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1
2
K
I
2
ys
2
, for P
condition.
3 4, for P
condition
3
1+
, for P
condition
E
2(1+)
, Shear modulus
CTOD
4
G
I
2u
y
2
+1
K
I
r
y
2
CTOD= 2v
y
=
4
K
I
2
ys
E
9.1.2 CTOD by Strip Yield Model
8
ys
a
E
ln Sec
a
2
ys
_
,
Replacing the logarithmic term ln by series, after simplification we get:
K
I
2
ys
E
1 +
1
6
2
ys
_
,
2
+...
'
;
CTOD=
K
I
2
ys
E
G
I
ys
, for P
condition
CTOD=
K
I
2
m
ys
E
G
I
m
ys
m is a non-dimensional factor,
m =1 for p-Stress
m = 2 for P-strain
9.1.3 Alternate Definitions of CTOD
(a) Displacement @ the original crack tip
(b) Displacement at the intersection of
90
o
points from the advancing crack tip.
These methods are commonly used in finite element analyses for estimation of
CTOD. The two methods become identical if the crack blunts in a semicircle.
9.1.4 Measurement of CTOD using Three-Point Bend Specimen
(a) Hinge Model
Extend crack flanks to an intersection point.
Calculate the rotation factor, r
From similar triangles
r W a ( )
V
r W a ( ) + a
Or
r W a ( )V
r W a ( ) + a
r(w-a)
a
(b) Modified Hinge Model
The hinge model is inaccurate when displacements are primarily elastic.
el
+
p
K
I
2
m
ys
E
*
+
r
p
W a ( )V
r
p
W a ( ) + a
P
Condition: m =1 & E
*
E
P
E
1
2
Eshelbys Conservation of Energy Theorem: In a singly connected
domain (no singularities), the rate of change of potential energy () is zero.
9.2 The J-Integral
9.2.1 Definition
ds
T x
2
x
1
Where I, j, and k = 1,2 and
U is the strain energy density defined by
U()
ij
d
ij
0
J J
x1
Un
1
ij
u
i
x
1
n
j
_
,
ds
J J
x1
Un
1
ij
u
i
x
1
n
j
_
,
ds
0
J Udy
ij
u
i
x
1
n
j
ds
_
,
Q
n
ds
9.2.2 J-integral is a variation of total potential energy
with respect to direction of crack growth
J
X
k
X
k
, where U V
U = Strain Energy
V = Potential Energy due to applied load
n
i
ds
x
i
dA
A
+
x
i
dA
A
Divergence Theorem:
x
1
x
2
A
C
B
n
ds
n
1
n
2
ds
dx
2
dx
1
n
1
n
2
Consider the J
xk
integral, the change of potential energy for a unit
translation in x
k
direction of the closed region .
J
x
k
Un
k
ij
u
i
x
k
n
j
_
,
ds
J
x
k
U
x
k A
dA
ij
x
j A
u
i
x
k
_
,
dA
ij
x
k A
u
i
x
k
_
,
dA
Apply divergence theorem
Interchange dummy variable (j & k), we get
J
x
k
U
x
k A
dA
x
k
ij
u
i
x
j
dA
1
]
1
1
OR J
x
k
x
k
U V ( )dA
A
1
]
1
x
k
9.2.3 Graphical Interpretation of J-Integral
A
B
E
Load
P
Displacement, v
v
P
a
a+a
J
a
_
,
Fixed P
a
_
,
Fixed v
J
v
a
_
,
0
P
dP Fixed P
J
P
a
_
,
0
v
dv Fixed v
For elastic materials, J = G, strain energy release rate.
9.2.4 Path Independence of J
Consider a contour integral D-C-B-A-F-E-D, Since it is a closed path
and does not include singularities, the total integral is zero.
x
1
x
2
A
C
B
D
F
E
I Q
DEF
+ Q
FA
+ Q
ABC
+ Q
CD
0
For traction free crack problems,
crack face integrals are zero.
I Q
DEF
+ Q
ABC
0 Q
DEF
CBA
J Q
DEF
CBA
x
a
or
Note: dx = da
Therefore, J is defined as the rate of change of total potential energy
with respect to the crack length.
The PE includes elastic and elastic plastic energy.
Thus J-integral is path independent.
9.2.5 Calculation of J Integral
(a) Analytical approach
Examples: Elastic (Cracked strip)
Elastic-plastic (Dugdale model)
(b) Experimental approach
Area between the load-deflection curves
for crack lengths a and a+da)
Elastic Problem: Semi-infinite crack in an infinite strip of thickness
2h subjected to uniform displacement in thickness direction.
E
F
o
A
B
C
D
x1
x2
vo
v0
x1 = -
x1 =
2h
Let the displacement @ x
2
= h be v
o
.
1. Select the contour path, OA, AB, BC,
CD, DE, EF, and FO.
2. Create a table of normal vectors
displacements, and stresses.
3. From the table it is clear that only line integral
on the path CD will contribute to the J.
First term:
J
x1
Un
1
ij
u
i
x
1
n
j
_
,
ds
CD
U
1
2
11
11
+
22
22
+
12
12
( )
Ev
o
2
2h
2
Ev
o
2
2h
2
CD
ds
Ev
o
2
2h
2
ds
h
h
Ev
o
2
h
Second term:
11
u
1
x
1
n
1
+
12
u
1
x
1
n
2
+
21
u
2
x
1
n
1
+
22
u
2
x
1
n
2
0 + 0+ 0 + 0
J
Ev
o
2
h
Dugdale Strip Yield Example
Consider a contour G within the yield zone and on the top and bottom
surfaces of the crack faces. That is the distance traversed in x
2
-direction
is zero.
J
x 1
Un
1
ij
u
i
x
1
n
j
_
,
ds
CD
The contour path is along A0, OB and BA. On the path AO and OB
Stresses:
11
=
12
= 0 and
22
=
ys
Normal Vectors:
n
1
= 0 and n
2
= -1 on AO
n
1
= 0 and n
2
= 1 on OB
n
1
= -1 and n
2
= 0 on BA (zero distance)
Because n
1
is zero on both AO and OB, the integral of
strain energy density is zero, only the second part of the integral
contributes to the J-integral.
2a
A
B
O
d
Contour path
J
22
u
2
x
1
n
2
ds
J
u
2
+
x
1
u
2
x
1
1
]
1 dx
1
0
d
J
(u
2
+
u
2
)
x
1
1
]
1 dx
1
0
d
Because =u
2
+
u
2
J d(u
2
+
u
2
)
0
d
+ ()d
0
d
o
,
Where
o
is the crack tip opening displacement.
2a
A
B
O
d
Contour path
Experimental Measurement of J
Landes & Begleys Method
J =-
1
B
U
a
( )
fixed
9.3 Crack Growth in Elastic-Plastic Materials
Stable
crack
growth
a
af
a
JR-curve
Rf
JR
No Fracture
Fracture
J
R
Curve
Crack growth criteria
Initiation of growth:
J J
o
During the stable growth: J J
R
Stability of Crack Growth
Crack growth is stable if the rate of change of J W.r.t a is less than
the rate of change of J
R
with respect to a, crack length.
Crack growth is stable if
dJ
da
<
dJ
R
da
Crack growth is unstable if
dJ
da
dJ
R
da
Tearing Modulus:
Paris, Tada, Zahoor & Ernst defined the J-R stability equation
in a non-dimensionalized form as
Crack growth is unstable if
E
ys
2
dJ
da
ys
2
dJ
R
da
Tearing modulus T T
mat
, Tearing resistance of the material.
Hutchinson and Rice & Rosengren independently showed that J characterizes the
crack tip condition in a nonlinear elastic material. They assumed power law
relationship between stress and plastic strain. If the elastic strains are included, the
uniaxial stress-strain equation is given by
J as a Stress Intensity Parameter
o
+
o
_
,
n
Ramberg-Osgood Equation
HRR showed that for J to be path independent, stress and strain must vary as 1/r.
In addition, near the crack tip elastic strains are small compare to total strains and
thus the stress-strain equation reduces to a simple power law.
From these 2 conditions
ij
k
1
J
r
_
,
1
n+1
ij
k
1
J
r
_
,
n
n+1
k1 and k2 are constants. The above equation reduce to square root singularity for n=1.
ij
o
EJ
2
I
n
r
_
,
1
n+1
ij
(n,)
ij
o
E
EJ
2
I
n
r
_
,
n
n+1
ij
(n, )
J define s the amplitude of the HRR singularity. A structure in a small scale yielding has 2
singularity dominated zones. Elastic zone and plastic zone.
Power law eq.:
o
_
,
n
Under J field