Then we move on, ok na? Inverted as to right and left. Ok?

The inversion is not only as co laterality right or left up to verticality outside now like the camera. Thats why it is very important to remember this not by H******** the quadrants, ok? So, like the camera, the lens noh, of the camera, the lens of the eyeball are function inwards the image of on the retina so that, the pencil pointing up, the image of cats(?) is inverted by the lens falls to retina, it is upside down, ok? Let us express those again in quadrants. The upper quadrants of the visual field of a are received by the lower quadrants of retina, ok? The upper quadrants *anong relasyon nian kanina?* or lower quadrants of the visual field are received by the upper quadrants of the retina. Same thing, even the late presentation of the anatomical relationship in a visual pathway fold up fold(?) down. It is only here that you must remember inverted retina and visual field, ok? So you can invert quadrant by quadrant, up to right and left, outside down ok? Now, lets express the inversion as to quadrant. Retinas of two eyes visual field, again, let us state our guidelines and policies, ok? Right quadrant of the visual field are received by the left quadrants of the retina, ok? Likewise the same to those in outside. The upper quadrants of the visual field are received by the lower quadrants of the retina. Quadrant by quadrant, for example, lens focus on left eye, that is the ***** of the visual field, yellow. Left upper quadrant, what part of the retina receive this? Exactly the opposite, right eye, right lower quadrant. What about this green of the visual field, it is a right upper quadrant exactly receive by the opposite quadrant. Left lower quadrant of retina, so you must always remember that. Ok? ******* Visual field relationship, inverted co laterality and verticality. It is better to express in quadrant by quadrant, ok? Those of the visual field we use *** two eyes, So, you must think we have two images of one object in our brain but there is only one image because the part of the world that point both eyes see is only one and that is called the binocular vision so we use two eyes and got one image is formed, ok? The field part of the atmosphere that is seen by both eyes simultaneously is called the binocular zone. Ok? Now, there is some monocular zone for each retina of the eyeball, for example, this right monocular zone, it is the part of the world for the field that is seen on by the right to left, depending kung nasa baba kang ganyan, this will be the right, this will be the left, if youre looking from top, ok? So let us continue ************ right or left? Then, ok, right pala eh, so the right monocular field is synonymous by the right eye, the left monocular field is all synonymous by left eye, what part of the eye, what is this temporal or nasal? Temporal or nasal? Temporal. Temporal, so what part of the retina you will see the images here, nasal then, ok. Same thing, oh binocular field which is the priority, this is the field that you see. Yun yung hindi pinapansin eh even if you have the peripheral lining and you should ************* ok, so, this one receive by nasal sac of the eye **** monocular field ***** by the nasal sac of the eye, ************ this one by both eye. Ok? Ah, same, so, the quadrants of the one side, left, or the half of the visual field are seen by the right visual pathway. So this is only the right, right? While one image of the two eyes, thats the function of LGV. Look, the two images are fused when the visual signals reach the LGV, so from LGV, one image is projected to the N17(?). ok? So baligtad na naman, left visual field, right cortex and right LGV. Baligtad db inverted. Lets tackle LGV, nevermind, just remember that it is a multi-layered mucus of the thalamus, ok? Ah, the tract originating from LGV is called optic radiation and for ******* tract. Ok? Now this one is not laterality ******************************************* whether it is up or down, look at that. What is this, left eye or right eye? Left. Ok? So both eyes sees from the visual field, ok? The upper quadrant receive by the lower quadrant, ok? What is this? Red, db? The lower quadrant of the visual field are receive by the upper quadrants of the retina. Blue. And from the retina, anatomically, the blue stases blue . No problem. Like that, from left and right.

Again, from the upper up to the cortex after. Lower, in terms of retina, up to the cortex lower on the visual field is inverted. So, this part of the cortex, inferiorly of the alkaline feature, in other words, lower lid of area seventeen precision formation from the upper visual field. Get it? The upper, now the upper lid of area seventeen **** is *** from the lower quadrant. Ok? Lets trace the pathway. Same thing, right *********** the pathway, alright, so, again, as to up and down. Fibers from the upper quadrant of the retina constituted upper fiber of the tract of the inner ********** terminate, you cannot call it upper, hindi kasi(?), better if it is upper form of LGV. Medial part of LGV. Again, fibers from the upper quadrant of the retina are received by the terminate in the medial part of LGV. Ok? While, fibers from the lower quadrants terminate on the lateral part of LGV. Ok? * Long pause, a question was asked?* Now, the vehi*** tract, fibers from the medial, upper fiber, constitutes the upper dorsal fibers. In other words, this is the other half of the radiation, we divide radiation into two, upper half or dorsal and ventral red on the ***********, lower or ventral originating from medial. Ok? The fibers of the upper portion or ****** of course terminate in the upper limb of the ****** cortex. Ok? So, you can see that the upper portion of the ******** information from the upper quadrants of the retina or lower quadrant of the visual field. Ok? Ahh, while the lower fibers terminate in the lower limb of the area seventeen. In other words, there is a confirmation in the upper visual field. Red. Ok? Everybody, kasi, you cannot memorize the times of light, you can memorize without understanding. Ito simple lang, matter of comprehension. Alright, the lower, remember the lower or ventral fibers, what is the difference between those ****? The red, they make a hairloop earn(?), they loop around, what is this, the phantom, the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Ok, the lower fibers or ventral fibers, they loop around temporal or the lateral ventricles, the lower or ventral, theres a special name for this, they are called Meyers loop. So meyers loop refer to the lower fibers of the optic radiation. Ok? So Meyers loop receive information from lower quadrants of the retina. **** receives visual information from the upper quadrant of the visual field. Get it? Di ba? Oo. Lets state it again. We will follow only the tract from the right quadrant ***** from the retina, not the visual field, remember, retina. Fibers from ano yan? Left upper quadrant, isnt it? Ok. They remain in the medial half of the lateral ****** body, when fibers from the lower half terminate in the lateral. Now, for *********************** body, ok, whats next? The fibers from the middle half of the LGM or lateral *** mucus constitutes the upper dorsal fibers of optic radiation while *** and they terminate the upper limb of area seventeen, ok? Meanwhile those from the lateral half constitutes the lower fiber of optic radiation and terminates in the lower limb of area seventeen. Therefore, ***** they are also called the lower fibers, they loop around lateral ventricle or ********** ventricle and they are called Meyers loop. Wala lang dito. Di ko nasulat. So, lets trace, the upper limb, ok, oh, upper limb of anu bat oh, right no, right side tayo diba, right area seventeen. So, this vortex found **************************** of retina, there, ok, so, if we will put a lesion here, other fibers of optic radiation. In other words, theres deceased or relation that interact the fibers in upper fibers of optic radiation, what area of the retina, retina muna, right, right upper, oh yun may plaque, ok. So in terms of rightness, this will be, left ****, so a lesion of a upper fiber will produce this rightness, the same ******************** rightness of one quadrant, then indicate the location, left lower quadrant anopsia(?), sabi ko madali lang imemorize eh. Lesion of the upper quadrant of the optic radiation on the right side produce the left. So its just inverse. On what side of the visual field a lesion are we, right, so rightness will *** the left. Is it quadrant or one half? Quadrant. It forms only a portion of the optic radiation, isnt it? Oh. Here, Ill put a lesion on the Meyers loop, right side, right of the optic radiation, or right Meyers loop, of course, it **************** quadrant, The retina will be right portal vein(?). But in terms of visual field, so this is a quadrant anopsia. Again, right upper anopsia. Ok? If I will put a lesion on the entire optic radiation on the right, then the ************ of the left has *** isnt it? You will call that left hemianopsia but they are the same field, you put the word homonymous, you will call it left homonymous hemianopsia, combination. So this field will be line. Ok? Ok na? Can we move on? Ok? Okay.

Visual cortex, so this is the last part, the initial cortex receive the visual signal and the imagery and the cortex forms the image only the image without the ********************************** without color, without interpretation if it is moving or not, area seventeen. The upper limb ******************* area seventeen, immediately surrounding this, so ************* medial sac, are ******************* ******** between 18 and 19. [ SORRY, THIS PART REALLY HAS KINDA ROUGH EDGY SOUNDS T__________T ] Therefore, visual association, there is the word secondary visual area, area 17 will recruit by short association fibers in area 18 and 19 for full interpretation of the image. Ok. Like this one but ************** anymore just remember this, area 17 and 18, like motion form whatever color depends on 18 and 19. Ganun din. Area 17, 18 and 19, dynamics, involves movement ****** etc etc. nevermind this. Ok. Remember this the function of area 18 and 19. Ok. Another problem, were through with up and down, right and left, but, as to tell if vision central or peripheral. Ok. We know the central portion of retina is the area for vision is called macula lutea. Isnt it? In the center of macula lutea, the area you called fovea centralis. For the center of the retinal field and visuall field is called the macular vision or foveal vision. Ok. Its in red. No problem. Where is the most central of the visual field or retina represent the ************* the most posterior ok? Macular field is located among the posterior part of area seventeen or visual cortex, red. The more peripheral, the more figure. Isnt it? Get it? Central vision or central part of the macula *********** represented on the most posterior part of the visual cortex. The more interior, the more peripheral, the more figure is big, representation, how much the fovea or macula is very small area of entire retina, but that small area has a large representation, 1/3 in this drawing, in this drawing, there. Very small. Di ba the most central, the most posterior. Di ba? This is not 1/3, 1/2 . ok? So, this proportion may large, *********** So the main priority of the brain, is, the macular vision. Sabi ko, its better to be blind peripherally than centrally, wag naman. Kung hanggang ditto, yun lang paligid. Wala ka makikita diba? Some people didnt even know they have peripheral blindness as long as you have macular vision. Isnt it? Dito nga 2/3 see? Inputs from the green are overly presented from *** there to the periphery. Compare to the periphery ********** 2/3, so we will conclude on this picture that macula is the area of the retina which is represented into to 2/3 of the entire area 17 or visual cortex, one part. Ok? Over representation, oversized representation, this one, plus the dual blood supply, why dual? See, basahin nio nga yan. **************** lobe where the macular or central hemisphere are represented by this one. Each supplied by the *** branches of the middle, middle tama, middle ba yan, cerebral artery and posterior cerebral is called as the watershed area. In other words, the fact that this is very hard to inpart in a wide area rather than smooth area plus *********** blood supply unless you ***** put ************** infarction of the macular area. Also, this two factors, oversized of the blood supply ************** the macular area, that is called ****************. [ EDGY SOUNDS T__________T MIANHE. ] What is this, right homonymous hemianopsia with macular scarring(?). [ talking randomly with students] Sabi ko, you cannot memorize this without understanding eh. We will all demonstrate the blindness on one side, right or left. Ok. A lesion, remember the lesion on the same, connotes ********* hah, this is *********** interrupt or distraction of one of the nerves, right optic nerve will produce blindness on all quadrants on ****. It is a quinine(?). So blindness of right eye anopsia of the right eye. Blindness of the right eye. There is a initial midline of the ************************** ************** tumor of the pituitary gland, it may appear progressively growing tumor introduced of the midline, what fibers are now compressed? Nasal which are *** or temporal *******? Nasal, so there will be blindness of both nasal, nasal, or medial halves of the retina. That means, visual field temporal. Get it? So this is called, bitemporal hemianopsia. You can put a synthetic or hypothetical lesion on both ************* pero wala ata ganun, its very hard to produce *********, hypothetically introduce lesion *** fibers, plaque, you will use a mesh called temporal fibers, sometimes frozen so that blindness, *****. [ I THINK IM LOST. SORRY IF THIS PART DOESNT SOUND HARMONIOUS T_T] Temporal blindness will be by nasal, isnt it? Pero wala djan. Nevermind.

Letter C. Right optic tract, what fiber is affected from the right eye, the right half. From the left eye, the right half, right halves of the retina were blind, isnt it? They are affected. In terms of blindness, it will be the left sides, the halves. Ok? Left homonymous hemianopsia. I put letter C, the same thing, isnt it? Oh, right optic radiation and ***** radiation is the same feature, dib a? Pareho lang dib a? Same. So that you could see. Right optic tract or the entire right optic radiation will produce this, di ba? What is this, dorsal or ventral fibers of optic tract? Lower. Because they loop, this is the Meyers loop. This is lower, so its hemianopsia quadran*****. In the entire, dib a, oh after the lower fibers, quadrant anopsia, this are lower fibers so expect the quadrants to be after. Isnt it? So, ***************. Ok? So, you may call this, ano sabi natin kanina, right upper quadrant anopsia. You may put homonymous. Right upper. What do you call this one? Cortical lesion. Same as this, and that optic tract ******************* will ************* Poor blood supply, large representation, so left hemianopsia. ************* before we can move on. You can answer the question, just memorize this, without understanding this..... Opthalmologist. *********** Papalitan mo yung part ko. Ok? Were through with vision pathway. Mmh. Muni-muni. Mahaba toh eh. Lets move on. Walang complain? No complaints? Wala? Review previous slides. Tingnan niyo yung ppt presentation. Pipindot pindot ka ganun. Ok. Welcome to Part II, reflexes. Ahh, the fibers from the optic tract, most of them, you would say, they terminate on the LGV **** visual formation pathway. But not all fibers of the optic tract terminates on the LGV, some fibers are of course, number one target of retinal fibers is LGV. You know that, that is visual pathway. Isnt it? Number 2. ************** of the hypothalamus. In other words, your vision have a major role in your endocrine and autonomic functions, we will not have elaboration on that. Thats physiological. Ok. Number 3. Fibers that remain in your ***************** of the midbrain, this is the area of the midbrain, protectum(?). There is a mucus there, protecting mucus, which mucus is concerned with papillary dilation? And, mali. Pupillary constriction, whether with light intensity or accommodation? And last is the termination *****, you know this. The fibers that is concerned with the movement of the eyes, head and upper limb respond to visual stimulation. Nawawala. Ok. Murmurs. Ok. Direct and consensual, may physiology kayo dian, direct is when you apply your light, penlight ***********, the pupil will constrict, the pupil will stimulate but then there is a simultaneous constriction of the pupil of other eye. So both pupil will constrict at the same time although only one is stimulated by light. That is the consensual of the eye, and that is the pathway, from the retina, that was stimulated, optic nerve, optic tract and optic chiasm of the same side, and then, instead of terminating your LGV to terminate on your ** pect mucus, and that is the function of ** mucus, constriction. Ipectal mucus. This is the pathway, your ipectal mucus on one side connects bilaterally, it connects to both, what, **************** this is the parasympathetic ** of your 3rd cranial nerve, occulumotor, the source of your ****. Isnt it? So the next part of the pathway will be bilateral already, the fibers originating from *********** found ******* Fibers that will enter the eyeball and will remain inside. The orbit will terminate in your ciliary function, thats the end of para. Isnt it? And then, the post ganglionic para, ******************************************* eyeball, there, ************* to short ** nerves and will ******************************************* papillary constrinction on both sides called ****** bilateral connection of ipectal mucus to both and **************** sac. Clear? Madali lang yan. Ok.

Another constriction, constriction not only papillary ************************* both eyes, concerning the lens, convergence, papillary constriction *************** of what muscle, papillary **************, *************** [ EDGY SOUNDS T__________T MIANHE. ]