STATISTICS

Statistics is concerned with Scientific methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, and analyzing data as well as with drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis. POPULATION AND SAMPLE It is often impossible or impractical to observe the entire group especially if it is large. Instead of examining the entire group, called the population, of universe, one examines a small part of the group, called a sample. FINITE POPULATION: all bolts produced in a factory. INFINITE POPULATION: heads, tails in successive tosses of a coin. INDUCTIVE STATISTICS: important conclusions about the population. DESCRIPTIVE, OR DEDUCTIVE STATISTICS: it only seek to describe and analyze a given group without drawing any conclusions or inferences. DATA: numerical facts, information or series of observations that can be measured or quantified. RAW DATA: are collected data that have not been organized numerically. An example is the set of heights of 100 male students obtained from an alphabetical listing of university records. ARRAYS: an array is an arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or descending order of magnitude. The difference between the largest and smallest numbers is called the range of the data. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS a tabular arrangement of data by classes together with the corresponding class frequencies is called a frequency distribution or frequency table. CLASS INTERVALS AND CLASS LIMITS A symbol defining a class, such as 60 62 is called a class interval. The end numbers, 60 and 62 are called class limits; the smaller number 60 is the lower class limit, and the larger number 62 is the upper class limit. CLASS BOUNDARIES The class boundaries are obtained by adding the upper limit of one class interval to the lower limit of the next-higher class interval and divided by 2. THE SIZE, OR WIDTH OF A CLASS INTERVAL

The size, or width, of a class interval is the difference between the lower and upper class boundaries and is also referred to as the class width, class size, or class length. THE CLASS MARK The class mark is the midpoint of the class interval and is obtained by adding the lower and upper class limits and dividing by 2. Thus the class mark of the interval 60 62 is (60 62)/2 = 61. The class mark is also called the class midpoint. Example 1 The following is a record of the total number of goals scored in thirty different matches all over the federation, in one week-end of a football season. 3 5 1 7 2 2 4 3 0 5 0 8 3 2 6 7 5 2 1 1

11 2 2 10 9 9 6 3 4 6 (a) Prepare a frequency table to represent the data (b) What is the least number of goal scored (c) What is the greatest number of goal scored. Solution Total number goals scored 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 of Tally // /// //// / //// // /// /// // / // / / Frequency 2 3 6 4 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 30

The least number of goals scored is zero. The greatest number of goals scored is 11. GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Below are the masses to the nearest kilogram of 50 students in a class. 10 35 34 40 20 44 29 34 23 36 32 45 33 45 37 39 46 31 40 24 34 40 45 48 41 32 35 42 33 25 46 43 25 49 44 17 20 46 38 27

30 44 31 40 43 46 45 40 41 37 Construct a grouped frequency distribution table using the class interval 10-13, 14-17, 1821, etc. Solution Class interval tally frequency 10 13 / 1 14 17 / 1 18 21 // 2 22 25 //// 4 26 29 /// 3 30 33 //// // 7 34 37 //// //// 9 38 41 //// /// 8 42 45 //// //// 9 46 49 //// / 6 50

DIAGRAMATIC AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

PICTOGRAM Pictorial representation involves the use of pictures to convey the information which we wish to pass on. Example The total exports of coffee in metric tonnes in country X are given in the table below for three consecutive years. Year Export in metric tonne 1975 300,000 1976 400,000 1977 500,000 Draw a pictogram to show the total exports for each of the three consecutive years. Solution Coffee cup will be an appropriate representation 1975 1976 1977 BAR CHART

In a bar-chart, rectangular bars of equal widths but heights proportional to the size of the items we want to display are used. Example The number of crates of soft drinks sold to students of a high school in city A during one break-time is as follows: Brands of soft drinks Number of crates Coca-cola 5 Pepsi-cola 3 Fanta 4 Seven-up 2 Crush 1 sprite 2 Draw a bar-chart to display the data in the table above. 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

North

coca cola

peps i cola

fanta s even crus s h prite up

PIE - CHART A Pie-chart is a circular chart divided into sectors whose angles are proportional to the magnitudes of their corresponding constituents of the total we wish to display. Example The table below is a break-down of monthly expenditure of a salary earner. Expenditure Amount Rent 60 Food 80 Transport 20 Clothes 40 Savings 100 Draw a pie-chart to display the data. Solution. Expenditure Amount Angle of sector

Rent Food Transport Clothes Savings Total

60 80 20 40 100 300

60 360 = 72 0 300 80 360 = 96 0 300 20 360 = 24 0 300 40 360 = 48 0 300 100 360 = 120 0 300 360

A pie-chart showing the expenditure pattern of a salary earner every month.

HISTOGRAM A histogram is a graphic display of a frequency distrubution. It consists of rectangular bars placed side by side with the horizontal axis as the variable axis, while the vertical axis is the frequency axis. The following are the lengths in cm of fifty planks cut by a machine in a sawmill. 33 49 60 58 59 71 42 88 68 91 54 32 81 59 41 55 38 56 86 62 50 69 50 84 77 33 71 42 69 93 61 51 23 76 63 96 26 70 66 80 44 52 46 33 68 39 61 71 48 66 (a) Using class interval of 21-30, 31-40, --(i) Construct the frequency table.

(ii) (b)

Draw the histogram for the distribution

(i) Identify the modal class (ii) Use your histogram to estimate the mode of the distribution. Solution Class interval Tally Frequency Class boundries 21 30 // 2 20.5 30.5 31 40 //// / 6 30.5 40.5 41 50 //// //// 9 40.5 50.5 51 60 //// //// 9 50.5 60.5 61 70 //// //// / 11 60.5 70.5 71 80 //// / 6 70.5 80.5

12 10 8 6 4 2
20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5

modal class = 61 70 mode = 63.5 FREQUENCY POLYGON The mid-point of the top of each bar of a histogram. Example The age distribution of 77 people in a farm settlement is shown in the table below. Age (years) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 frequency 5 8 10 12 3 14 9 16 Construct a histogram and hence draw a frequency polygon of the above distribution Solution Age(years) 11 15 16 20 Class mark 13 18 Frequency 5 8 Class boundaries 10.5 15.5 15.5 20.5

21 25 26 30 31 35 36 40 41 45 46 50

23 28 33 38 43 48

10 12 3 14 9 16

20.5 25.5 25.5 30.5 30.5 35.5 35.5 40.5 40.5 45.5 45.5 50.5

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5 3 5.5 4 0.5 4 5.5 5 0.5

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE The sum of all the frequencies from the first to that of a particular class is called the cumulative frequency of that class in a frequency distribution. The graph of the cumulative frequency curve against the upper class boundary is called a cumulative frequency curve or Ogive. Example The table below shows the weekly profit in Naira from a mini- market. Weekly 1- 10 11-20 21- 30 31- 40 41- 50 profit frequency 6 6 12 11 10 (a) Draw the cumulative frequency graph of the data (b) From your graph, estimate the

51- 60 5

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(v)

Lower quartile Median Upper quartile Semi-interquartile range 80th percentile frequency 6 6 12 11 10 5 Class boundaries 0.5 10.5 10.5 20.5 20.5 30.5 30.5 40.5 40.5 50.5 50.5 60.5 Cumulative frequency 6 12 24 35 45 50

Solution Class interval 1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0.5 10.5 20.5 Q2 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5

(a) (i)

Median =

1 50 + 1 (n + 1) th , item = 2 2

= 25.25th item Q2 = 31.50

(ii)

80th percentile =

80 50 = 40 th , item 100 1

= 45.5

REVISION QUESTIONS
1. The table below shows the marks obtained by forty pupils in a mathematics test. Marks Number Pupils 09 of 4 10 19 5 20 29 6 30 39 12 40 49 8 50 59 5

Draw a histogram for the mark distribution. Use your histogram to estimate the mode. Calculate the median of the distribution.

2. The table gives the distribution of marks for 360 candidates who sat for an examination. Marks(% ) Number of candidat es 0 9 20 10 19 48 - 20 29 60 30 39 72 - 40 49 80 - 50 59 40 - 60 69 25 - 70 79 10 - 80 89 5 -

Draw a cumulative frequency curve for the distribution. Use your graph to estimate the semi-interquartile range.

If the minimum mark for distinction is 75%, how many candidates passed with distinction?

The table below shows how a man spends his income in a month. Items Food House rent Provisions Electricity Transportation others Amount Spent 4500 3000 2500 2000 5000 3000

Represent the information on a pie chart. What percentage of his income is spent on transportation?

The ages, in years, of 50 teachers in a school are given below: 21 50 30 46 26 37 29 26 31 38 49 23 42 33 34 27 24 39 29 49 49 29 34 28 45 42 31 23 43 27 26 36 21 47 25 33 22 32 40 33 46 27 41 34 39 40 38 46 44 40

Form a frequency distribution of the data using the intervals: 21 25, 26 30, 31 35, etc. Draw the histogram of the distribution. Use your histogram to estimate the mode.

Calculate the mean age.

The table shows the marks obtained by a group of students in a class test. Marks No. students 40 44 of 4 - 45 49 9 - 50 54 18 - 55 59 23 - 60 64 10 - 65 69 6 -

Draw a histogram for the distribution. Use your histogram to estimate the median of the distribution.

The table gives the distribution of marks of 60 candidates in a test. Marks frequenc y 23 - 25 3 26 28 7 - 29 - 31 15 32 - 34 21 35 - 37 10 38 40 4 -

Draw a cumulative frequency curve of the distribution. From your curve, estimate the 80th percentile; Median; Semi-interquartile range.

The distribution of the lives (in days) of 40 transistor batteries is shown in the table. Battery days) life (in 26 30 4 - 31 - 35 7 36 - 40 13 41 - 45 8 46 50 6 51 - 55 2

frequency

Draw a histogram for the distribution. Use your graph to determine the mode for the distribution.

The table shows the frequency distribution of the scores obtained by 100 students in an examination. Marks Frequen cy 30 39 9 - 40 49 14 - 50 - 59 32 60 69 20 - 70 79 15 - 80 - 89 7 90 - 99 3

Draw a cumulative frequency curve for the distribution. Use your curve to determine the: Median; Lower quartile; Lowest mark for distinction if 5% of the students passed with distinction.