WASTES AS FUEL

REFERENCES
Integrated Solid Waste Management Tchobanoglous, Theisen & Vigil, Mc Graw Hill Solid Waste Engineering - Vesilind, Worrel & Reinhart, Thomson Books

Babu Alappat Professor, I.I.T. Delhi bjalappat@yahoo.com

Different kind of Wastes

Solid Wastes
Municipal Solid waste, agricultural wastes, Industrial wastes, construction and demolition waste, yard trimmings

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

It is consistently INCONSISTENT Design of the treatment facilities is difficult It is not hazardous; but the problem is its very large Quantity/Volume It is a problem in Cities / Towns / Municipalities; but not a big issue in Villages / Rural areas The problem is MSW can be seen and smelled

Semi Solids:
thickened sludge from effluent treatment plants, industrial semi solids

Liquid wastes:
domestic sewage, industrial effluents like distillery spentwash, white liquor, black liquor, etc.

Gaseous Wastes:
refinery gases, odorous gases, etc

Classification of Wastes as per the Heat Content (IIA)

Type 0 :Trash (8500 BTU/lb, 10% m/c) Type 1 :Rubbish (6500 BTU/lb, 25% m/c) Type 2 :Refuse (4300 BTU/lb 50% m/c) T R f BTU/lb, / ) Type 3 :Garbage (2500 BTU/lb, 70% m/c) Type 4 :Animal/Organic wastes(1000, 85%) Type 5 :Industrial gases/liquids Type 6 :Industrial Semi-solids/solids

Units of Heat
1BTU = 252 cal = 1055 J 1kg = 2.204 lb 1kJ = 0 9478 BTU 0.9478 1btu/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg 1kcal/kg = 1.80 BTU/lb 1kJ/kg = 0.43 BTU/lb

 Heat content: kJ/kg kCal/kg BTU/lb Heat flow: kJ/Hour kCal/Hr BTU/Hr

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

MSW = Trash+Rubbish+Refuse+Garbage MSW is the waste that is collected in the municipal bins / containers u c p b s co es Sources of MSW: Domestics, hotels, markets, offices, commercial establishments,etc. It does not contain Wastes from: Hospitals, Industries, nuclear installations, etc.

Analysis of MSW
Component analysis:
Based on the various componenst like paper, glss, leather, biodegradables, plastics, etc

2000 MSW Composition in US

3% 12% 37% 11% 5% 4% 3% 11% 8% 6%
Paper and Paperboard Glass Metals Plastics Rubber and Leather Textiles Wood Food Yard Trash Other

Proximate Analysis:
% Volatiles, % water Content and % Inerts Total makes 100%

Ultimate Analysis:
% C, %H, %O, %N, %S and %ash

Ultimate and Proximate Analysis Composition of Delhi MSW (2002)

Sr.No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Components
Food Waste Paper Card board Plastic Textiles Rubber Leather Yard waste Wood Glass Tine Aluminium Other Metal Dirt /Ash/soil/stones

Percentage by Weight
25.62 3.62 3.08 4.17 0.52 1.83 0.37 21.85 1.72 0.49 0.20 0.00 0.25 36.56

Moisture Non-combustibles Inerts S N H O C Ultimate Proximate

Volatile Matter

Dry Weight

As discarded or as received

Thermal Characteristics:
Heat Content: 3000 to 5000 kCal/kg in developed countries 600 to 1800 kCal/kg in developing countries Ignition temperature: 250 to 350oC Ash Fusion Temp: 1100 to 1200oC

Heat Content of MSW

kJ / kg of MSW as discarded kJ / kg of MSW as received kJ / kg of wet MSW k f t kJ / kg of dry MSW kJ / kg of dry volatile matter kJ / kg of dry volatile matter ash and Nitrogen free

Calculation of Heat Content, Moisture Content, Ash Content

Material Paper Plastics Pl ti Textiles Rubber Leather Food Moist. 4-10 % 1-4 14 6-15 1-4 8-12 50-80 Heat Content* 5000-8000 Btu/lb 12000-16000 12000 16000 6500-8000 9000-12000 6500-8500 1500-3000

Wood 15-40 Glass 1-4 Tins 2-4 Metals 2-6 Non-ferrous 2-4 Dirts /ash 6-12 6 12

1000-8000 Btu/lb 50-100 100-500 100-500 100-500 1000-5000 1000 5000

* % by weight (as discarded basis or as received basis)

Ultimate Analysis of the Components (dry weight) of MSW

components Paper Cardboard Plastics Food wastes Textiles rubber

Leather

60

11.6

10

0.4

10

% C %H 43.5 6 44 60 48 55 78 5.9 7.2 6.4 6.6 10

%O 44

%N 0.3

%S 0.2 0.2 0.4

%inert s

Yard wastes

47.8

38

3.4

0.3

4.5

6 5 10 5

Wood

44.6 0.3 22.8 37.6 2.6 31.2 4.6 2

49.5 49 5

42.7 42 7

0.2 02

0.1 01

1.5 15

0.15 2.5 10

% by weight (dry basis)

Glass 0.5 Tins 4.5

0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 4.3 4.3 4.3

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

98.9 90.5 90.5 90.5

Incinerability of Solid Waste

Incineration is self sustaining (autogenous) if Heat Content is > 2400 kcal/kg Incineration may be made autogenous by adding auxiliary fuel if Ht Content is < 2400 but >1500 kCal/kg If Ht Content is <1500 kCal/kg, that waste is not recommended for Incineration

Metal 4.5 s Non- 4.5 ferrou s dirt / 26.3

soil/ston es/ ash

0.5

0.2

68

% by weight (dry basis)

Incinerability of Liquid Waste containing Water

SFC : Specific Feed Characteristics That is the heat content of the liquid waste per unit amount of water present. present Unit: BTU/lb of water present kJ/kg of water present kCal/kg of water present

Incinerability of Liquid Wastes

If SFC = 4000 btu/lb just autogeneous combustion If SFC > 4000 btu/lb excess heat available, heat recovery possible / required If SFC < 4000 btu/lb support fuel required for combustion or use pre-heated air for combustion (hot wind box operation)

If SFC = 2600 btu/lb, exactly autogenous if combustion air is pre-heated to 1000oF If SFC = 2400 btu/lb, exactly autogenous if combustion air is pre-heated to 1200oF If SFC < 2400 btu/lb, usually support fuel is required

Waste Preparations for Incineration

The aim is to obtain a waste of good combustion properties (high heat content, less water and less inorganics)
Drying Removing stones / inert materials like glass Removing metals Blending with high heat containing materials like plastics, rubber, etc

MSW

Air going out with lighter fraction of MSW

No-return valve (rotating)

Air (Density) Classification Of MSW

Air from a Blower

Heavy fraction of MSW

Magnetic Separator

REFUSE DERIVED FUEL

The burnable fraction of the waste is shredded and then made pellets (using die) or briquettes by pressing. Th pellets are made with or without a The ll t d ith ith t binding agent Heat content of RDF is more or less uniform. RDF can be burnt to produce power or can be used along with conventional fuels In India, there are three RDF plants at present

Calorific Values at different stages

Raw MSW: 1000 kcal / kg MSW after drying and segregation: 3500 kcal / kg Fuel fluff: 3500 kcal / kg Fuel pellets (with binder / additive): 4000 kcal / kg

Analysis of RDF (Fluff or Pellets)

Proximate analysis:
Moisture 3 to 8 %, ash 12 to 20 %, Volatiles 50 to 65 % and fixed carbon 12 to 18 %

Ultimate analysis:
C 35 to 40 %, H 5 to 8 %, N 1 to 1.5 %, S 0.2 to 0.5 %, Oxygen 25 to 30 %, moisture and inerts.

Binder: a waste from petroleum refinery with a heat content of 8000 to 9000 kcal / kg

Ash fusion temperature:

Initial deformation : 860oC, fluid temp 1100oC

RDF Production
Electrical energy input: 80 to 100 kWHr per metric tone of the product Corresponding energy out put: about 1000 kWHr per metric tone of RDF That means Energy out put: input = 10:1

CO2 Emission Potential

CO2 is a global warming gas There is a move all around the world to reduce this emission Test results show a marginal drop in the CO2 emission while burning RDF in place of coal.

Average CO2 emission:

For coal: 8.30% For RDF: 7.40%

Kg CO2 of per kg of steam generated: g p g g

For coal: 0.396 For RDF: 0.381