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Chapter 9: Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics

9.1 Crack Tip Opening Displacement


9.1.1 CTOD by Elastic Approach
9.1.2 CTOD by Strip Yield Model
9.1.3 Alternate Definition of CTOD
9.1.4 Measurement of CTOD
Hinge Model
Modified Hinge Model
9.2 J-Integral (Energy release rate)
9.2.1 Definition
9.2.2 Computation of J
Analytical approach
Experimental approach
9.3 Crack Growth in Elastic Plastic Materials
9.3.1 Criteria for Crack Growth
9.3.2 J-R curves
9.3.3 Stability of Crack Growth and Tearing modulus
9.4 Summary
Applies to materials that exhibit time independent nonlinear behavior.
Example - Elastic-Plastic deformation
9.1 Crack Tip Opening Displacement
A. A. Wells (1961) Cranfield, U.K
Fracture tests on structural steels were found to be too tough to characterize by the
LEFM. Wells noticed that the crack faces move apart before fracture. Based on these
observations, he proposed Crack Tip Opening Displacement as a fracture criteria.
9.1.1 CTOD by Elastic Approach
Assuming the effective crack length is based on the Irwins plastic correction,
The opening displacement, is:
Where r
y
r
p
*

1
2
K
I
2

ys
2
, for P

condition.
3 4, for P

condition

3
1+
, for P

condition

E
2(1+)
, Shear modulus
CTOD
4

G
I

2u
y
2
+1

K
I
r
y
2
CTOD= 2v
y
=
4

K
I
2

ys
E
9.1.2 CTOD by Strip Yield Model

8

ys
a
E
ln Sec
a
2
ys




_
,


Replacing the logarithmic term ln by series, after simplification we get:

K
I
2

ys
E
1 +
1
6

2
ys




_
,


2
+...

'




;



CTOD=
K
I
2

ys
E

G
I

ys
, for P

condition
CTOD=
K
I
2
m
ys
E

G
I
m
ys
m is a non-dimensional factor,
m =1 for p-Stress
m = 2 for P-strain
9.1.3 Alternate Definitions of CTOD
(a) Displacement @ the original crack tip
(b) Displacement at the intersection of
90
o
points from the advancing crack tip.
These methods are commonly used in finite element analyses for estimation of
CTOD. The two methods become identical if the crack blunts in a semicircle.
9.1.4 Measurement of CTOD using Three-Point Bend Specimen
(a) Hinge Model
Extend crack flanks to an intersection point.
Calculate the rotation factor, r
From similar triangles
r W a ( )

V
r W a ( ) + a
Or

r W a ( )V
r W a ( ) + a
r(w-a)
a
(b) Modified Hinge Model
The hinge model is inaccurate when displacements are primarily elastic.

el
+
p

K
I
2
m
ys
E
*
+
r
p
W a ( )V
r
p
W a ( ) + a
P

Condition: m =1 & E
*
E
P

Condition : m=2 & E


*

E
1
2
Eshelbys Conservation of Energy Theorem: In a singly connected
domain (no singularities), the rate of change of potential energy () is zero.
9.2 The J-Integral
9.2.1 Definition
ds

T x
2
x
1
Where I, j, and k = 1,2 and
U is the strain energy density defined by
U()
ij
d
ij
0

J J
x1
Un
1

ij
u
i
x
1
n
j




_
,


ds

J J
x1
Un
1

ij
u
i
x
1
n
j




_
,


ds

0
J Udy
ij
u
i
x
1
n
j
ds




_
,


Q

Consider the crack extension in x


1
or x direction, then
Cherapanov (1966) and Rice (1967) applied the concept of
conservation of energy principles to crack problems and
showed that the J
x
integral is independent of the contour chosen
(path independent) and it measures the severity of the crack tip
if the integral is taken around a crack tip.
x
1
x
2
A
C
B

n
ds
9.2.2 J-integral is a variation of total potential energy
with respect to direction of crack growth
J
X
k

X
k
, where U V
U = Strain Energy
V = Potential Energy due to applied load
n
i
ds



x
i
dA
A

+

x
i
dA
A

Divergence Theorem:
x
1
x
2
A
C
B

n
ds
n
1
n
2
ds
dx
2
dx
1
n
1
n
2
Consider the J
xk
integral, the change of potential energy for a unit
translation in x
k
direction of the closed region .
J
x
k
Un
k

ij
u
i
x
k
n
j




_
,


ds

J
x
k

U
x
k A

dA
ij

x
j A

u
i
x
k




_
,


dA

ij
x
k A

u
i
x
k




_
,


dA
Apply divergence theorem
Interchange dummy variable (j & k), we get
J
x
k

U
x
k A

dA

x
k

ij
u
i
x
j
dA





1
]
1
1
OR J
x
k

x
k
U V ( )dA
A




1
]
1

x
k
9.2.3 Graphical Interpretation of J-Integral
A
B
E
Load
P
Displacement, v
v
P
a
a+a
J

a



_
,

Fixed P

a



_
,

Fixed v
J
v
a



_
,

0
P

dP Fixed P
J
P
a



_
,

0
v

dv Fixed v
For elastic materials, J = G, strain energy release rate.
9.2.4 Path Independence of J
Consider a contour integral D-C-B-A-F-E-D, Since it is a closed path
and does not include singularities, the total integral is zero.
x
1
x
2
A
C
B
D
F
E

I Q

DEF

+ Q

FA

+ Q

ABC

+ Q

CD

0
For traction free crack problems,
crack face integrals are zero.
I Q

DEF

+ Q

ABC

0 Q

DEF

CBA

J Q

DEF

CBA



x


a
or
Note: dx = da
Therefore, J is defined as the rate of change of total potential energy
with respect to the crack length.
The PE includes elastic and elastic plastic energy.
Thus J-integral is path independent.
9.2.5 Calculation of J Integral
(a) Analytical approach
Examples: Elastic (Cracked strip)
Elastic-plastic (Dugdale model)
(b) Experimental approach
Area between the load-deflection curves
for crack lengths a and a+da)
Elastic Problem: Semi-infinite crack in an infinite strip of thickness
2h subjected to uniform displacement in thickness direction.
E
F
o
A
B
C
D
x1
x2
vo
v0
x1 = -
x1 =
2h
Let the displacement @ x
2
= h be v
o
.
1. Select the contour path, OA, AB, BC,
CD, DE, EF, and FO.
2. Create a table of normal vectors
displacements, and stresses.
3. From the table it is clear that only line integral
on the path CD will contribute to the J.
First term:
J
x1
Un
1

ij
u
i
x
1
n
j




_
,


ds

CD

U
1
2

11

11
+
22

22
+
12

12
( )
Ev
o
2
2h
2

Ev
o
2
2h
2
CD

ds
Ev
o
2
2h
2
ds
h
h

Ev
o
2
h
Second term:

11
u
1
x
1
n
1
+
12
u
1
x
1
n
2
+
21
u
2
x
1
n
1
+
22
u
2
x
1
n
2
0 + 0+ 0 + 0
J
Ev
o
2
h
Dugdale Strip Yield Example
Consider a contour G within the yield zone and on the top and bottom
surfaces of the crack faces. That is the distance traversed in x
2
-direction
is zero.
J
x 1
Un
1

ij
u
i
x
1
n
j




_
,


ds

CD

The contour path is along A0, OB and BA. On the path AO and OB
Stresses:
11
=
12
= 0 and
22
=
ys
Normal Vectors:
n
1
= 0 and n
2
= -1 on AO
n
1
= 0 and n
2
= 1 on OB
n
1
= -1 and n
2
= 0 on BA (zero distance)
Because n
1
is zero on both AO and OB, the integral of
strain energy density is zero, only the second part of the integral
contributes to the J-integral.
2a

A
B
O
d
Contour path

J
22
u
2
x
1
n
2
ds

J
u
2
+
x
1

u
2

x
1



1
]
1 dx
1
0
d

J
(u
2
+
u
2

)
x
1



1
]
1 dx
1
0
d

Because =u
2
+
u
2

J d(u
2
+
u
2

)
0
d

+ ()d
0
d

For elastic - plastic materials, () =


ys
, then
J
ys

o
,
Where
o
is the crack tip opening displacement.
2a

A
B
O
d
Contour path

Experimental Measurement of J
Landes & Begleys Method
J =-
1
B
U
a
( )
fixed
9.3 Crack Growth in Elastic-Plastic Materials
Stable
crack
growth
a
af
a
JR-curve
Rf
JR
No Fracture
Fracture
J
R
Curve
Crack growth criteria
Initiation of growth:
J J
o
During the stable growth: J J
R
Stability of Crack Growth
Crack growth is stable if the rate of change of J W.r.t a is less than
the rate of change of J
R
with respect to a, crack length.
Crack growth is stable if
dJ
da
<
dJ
R
da
Crack growth is unstable if
dJ
da

dJ
R
da
Tearing Modulus:
Paris, Tada, Zahoor & Ernst defined the J-R stability equation
in a non-dimensionalized form as
Crack growth is unstable if
E

ys
2
dJ
da

ys
2
dJ
R
da
Tearing modulus T T
mat
, Tearing resistance of the material.
Hutchinson and Rice & Rosengren independently showed that J characterizes the
crack tip condition in a nonlinear elastic material. They assumed power law
relationship between stress and plastic strain. If the elastic strains are included, the
uniaxial stress-strain equation is given by
J as a Stress Intensity Parameter

o
+

o




_
,


n
Ramberg-Osgood Equation
HRR showed that for J to be path independent, stress and strain must vary as 1/r.
In addition, near the crack tip elastic strains are small compare to total strains and
thus the stress-strain equation reduces to a simple power law.
From these 2 conditions

ij
k
1
J
r



_
,

1
n+1

ij
k
1
J
r



_
,

n
n+1
k1 and k2 are constants. The above equation reduce to square root singularity for n=1.

ij

o
EJ

2
I
n
r




_
,


1
n+1

ij
(n,)
ij

o
E
EJ

2
I
n
r




_
,


n
n+1


ij
(n, )
J define s the amplitude of the HRR singularity. A structure in a small scale yielding has 2
singularity dominated zones. Elastic zone and plastic zone.
Power law eq.:

o




_
,


n
Under J field

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