 25 20 5 50 50 250 250 700

9. CONCLUSION
The Construction and testing of all parts of the project have been successfully completed. Through this project we have learned how to face a new project work. This system can be used in factories, home etc. so that the we can control devices from a distant place using this system. This system can be adopted to control any kind of devices such us fan, light, Motor etc

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS -By Muhammed Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi 2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS By B. Sharma 3. WWW.ATMEL.COM 4. WWW.DALSEMI.COM 5. WWW.MICROCONTROLLER.NET 6. WWW.8052.COM