1st Tranche Slides

Dipartimento di Elettronica
Informatica e Sistemistica
G. Tartarini Advanced Electromagnetic Transmission Techniques and Devices
Electromagnetic Technologies for Link Design M
Outline of the III Module of the course

Modal propagation and transmission properties of dielectric
waveguides (Dielectric slab, Optical Fiber)

Optical transmitters, receivers and main optical devices:
fundamentals and principal characteristics.

Engineering and design aspects of present optical transmission
systems.
(Course notes: http://elearning.ing.unibo.it/)

Application scenarios of optical fiber links

mono-mode
fiber
fiber/copper
mono-mode
fiber
multi-mode
fiber
multi-mode
fiber

IP network
Central
Office
Access Networks
In-Building Networks
Core Network
Basic Fiber Optic Communication System
Directly
Modulated
Transmitter
(Based on LED
or LASER)
Input
Electrical
Signal
(Digital
Or
Analog)
Optical
Fibre
Direct Detection
Receiver
(Based on PIN or
APD)
Output
Electrical
Signal
(Digital
Or
Analog)

Ex.: Optical Fibre Submarine systems
Up to 9000 km
of total length

National,
Transoceanic
and
Intercontinental
links

Very high
capacity,
high quality
requred.
Ex.: Optical Fibre Access Network
Typical distances
1 20 km

Metropolitan
Area
Network (MAN),
Fiber to the home
(FTTH),
Fiber to the Curb
(FTTC)

High
capacity,
high quality
requred.
Radio coverage of:
Crowded sites
Non-LOS Areas
(Line Of Sight)

Unit (RAU)
Indoor
RAU
Radio Base
Station (RBS)
Outdoor Remote Antenna
Optical
Fiber
Ex.: Fiber Distributed Antenna Systems
Advantages of Fiber Optic Transmission
High Bandwidth ( High Bit Rate )

Low Attenuation

Short Dimensions

No interference
Band utilized in optical communications
Sonar
Servo-
mechanisms
Radio
Radar
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X Rays
Gamma
Rays
Cellular
Telephones
TV
1 Mm 1 km 1 m 1 mm 1 nm 1 m
1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 10
15
Hz 10
18
Hz
(f)
()
Frequency Band utilized in Optical Communications
Band expressed as Af or A
From ITU-T Recommendation G-692.
Nominal Frequencies in C band (1528-1561 nm):
81 carriers separated by Af=50 GHz starting from 196.1 THz
In terms of the range goes from 1528.77 nm to 1560.61 nm
The interval A is not constant. It goes from 0.389 nm to 0.405 nm
196.1 THz
196.05 THz
192.1 THz
1528.77 nm
1560.61 nm
Review on dB,dBm, dB(Hz), etc.
Attenuation : P
1
/P
2

Attenuation|
Logarithmic units
= 10 log
10
(P
1
/P
2
) (dB)
Gain/Loss: P
2
/P
1

Gain/Loss|
Logarithmic units
= 10 log
10
(P
2
/P
1
) (dB)
etc.
P
1

P
2

Adimensional quantities dB:
Note : Attenuation
FIBER
=10
oL/10
Attenuation
FIBER
|
Logarithmic units
=oL (dB) [o]=[dB/km]
Power Level|
Logarithmic units
: dB(W), dB(mW) [or dBm], etc
Bandwidth|
Logarithmic units
: dB (Hz)
Temperature|
Logarithmic units
: dB (K)
etc.
Non-Adimensional quantities (W, Hz ) dB(W), dB(Hz)
The Optical Transmission Channel
Electromagnetic Fundamentals to be recalled:
Plane waves propagation in homogeneous media
Continuity Conditions / Reflection Coefficients of the
electromagnetic field
Dielectric slab: analythical resolution
From the dielectric slab to the optical fiber
Transmission characteristics
Attenuation
Dispersion
Non linearities (not treated here)
The Dielectric Slab: Description
x
z
(n
2
)
(n
1
)
0
...
=
c
c
y
y
(x=d)
(x=-d)
(n
2
)
Waveguide invariant
in the y and z directions.

Central layer
of refraction index n
1
and
of thickness 2d

Two external Layers
of refraction indexes n
2
< n
1
,
infinitely extended in the
+x and x directions.
The field is invariant in the y direction

The field propagates in the z direction
z j z j
(x)e H (x)e E (x,z) (x,z)
| |
= , H , E
Procedure followed to find Slab guided modes
1. Resolution of Maxwells Equations in the three regions
Plane Wave solutions in the three regions
2. Imposition of
continuity conditions of at the interfaces through either:

Coefficients I
TE
and I
TM

+ consistency condition
on the equiphase planes

Achievement of the Characteristic Equation (TE/TM, even/odd)
3. Resolution of the Characteristic Equation
Modes propagation constant
Modes amplitude behavior
Creation and Resolution of a
Homogeneous linear System

y y z z
H E H E , , ,
Plane Wave solutions in the three materials: TE case
x
z
y
z j x
y y
e e E z x
|
=
2
2 2
) , ( E
Upper layer:
evanescent plane wave
z j x jk
y
z j x jk
y y
e e E
e e E z x
x
x
|
|
+

+
+
+ =
1
1
1
1 1
) , (

E
Central layer:
uniform plane waves
z j x
y y
e e E z x
| +
=
2
' 2 ' 2
) , ( E
Lower layer:
1 x
k
|
1 x
k
|
i
b
1
r
b
1
|
2 2
j k
x
=
2 ' 2
j k
x
=
|
2
0 2
2
2
' 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
2
) ( ; ' 2 , 2 , 1 , ) ( k n k k i k n k
x x i xi
= = = = = | | where:
In each one of the three layers, we have z x y
z x y
H H H E E + = = ,
Reflection Coefficients at the interfaces: TE case
x
z
y
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
+
=
= = I
1
2 1
1
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
1
cos cos
cos cos
x
x
x
k
jtg
x
x
x x
x x
t i
t i
d jk
y
d jk
y
TE
e
j k
j k
k k
k k
n n
n n
e E
e E
0 0
0 0
2 2
j k
x
=
2 ' 2
j k
x
=
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

+

= = = I
1
2 1
1
1
2
1
1
...
x
x
x
k
jtg
d jk
y
d jk
y
TE
e
e E
e E

x
z
y
The triangular points belonging
to the same equi-phase plane must be
separated in phase
by an integer multiple of 2t.

The same for the square points.

Considering e. g. points A and C, it
must be:
A
'
C
'
B
' '
B
' '
C
TE
C B jn
TE
AB jn
A
y
m j
A
y
C
y
e
e E
e E E
I
I =
= =
+ +
' ' '
0 1
'
0 1
' '
1
2
1 1
|
|
t
Consistency Condition on Equiphase planes: TE case
It must then be:
t
0
|
0
0
|
jm
k
jtg
d
jn
k
jtg
d
jn
e
e
e
e
e
x
i
x
i
i
2
2
cos
2
2
2 cos
cos
2
1
2
1
0 1
1
2
1
0 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=

x
z
y
A
'
C
'
B
' '
B
' '
C
i
d
C B
0 cos
2
' ' '
=
i
i
d
AB 0
0
2 cos
cos
2
'
=
+d
-d
) (
'
C B span
' '

) (
'
AB span
TE
I
TE
I
Consistency Condition on Equiphase planes: TE case
Characteristic Equation: TE case
|
.
|
\
|
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
2 4 4
2 4 4 cos
2 4 ) 2 cos 1 (
cos
2
1 1 2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
0 1
1
2
1
0 1
2
2
cos
2
2 2 cos
cos
2
1
2 1
0 1
1
2 1
0 1
t
t
0 |
t
0
0
|
t
0
|
0
0
|
m d k tg d k d m
k
tg d k
m
k
tg d n
m
k
tg
d
n
e e e e e
x x
x
x
x
i
x
i
i
jm
k
jtg
d
jn
k
jtg
d
jn
x i x
i
i

( ) | |
( ) | | odd m d k d k d
even m d k tg d k d
x x
x x
,
,
1 1 2
1 1 2
cot =
=
We obtain then:
u
w
t/2 t 3t/2
Curve
where v is the
Normalized Frequency:
2
2
2
1 0
2
2
2
1
) ( ) (
n n d
d d k v
x
=
= + =
|

Odd Modes
( )
( ) ) ( cot ) cot( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 2
1 1 2
modes odd
even modes
u u w d k d k d
u tg u w d k tg d k d
x x
x x
= =
= =
2
1
2
2
) ( d k v d
x
=
Resolution of the Characteristic Equation: TE case
From the characteristic equation we have:
Moreover, it must be:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
1
) ( v w u n n d d d k
x
= + = + |
Even Modes
Exploiting the relations:

We can solve numerically
the equation (e.g. TE case with m=0):

For e~0 it is |~n
2
|
0
. For e it is |~n
1
|
0
.
2
0 2
2
2
2 2
0 1 1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
d n d d
d d n d k
x
| |
| |
=
=
] ) ( ) ( [ ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
0 1
2 2
0 1
2
0 2
2
d d n tg d d n d n d | | | | | | =
|
e
1 0 0 1
n n c e | =
2 0 0 2
n n c e | =
|(e)
...

Dispersion curves |(e): TE case
m=0
(TE
0
)
m=1
(TE
1
)

The following relations are
expoited:

The plot is more readable
The curves can be referred to waveguides different from each other
Only one TE mode propagates when it is 0<v<t / 2
2
2
2
1 0
2
0 2
2
0 1
2
0 2
2
) ( ) (
) (
n n d k v
k n k n
k n
b
=

=
|
b
v
...
1
Normalized Dispersion Curves b(v) : TE case
t / 2 0
(TE
0
)
(TE
1
)

Behavior of |E
y
| for the modes TE
m
(m even, m=2k)
x
z
y
+
+
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
= =
= = I
1 1
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1
y y
d jk
k d k j
k
jtg
d jk
y
y
TE
E E
e e
e
e
E
E
x
x
x
x
t
Considering for example the upper interface, we have from the characteristic equation:
In the central layer the field Ey is given by:
( ) ( )
z j
x y
z j x jk x jk
y y
e x k E e e e E z x
x x
| | +
+
= + =
1 1 1 1
cos ) , (
1 1
E
Behavior of |E
y
| for the modes TE
m
(m even)
x
z
d
-d
|E
y1
|
Ex. mode TE
0

x
z
d
-d
|E
y1
|
Ex. mode TE
2

( ) ( ) x k E e x k E z x
x y
z j
x y y 1 1 1 1 1
cos cos ) , ( = =
|
E
In the central layer
the expression is given by
2 2 2
0
1 1
t t t
s s s s x k d k
x x
2
3
2
3
2
3
1 1
t t t
t s s s s x k d k
x x
Behavior of |E
y
| for the modes TE
m
(m odd, m=2k+1)
x
z
y
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
= =
= = I
1 1
2 2
) 1 2 ( 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1
y y
j d jk
k d k j
k
jtg
d jk
y
y
TE
E E
e e e
e
e
E
E
x
x
x
x
t
t
In the central layer the field Ey is given by:
( ) ( )
z j
x y
z j x jk x jk
y y
e x k E e e e E z x
x x
| | +
+
= =
1 1 1 1
sin ) , (
1 1
E
Behavior of |E
y
| for the modes TE
m
(m odd)
x
z
d
-d
|E
y1
|
Ex. mode TE
1

x
z
d
-d
|E
y1
|
Ex. mode TE
3

( ) ( ) x k E e x k E z x
x y
z j
x y y 1 1 1 1 1
sin sin ) , ( = =
|
E
t t t
t
s s s s x k d k
x x 1 1
2
t t t
t
2 2 2
2
3
1 1
s s s s x k d k
x x
In general |E
y
| of mode TE
m
assumes m times the `0` value for d x d s s
Plane Wave solutions in the three materials: TM case
x
z
y
z j x
y y
e e H z x
|
=
2
2 2
) , ( H
Upper layer:
z j x jk
y
z j x jk
y y
e e H
e e H z x
x
x
|
|
+

+
+
+ =
1
1
1
1 1
) , (

H
Central layer:
uniform plane waves
z j x
y y
e e H z x
| +
=
2
' 2 ' 2
) , ( H
Lower layer:
1 x
k
|
1 x
k
|
i
b
1
r
b
1
|
2 2
j k
x
=
2 ' 2
j k
x
=
|
2
0 2
2
2
' 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
2
) ( ; ' 2 , 2 , 1 , ) ( k n k k i k n k
x x i xi
= = = = = | | where:
In each one of the three layers, we have z x y
z x y
E E E H H + = = ,
Plane Wave solutions in the three materials: TM case
x
z
y
z j x
y y
e e H z x
|
=
2
2 2
) , ( H
Upper layer:
z j x jk
y
z j x jk
y y
e e H
e e H z x
x
x
|
|
+

+
+
+ =
1
1
1
1 1
) , (

H
Central layer:
uniform plane waves
z j x
y y
e e H z x
| +
=
2
' 2 ' 2
) , ( H
Lower layer:
1 x
k
|
1 x
k
|
i
b
1
r
b
1
|
2 2
j k
x
=
2 ' 2
j k
x
=
|
2
0 2
2
2
' 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
2
) ( ; ' 2 , 2 , 1 , ) ( k n k k i k n k
x x i xi
= = = = = | |
where:
Reflection Coefficients at the interfaces: TM case
x
z
y
2 2
j k
x
=
2 ' 2
j k
x
=
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

+

= = = I
1
2
1 2
2 1
1
1
/
2
1
1
...
x
x
x
k n n
jtg
d jk
y
d jk
y
TM
e
e H
e H

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
= = I
1
2
1 2
2 1
1
1
/
2
2 1
2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
1
/
/
/
/
cos cos
cos cos
x
x
x
k n n
jtg
x
x
x x
x x
t i
t i
d jk
y
d jk
y
TM
e
j k n n
j k n n
k k n n
k k n n
n n
n n
e H
e H
0 0
0 0
x
z
y
The triangular points belonging
to the same equi-phase plane must be
separated in phase
by an integer multiple of 2t.

The same for the square points.

Considering e. g. points A and C, it
must be:
A
'
C
'
B
' '
B
' '
C
TM
C B jn
TM
AB jn
A
y
m j
A
y
C
y
e
e H
e H H
I
I =
= =
+ +
' ' '
0 1
'
0 1
' '
1
2
1 1
|
|
t
Consistency Condition on Equiphase planes: TM case
It must then be:
t
0
|
0
0
|
jm
k n n
jtg
d
jn
k n n
jtg
d
jn
e
e
e
e
e
x
i
x
i
i
2
) / (
2
cos
2
) / (
2
2 cos
cos
2
1
2
1 2
2
1
0 1
1
2
1 2
2
1
0 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=

x
z
y
A
'
C
'
B
' '
B
' '
C
i
d
C B
0 cos
2
' ' '
=
i
i
d
AB 0
0
2 cos
cos
2
'
=
+d
-d
)
(
'
C B
span
' '

)
(
'
AB
span
TM
I
TM
I
Consistency Condition on Equiphase planes: TM case
Characteristic Equation: TM case
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
2
) / (
4 4
2
) / (
4 4 cos
2 4 ) 2 cos 1 (
cos
2
1 1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
2
1 2
2
1
0 1
1
2
1
0 1
2
2
cos
2
2 2 cos
cos
2
1
2 1
0 1
1
2 1
0 1
t
t
0 |
t
0
0
|
t
0
|
0
0
|
m d k tg d k
n
n
d m
k n n
tg d k
m
k n n
tg d n
m
k
tg
d
n
e e e e e
x x
x
x
x
i
x
i
i
jm
k
jtg
d
jn
k
jtg
d
jn
x i x
i
i

( ) | |
( ) | | odd m d k d k n n d
even m d k tg d k n n d
x x
x x
,
,
1 1
2
1 2 2
1 1
2
1 2 2
cot ) / (
) / (
=
=
We obtain then:
u
w
t/2 t 3t/2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) ( cot ) / ( ), ( cot
) ( ) / ( ), (
2
1 2
2
1 2
odd odd
even even
TM u u n n w TE u u w
TM u tg u n n w TE u tg u w
= =
= =
Resolution of TE and TM Characteristic Equations
From the characteristic equation we have:
Moreover, it must be:
TE
0
TM
0
TM
1
TE
1
TM
2
TE
2
TM
3
TE
3
The graphic solution gives the
values of
d w d k u
x 2 1
, = =
2 2
u v w =
of the guided modes for a given value
of the normalized frequency:
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 0
) / ( n n d c n n d v = = e |
Exploiting again the relations:

We can solve numerically
the equation to find |(e)
(e.g. TM case with m=0):

and add the TM dispersion curves to the TE ones
2
0 2
2
2
2 2
0 1 1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
d n d d
d d n d k
x
| |
| |
=
=
( ) ] ) ( ) ( [ ) ( ) ( /
) ( ) (
2 2
0 1
2 2
0 1
2
1 2
2
0 2
2
d d n tg d d n n n
d n d
| | | |
| |
=
=
|
e
1 0
0 1
n
n
c e
|
=
=
2 0
0 2
n
n
c e
|
=
=
...
Dispersion curves |(e): TE and TM case
(TE
0
)
(TE
1
)
(TM
0
)
(TM
1
)

The following relations are
expoited:

The plot is more readable
The curves can be referred to waveguides different from each other
Only one TE and one TM mode propagate when it is 0<v<t / 2
2
2
2
1 0
2
0 2
2
0 1
2
0 2
2
) ( ) (
) (
n n d k v
k n k n
k n
b
=

=
|
b
v
...
1
TE and TM normalized Dispersion Curves b(v)
t / 2 0
(TE
0
)
(TE
1
)

(TM
0
)
(TM
1
)
Behavior of |H
y
| for the modes TM
m
(m even, m=2k)
x
z
y
+
+
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
= =
= = I
1 1
2 2
2 2
) / (
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1 2
2 1
1
y y
d jk
k d k j
k n n
jtg
d jk
y
y
TM
H H
e e
e
e
H
H
x
x
x
x
t
In the central layer the field Hy is given by:
( ) ( )
z j
x y
z j x jk x jk
y y
e x k H e e e H z x
x x
| | +
+
= + =
1 1 1 1
cos ) , (
1 1
H
Behavior of |H
y
| for the modes TM
m
(m even)
x
z
d
-d
|H
y1
|
Ex. mode TM
0

x
z
d
-d
|H
y1
|
Ex. mode TM
2

( ) ( ) x k H e x k H z x
x y
z j
x y y 1 1 1 1 1
cos cos ) , ( = =
|
H
2 2 2
0
1 1
t t t
s s s s x k d k
x x
2
3
2
3
2
3
1 1
t t t
t s s s s x k d k
x x
Behavior of |H
y
| for the modes TM
m
(m odd, m=2k+1)
x
z
y
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
= =
= = I
1 1
2 2
) 1 2 ( 2
) / (
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1 2
2 1
1
y y
j d jk
k d k j
k n n
jtg
d jk
y
y
TM
H H
e e e
e
e
H
H
x
x
x
x
t
t
In the central layer the field Hy is given by:
( ) ( )
z j
x y
z j x jk x jk
y y
e x k H e e e H z x
x x
| | +
+
= =
1 1 1 1
sin ) , (
1 1
H
Behavior of |H
y
| for the modes TM
m
(m odd)
x
z
d
-d
|H
y1
|
Ex. mode TM
1

x
z
d
-d
|H
y1
|
Ex. mode TM
3

( ) ( ) x k H e x k H z x
x y
z j
x y y 1 1 1 1 1
sin sin ) , ( = =
|
H
t t t
t
s s s s x k d k
x x 1 1
2
t t t
t
2 2 2
2
3
1 1
s s s s x k d k
x x
In general |H
y
| of mode TM
m
assumes m times the `0` value for d x d s s
Guided Modes and Radiation Modes
2 2
0 1
2
1
) ( | | = n k
x
2
|
2
2
2 2
0 2
2
2
) ( | | = = n k
x
2
0 1
) ( | n
2
0 2
) ( | n
0
0
0
Plane
waves
propagating
along z
Plane
waves
propagating
along x
in the
central
layer
Plane
waves
propagating
along x
in the
outer
layers
Plane
waves
attenuating
along z
Plane
waves
attenuating along x
in the outer layers
}
}
}
Guided
Modes
Radiation
modes
propagating
along z
Radiation
modes
attenuating
along z
The set of guided and radiation modes forms a Complete Set of Solutions of Maxwells
Equations for the dielectric slab Any field of the slab can be expressed as a linear
combination of these modes
The Optical Fiber: Classification
Silica
Fibres
Plastic
Fibres
Single Mode
Multimode
Multimode
Graded
Index
Step
Index
Step
Index
Graded
Index
Step
Index
Standard
Dispersion
Shifted

P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
S
+
C
O
S
T
S
Long Distance
Connections
In-Building,
Local Area
Connections
Home
Connections
}
}
}
Core: SiO
2
+ GeO
2

10 m (Single Mode),
50, 62.5 m (Multi Mode),
n
1
~ 1.443

Cladding: SiO
2

125 m
n
2
~ 1.44

Primary Coating
400 m

Secondary Coating
1 mm
Silica Optical Fibres
Core:
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA),
Perfluorinate (CYTOP),
62.5 m 980 m
n
1
~ 1.49

Cladding): Other Polymeric
material
250 m 1 mm
n
2
~ 1.41

External coating
~2 mm
Plastic Optical Fibers
n
1
>n
2

r
|
n
2
n
1
a

1. Resolution of Maxwells Equations in the three regions
Solutions in terms of Bessel functions in the three
regions

2. Imposition of
continuity conditions of at the
interface r = a
Homogeneous Linear System to be solved
Achievement of the Characteristic Equation (TE/TM,
even/odd)

3. Resolution of the Characteristic Equation
Modes propagation constant
Modes amplitude behavior

H E H E , , ,
z z
) (e |
Procedure to find Optical Fiber Guided Modes
z j
z z r r
z j
z j
z z r r
z j
e i H i H i H e r ,z) (r
e i E i E i E e r ,z) (r
|

|
|

|
| |
| |

+ + = =
+ + = =
)

( ) , ( ,
)

( ) , ( ,
H
E
H
E
Evaluation of E
z
, H
z
:
| |
| | 0 ) (
0 ) (
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
2
= + V
= + V
z i z
z i z
H n H
E n E
| |
| |
Evaluation of E
t
, H
t
:
)
(
) (
1

)
(
) (
1

2 2
0
2 2
0
z t z i z t
i
r r
t
z t z z t
i
r r
t
E i j H j
k n
i H i H
H i j E j
k n
i E i E
V + V
= + =
V V
= + =
ec |
|
e |
|

H
E
r
|
n
2
n
1
(2.1)
(2.2)
Solving Procedure of Maxwells Equations
(i=1 for core
i=2 for cladding)
Where:
J
m
( ) = Bessel Function of First Kind of order m
K
m
( ) = Modified Bessel Function of Second Kind of order m
Solving (2.1) (2.2) in cyilindrical coordinates yields:
r < a
r > a
r < a
r > a
2
0 2
2
2
2
2
2
0 1
2
1
| |
| |
n
n k
t
=
=
Expressions of
r
|
n
2
n
1
z z
H E ,
| |
| |
| |
| |
+
+
=
+
+
=
z j
m
z j
t m
z
z j
m
z j
t m
z
e m D m D r) ( K
e m C m C r) (k J
,z) (r
e m B m B r) ( K
e m A m A r) (k J
,z) (r
|
|
|
|

|

|
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
,
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos(
,
2 1 2
2 1 1
2 1 2
2 1 1
H
E
Imposing the Continuity Condition the Characteristic Equation is obtained
Introducing the approximation A = (n
1
2
- n
2
2
) / (2 n
1
2
) << 1 it becomes:
1 1 1 2
2 1
2 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
m t m
t
m m t
J k a K a
a k a
K a J k a

=
In (2.3) either upper or lower signs can be chosen
In this way Linearly Polarized (LP
mn
) modes are found

Subscript m: expresses the azimuthal periodicity
Sunscript n: expresses the radial dependence

Eq. (2.3) can be solved graphically, imposing the condition u
2
+w
2
=v
2

(2.3)
Expression of the Characteristic Equation
Review on Bessel Functions of First Kind
) (
0
x J
) (
1
x J
Zeros of J
0
(x):
2.4048
5.5201
8.6537

Zeros of J
1
(x):
3.8317
7.0156
10.1735

Review on Modified Bessel Functions of Second Kind
) (
0
x K
) (
1
x K
All K
m
(x) tend to
for x0 and fall
exponentially
for increasing x.

The ratio K
m
(x)/ K
m+1
(x)
tend to 1 for increasing x

Both ratios
x*K
m
(x)/ K
m+1
(x) and
x*K
m+1
(x)/ K
m
(x)
are equal to 0
for x=0 and
tend to x for increasing x

2 4 6 8 10
) ) ( (
) ) ( (
) (
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
1 2
1
2
a k v K
a k v K
a k v
t
t
t
) (
) (
1 0
1 1
1
a k J
a k J
a k
t
t
t
LP
01

LP
02

LP
03

k
t1
a
LP
mn
modes with m=0: finding k
t1
|
2 4 6 8 10
2 2
0 1 2 2
1
2 2
1 1
( ( ) )
( )
( ( ) )
t
t
t
K v k a
v k a
K v k a
0 1
1
1 1
( )
( )
t
t
t
J k a
k a
J k a
LP
11

LP
12

LP
13

k
t1
a
LP
mn
modes with m=1: finding k
t1
|
2
2
2
1 0
n n a v = |
2
2
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
n n
n
b
| |
| |
=
Optical Fiber: Normalized Dispersion Curves
Behaviors similar
to the ones of the
dielectric slab
Linearly Polarized modes which are obtained utilizing the condition A<<1 are
called in this manner because:
They are quasi-TEM ( E
z
<< |E
t
| ) modes.
Each one of them is actually formed by the superposition of degenerate modes
which have E
t
polarized linearly and directed along the direction x or along the
direction y
Let us take E
t
polarized along y. In general, E
y
of mode LP
mn
:
has 2m maxima for | which goes from 0 to 2t
has n maxima for r which goes from 0 to a

Mode LP
01

Modo LP
11

Behavior of Modes Amplitude
Modes LP
0n
are two times degenerate: they can have E
t
= E
x
or E
t
=E
y

x
y
LP
01

LP
02

Modes LP
mn
are 4 times degenerate:
They can have E
t
= E
x
or E
t
=E
y

They can have azimuthal dependence cos(m|) or sen(m|)

LP
11

|
x
y
Degeneration of LP modes
Attenuation in Optical Fibers

Source of
Information
Fiber Optic
Cable
Electrical
Signal
Destination
Optical
Source
Optical
Detector
Optical
Receiver
Intrinsic absorption

Extrinsic Absorption

Linear Diffusion

Attenuation in the Optical Fibers

Material: SiO2, SiO2+GeO2, SiO2+F,
At ~0.1 m: electronic transitions
At ~9. m: photon interactions
with material molecular vibrations
Rayleigh Scattering: a part of the optical power is transferred from the propagation
Modes to other modes, including radiation modes, at the same frequency.
It is due to slight inhomogeneities of the crystal over distances shorter than 1 m
(Due to impurities)
Interactions with bond vibrations of
OH- ion
Attenuation in SiO
2
Fibers (SMF and MMF)
5
4
3
2
1
0.8 0.9
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
o
(dB/km)
(m)
Rayleigh Scattering
OH
-
ion
Absorption
(This peak can
be reduced if
the fabrication
procedure is
improved)
Infrared
absorption
Ultraviolet
Absorption
Classical Transmission Windows

1
2 3
5
4
3
2
1
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
o
(dB/km)
(m)
I window
~ 0.8 m
II window
~ 1.3 m
III window
~ 1.55 m
~ 0.2
dB/km
~ 0.4
dB/km
Recent Definition of new Transmission Windows
I window
0.8 m < <0.9 m
II window
1.26 m <1.36 m
C Band
1.53 m < <
<1.565 m
5 S
U L
1
2
C
5
4
3
2
1
0.8 0.9
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
o
(dB/km)
(m)
1.6 1.7
New (V) window
1.36 m <1.46 m
L Band
1.565 m < <
<1.625 m
U Band
1.625 m < <
<1.675 m
S Band
1.46 m < <
<1.53 m
Attenuation in Plastic Optical Fibers

500
400
300
200
100
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
o
(dB/km)
(m)
250
200
150
100
50
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.2
o
(dB/km)
(m)
Step-Index PMMA Graded-Index in Perfluorinated Polymer
SiO
2
Fibre

Attenuation in Optical Fibres: Conclusions

Utilizing appropriate optical transmission bands (III window, II window, etc),
the attenuation is very low (o < 0.5 dB/km).

Long-distance links (unrepeatered spans of tens of km)
Metropolitan networks
In-Building networks
The high attenuation (at present o > 30 dB/km) is one of the limiting factors for
POF links, which at present do not exceed tens or a very few hundreds of meters
of length.

Home networks
Connections inside cars, trains, ships, etc
Plastic Fibre
Coupling Losses A
C1
due to Numerical Aperture:
1. Numerical Aperture of the Fibre

( )
2
2
2
1
sin n n NA
MF Fibre
= = u
Incindent rays which remain inside the Acceptance
Cone of semi-aperture u
MF
are guided inside the
fibre
SMF : NA
Fibra
~ 0.15
MMF : NA
Fibra
~ 0.30
PMMF : NA
Fibra
~ 0.50
( )
MS Source
NA u sin =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
<
2
10 1
log 10
Fibre
Source
C
Source Fibre
NA
NA
A
NA NA If
For a fixed NA
Source
multimodal fibres have lower values of A
C1
with
respect to single mode ones
Coupling Losses A
C1
due to Numerical Aperture:
2. Numerical Aperture of the Source

Source
Fibre
D
Core
D
Source
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
= <
2
10 2
log 10
Fibre
Source
C Source Core
D
D
A D D If
SMF : D
Core
~ 10 m
MMF : D
core
~ 50-62.5 m
PMMF : D
core
~ 62.5-980 m
For a fixed D
Source
multimodal fibers
exhibit lower A
C2
values with respect to
the single mode ones
Coupling Losses A
C2
due to Source Emitting Area:
Source Equivalent Diameter

x(t)
t
t
o
Rms puse width
(rms = root mean square)
Average pulse arrival time
( )
1/ 2
2
1 1
( ) , ( )
( ) ( )
t tx t dt t t x t dt
x t dt x t dt
o

| |
|
|
= =
|
|
\ .
} }
} }
Definitions referred to a pulse signal

Dispersion in Optical Fibres

Source of
Information
Fiber Optic
cable
Electrical
Signal
Destination
Optical
Source
Optical
Detector
Optical
Receiver
Types of Dispersion in Optical Fibres

Exists only in the MMF.

Each mode of the fiber carries with a different group velocity vg a
portion of the modulating signal
Exists both in SMF and in MMF.

Each portion of the signal spectrum (wave packet) travels with a
different vg.
Exists in SMF, can be neglected in MMF.

The signal is divided between the two degenerate x-polarized and
y-polarized LP
01
modes. These modes ideally should have the
same vg, but in practice exhibit different vgs.
Intermodal
Dispersion
Chromatic
Dispersion
Polarization
Mode
Dispersion
Dispersion in few words

The signal and/or its spectrum, exhibit an undesired subdivision in different portions
Which travel with different group velocities vg. The complete denomination of the
phenomenon is:

Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD)
Limitations at the Bit Rate of the link in case of digital transmission
Limitations at the Pass Band of the link in case of analog transmission
Consequences
Summarizing:
Intermodal Dispersion
u= k
t1
a
Normalized frequency v high

u ~ 2.4048, 3.8317,5.1356,,
That is, k
t1,mn
is independent from v from e

For mode LP
01
it is k
t1,01
= 2.4048/(a)
For mode LP
11
it is k
t1,11
= 3.8317/(a)
For mode LP
21
it is k
t1,21
= 5.1356/(a)
2 2
0 1 2 2
1
2 2
1 1
( ( ) )
( )
( ( ) )
t
t
t
K v k a
v k a
K v k a
k
t1,01
a =2.4048
k
t1,11
a = 3.8317
k
t1,21
a = 5.1356

( )
( ) ( )
mn g
mn
mn mn t
mn t
sen
n
c
d
d
v
sen c
n
n
n
k
n
d
d
k n
u
|
e
u
u
c
c e
c
e
|
c e |
1
1
2
0 1
2
1 0
2
2
,
2
1 0
2
,
2
1 0
2
cos 1
1
= =
=
=
=

n
1
|
0

|
k
t1,mn
n
1

n
2

n
2

u
mn

For the fundamental mode it is v
g
= (c/n
1
) [1- (t/2a)
2
/(n
1
k
0
)
2
]
1/2
~ c/n
1

For the mode at cut-off it is sen u
mn
=n
2
/n
1
v
g
~ (c n
2
/n
1
2
)

For a span of length L the maximum difference between the arrival times is:
At=Ln
1
/c(n
1
/n
2
-1)~Ln
1
A/c
Computation of v
g
as de/d|

The same result can be obtained through geometrical optics:

At
AB
= n
1
L
i
A/c
At = n
1
{E L
i
}A/c=n
1
LA/c
L
i

n
1

n
2

u
c

A
B
Computation of v
g
through geometrical optics

Estimation of the transmittable bit rate:
At < T
B
that is B
r
<1/At (often it is chosen B
r
<0.2/At )

Product Band x Distance (or Bit Rate x Distance):
B L= B
r
L

~ (Mbit/sec) Km
t
P P
z
t
Initial pulse duration (rms): t
0

Final duration: t
0
+At ~ At
L
Pulse spreading and Bit rate
n(r)
(n
2
)
B
With the optimum value of o (o ~ 2) it is:
At~(n
1
LA/c) (A/2)
B L=B
r
L

~ (Gbit/sec) Km
a
n( r )=
n
1
[1-2A(r/a)
o
]
1/2
if

r<a

n
2
if r>a

A
Graded Index Multimode Fiber
Product Band x Distance

The effect of intermodal dispersion is represented by the
Product Band x Distance (~ Bit Rate x Distance)
Typical values:
Plastic Fibres
Step-Index
Graded-Index
Silica Fibres ~800-1500 MHz Km ~tens of MHz Km
~200-300 MHz Km
~10-20 MHz Km

Waveguide Dispersion

The behavior of | is non linear
with e due to the presence of the
two asymptotes |=n
2
k
0
and |=n
1
k
0

Material Dispersion

The fact that n
1
=n
1
(e) and n
2
=n
2
(e),
introduces a further cause of non linear
dependence of | with e.

e
|
1 0 0 1
n k n c e =
2 0 0 2
n k n c e =
|(e)
...
|
1 0 0 1
n k n c e =
2 0 0 2
n k n c e =
...
e
...
Chromatic Dispersion: main causes
Reduction of peak value and
increase of pulse duration
Limitation to the signal bit-rate
Digital Modulating Signal Analog Modulating Signal
Distortion of the signal
Limitation of the pass band
Numerical evaluation of distortion
Effects of Chromatic Dispersion

The harmonic components (WavePackets) which constitute the spectrum of the
Modulating signal arrive to destination with different delays
The Cromatic Dispersion is presnt also in the MMF but it can be often
neglected with respect to intermodal dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion expressed in

(
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
km nm
psec

d
d
d
vg
d
D
g
1
Enlargement of a pulse
for one km of fiber length
for 1 THz of bandwidth
of the modulated signal.
t
g
t
g
=
v
g
-
1

(
n
s
e
c
/
m
)

4.878
4.875
D
A
Minimum of t
g
Zero of D
A
(
km nm
psec
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
km THz
psec

e
t
e
e
d
d
d
vg
d
D
g
1
Enlargement of a pulse
for one km of fiber length
for 1 THz of bandwidth
of the modulated signal.
t
g
t
g
=
v
g
-
1

(
n
s
e
c
/
m
)

4.878
4.875
D
Ae
Minimum of t
g
Zero of D
Ae
Chromatic Dispersion expressed in

(
km THz
psec
Normalized group delay:

Group velocity: v
g
=1/ t
g

Dispersion:

~
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
... ) 2 (
2
1
) 2 (
1
t
t
|
t
e
d
n d
c df
n d
f
df
dn
c df
d
D = = + = =
A
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
... ) 2 (
1
2
1
|
t d
n d
c df
n d
f
df
dn
c df
d
D
f
= = + = =
A
2
2
2
1
|
t
d
n d
c df
d
d
d
D = =
A
Material Dispersion in an homogeneous medium
df
d
g
|
t
t
) 2 (
1
~
=
3
2
0
5
2
2
0
4
2
0
3
3
0 2
2
0 1 0 0
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
l
C
l
C
l
C
C C C n
+ + + =

where:

C
0
=1.4508554
C
1
=-3.1268e-3 m
-2

C
2
=-3.81e-5 m
-3

C
3
=3.027e-3 m
2

C
4
=-7.79e-5 m
4

C
5
=1.8e-6 m
6

l=.035 m
2

(
0
in m)
Behavior of n() for pure silica
Behaviors of and for pure silica
d dn/
2 2
/ d n d
For ~1.3 mm it is (Zero Material Dispersion)

The behaviors are similar for doped silica
0
2
2
=
d
n d
Ex. Of Material Dispersion: the RainBow

b
180-2(90-2b+a)=4b-2a
a
b
b
b
a
(180-4b)/2=
=90-2b
Sun at horizon horizontal rays
Rays all possible angles -90<a<90
Visible from ground: 0<a<90
n(0.400)= 1.34451; (violet)
n(0.425)= 1.34235; (indigo)
n(0.450)= 1.34055;
n(0.475)= 1.33903; (light blue)
n(0.500)= 1.33772;
n(0.525)= 1.33659; (green )
n(0.550)= 1.33560;
n(0.575)= 1.33472; (yellow)
n(0.600)= 1.33393;
n(0.625)= 1.33322; (orange)
n(0.650)= 1.33257;
n(0.675)= 1.33197;
n(0.700)= 1.33141; (red)
arcsin(1/n( )*sin(a)) b =
For each a, there is a different reflection
Angle with respect to the horizontal:
4 2 b a where:
Rainbow: behavior of reflection angles

0 20 40 60 80 100
0
10
20
30
40
50
Values of a around 60 degrees reflection angles very close to each other
Intensity maximum.
50 55 60 65 70
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Angle a (degrees)
Angle
4b-2a
(degrees)
The angle of the maximum varies with : Red: 42.3 degrees, Violet: 40.4 degrees
Standard Fibres ITU-T G.652 e G.653

G.652 : Standard Single Mode Fiber
Most used type of SMF
Dispersion is zero for ~ 1.3 m
G.653 : Dispersion Shifted Fiber
More expensive, less used
Dispersion is zero for ~ 1.55 m
(III wndow C Band)
( )
( )
(
A
A
A
=
ft
ft
f E
t t x
t
t
e
sin
cos ) 0 , (
0
0
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
=
L
d
d
t f
L
d
d
t f
f E
L t L t x
0
0
0
sin
cos ) , (
0
0
e
e
e
e
|
t
e
|
t
| e
) 0 , (t x
t
) , ( L t x
t
( ) | | L f j L f H | ~ exp ) , (
Chromatic Dispersion: Wave Packet
f A
f
0
f
0
f
2 /
0
E
) 0 , ( ) 0 , ( f X f X =
| | L f L f X Arg ) ( ) , ( | =
f
0
f
0
f
f
0
f
0
f
2 /
0
E
) , ( L f X
( ) F
( )
1 -
F
( ) | | L f j
L f H
| ~
~
exp
) , (
) 0 , (t x
t
t
0
) , ( L t x
...
t
0
+

At
t
) 0 , ( ) 0 , ( f X f X =
0
f
0
f f
| |
L f
L f X Arg
) (
) , (
| =
=
) , ( L f X
0
f
0
f
f
f
Chromatic Dispersion: Finite Bandwidth Signals
( ) F
( )
1 -
F
( ) t f e E t x
T
t
0
2
0
2 cos ) 0 , (
2
0
2
t
=
T
0
= rms pulse width
t
) 0 , (t x
0
E
0
88 . 0 E
T
0

Chromatic Dispersion: Gaussian Pulse for z=0
) 2 cos(
) 2 (
1
) , (
0 0
)
) 2 (
1
( 2
)
2
1
(
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
z t f e
z
df
d
j T
T
A t z A
z
df
d
j T
z
df
d
t
| t
|
t
|
t
|
t

+
=
+
t
) , ( t z A
t
X(f,0)
Multiplication by
) ( f H
fibre
( ) t f
e E
t x
T
t
0
2
0
2 cos
) 0 , (
2
0
2
t
=
=
t
) , 0 ( t A
Chromatic Dispersion: Gaussian Pulse for z>0
X(f,z)
( ) F
( )
1 -
F
0
1
T
f << A Optical source with low linewidth ( ):
2
2
2
2
0
2
0
)
) 2 (
1 1
( ) ( z
df
d
T
T z T
|
t
+ =
Optical source with linewidth not to be neglected ( ):
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
0
)
2
1
( )
) 2 (
1 1
( ) ( z
df
d
f z
df
d
T
T z T
|
t
|
t
A + + =
0
1
T
f > A
2 2
2
2
2
0
2
0
)
2
1
( )
) 2 (
1 1
( ) ( z
df
d
d
d
z
df
d
T
T z T
|
t
|
t
A + + =
Chromatic Dispersion: rms pulse width for z>0
Influence of dispersion on the Bit Rate
Rule usually adopted :
5
) (
BIT
t
z T s
) (
2 . 0
z T
B
r
s
Optical source with low linewidth ( ):
2
0
2
0
)
1
( ) ( z D
T
T z T
e A
+ =
Optical source with linewidth not to be neglected ( ):
0
1
T
f << A
0
1
T
f >> A
z D z
df
d
d
d
z T

|
t
A
A = A
2
1
~ ) (
z D
B
r
A
A
s
2 . 0
Minimum value for
z D T
e A
=
0
z D
B
r
e A
2
2 . 0
Use of Dispersion Compensating
Fibers (DCF)

Use of Gratings
(Ex. Fiber Bragg Gratings FBG)

Use of Soliton Propagation
(exploiting the nonlinearities of the fiber)
Chromatic Dispersion: Counter measures

(SMF +D) (DCF -D)
(SMF +D) (SMF +D)
(FBG D)
t
t
Through a relatively high doping of GeO
2
it is possible to abtain a
negative value of D [ps/(nm km)]
Dispersion compensating Fibers
L
1
(es G652)
L
2
<L
1
(DCF)
t
t
t
z
Not considering the fiber losses, the
transfer function is:
G(f) = exp[j(|
G652
L
1
+|
DCF
L
2
]

Ex. for = 1550 nm
assuming T(z)~D o
z, it is:
Pulse enlargement: D
G652 1550
o
L
1
Compression due to the DCF: -D
DCF 1550
o
L
2
It must then be: D
DCF
= - (L
1
/L
2
)D
G652 1550

Each channel needs a slightly different compensation
D
G652

(m)
1.3 1.55
(m)
Spettro
WDM
In the band B it is:

D
G652 B
~ D(
0
) + (dD/d) (
0
)

It must then be:

D
DCF B
= -(L
1
/L
2
) D
G652 B

=
-(L
1
/L
2
) D(
0
) -(L
1
/L
2
) (dD/d) (
0
)

B
0

1

D
DCF

(m)
Dispersion compensating Fibers and WDM signals
Pulse Enlargement per unit bandwidth
It is represented the quantity

(ps/nm)
z
z
L
1
L
2
L
1
L
2
L
1
Channel 1 WDM
Channel i WDM
Channel N WDM
Ideal Case
Real Case
}
z
d D
0
) ( , ,
}
z
d D
0
) ( , ,
}
z
d D
0
) ( , ,

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