The Constant (), the Cube Root of Two and the Constant (e) and its Relationship to the

Three Classical Problems of Greek Geometry Abstract By using the technique of heuristic a new problem to solve (1) and 12 problems to prove are suggested, being this the new line of investigation in which we obtain a main theorem (1) which 5 proofs the construction of through the deductive abstract method. It uses a theorem (1), 4 which demonstrates the construction of constant , in addition with the deductive method is shown that the cube root of two is a zero solution or fourth power equation (1), confirming by this way that the cubic root of two is not transcendent but is an algebraic number and thus 3 constructible by straightedge and compass . Similarly with the use of a recurrent 8 hypergeometric progression (1) and a quotient function (1) gives the rationality of the constant 4 base of natural logarithms, showing that it is real solution of an equation of first power and 3 finally concludes with a proposal to reopen the three classical problems of Greek geometry to the scientific community.
7

Keywords: Heuristics, cube root of two, constant , transcendental number, constant , unmarked ruler and compass.

1. Introduction:

In this paper is shown new contributions,or results of a new line of investigation that suggest to propose before the scientific community reopens the three classical problems of Greek 3.6 geometry , Section 2 corresponds to the methodology and theoretical basis, subsections 2.1 makes an analysis and verification of the results of a main theorem 1, which can prove the 1 constructibility of the constant in subsection 2.2 is shown by the deductive method the main theorem 2 and will conclude with its generalization with the use of a fourth degree equation 1 which shows that the cube root of two is algebraic and therefore is not a constructible 4 8 transcendent number . In subsection 2.3 through a quotient function 1 obtained from a 4 recurrent hypergeometric progression series demonstrates the rationality of the constant e , determined in this way that it is the real solution or zero of a simple equation (Table I). And Section 3 concludes with a proposal to reopen the three classical problems of Greek geometry since the results obtained in this new line of research have not been considered.

2. Methodology and Theoretical Basis

Definition 1: Straightedge and compass: Instruments used to perform basic geometric operations, which can be reduced to four: a) determine the line through two points or its correlative dual, b) determine the point of intersection of two lines, c) to draw the intersections of 3 a line and a circle and d) determining the intersection of two nonconcentric circles . Definition 2: Squaring the circle : Construction of a square of equal area to that of a given circle. This problem reduces to determining , is not resolvable by using unmarked straightedge and compass, since is transcendental. Main Theorem 1: If the arc lying between the two equal sides of an acute angle isosceles triangle passes through the orthocenter of such triangle and in addition by the middle points of
6, 8

the equal sides then the sum of the two tangents of the opposed angles to both adjacent sides to the base is equal to .

Main Theorem 2: Every nth root of any natural number is solution or zero of an equation (n + 1) power, therefore, all th roots are not meaningful and are constructible for being algebraic. Definition 2: Duplication of the cube: Construction of a cube which has twice the volume of a 3 given cube, or put another way, solving the equation x = 2. This problem received a graphical solution to the year 100 BC. It is not solvable with straightedge and compass, as evidenced by 1.2 Galois theory.

Definition 3: Number Transcendent: transcendent element of the field C of complex numbers, considered as algebra over the field Q of rationals. The first examples of transcendental numbers were given by Liouville in 1844. For all non-zero algebraic number , the number e is transcendent. It follows that e and are transcendental numbers. For any algebraic number strictly positive and different from 1, and all non-rational 1, 4 algebraic , is trascendent.

Theorem 3: The product of an even positive integer (Natural) by a multiple of Five is a multiple of Ten. Corollary 3.1: All factorial for (n) greater than 4 Four ends in zero and are multiples of 10 Corollary 3.2: Every positive integer (Natural) multiplied by a positive integer multiple of 10 results in a multiple of 10 Corollary 3.3: Any decimal (positive integer divided by a power of 10) (with comma) multiplied or divided by a power of 10 are you running the right wing coma or left as many zeros having such a power of 10 ten ( Scientific Notation) Corollary 3.4: Any positive integer (Natural) ending in zeros is the product of a positive integer by a power of 10.

2.1 New Line of Investigation on Squaring the Circle using the Technique of Heuristic and Problem to solve

Problem to solve: (With straightedge without marks and compass) Given two orthogonal line segments AO and OB = 2AO in point O and with center in point O or being constructed an AMC semi-circumference to segment OA: determine a point P in segment AO to set the compass and with an opening PO constructs an arc OE to obtain point R on the intersection of the AM and OE arcs so that points P, R and B are aligned. Conditions to be followed: C: 1 Point P on segment AO C: 2 Point R on the intersection of arcs AM and OE C: 3 Point M on the center of segment OB C: 4 - Points P, R and B are aligned C: 5 - Segments AO = OR = OM = OC = MB C: 6 Perpendicular to both sides of point M determines points G, H and U and such perpendicular must be parallel to segment AC C: 7 - Segments GP = GH = GB = GU = GO C: 8 - Segments HB = HR = HO = HD C: 9 Perpendicular of point A as cut the extension of the line segment AC, determines point D

being so that with the compass centered in point P and opening PB construct arcs BD BF and the semi-circumference FBD. C: 10 - Perpendicular RD equals the line segment OB being its intersection point I (Orthocenter) of triangle OBD.

2.2 Twelve Problems to Proof by the Heuristic Technique:

P1 .- P is unique P2 .- Angle BPO is unique P3 .- Segment OD is 2 / P4 .- Sum of segments PO + PB = / 2 P5 .- Circumference with center G and radius GB passes through the points P, H, B, U and O P6 .- Circumference with center H and radius HB passes through points B, R, O and D P7 .- Area of semi-circle of radius HB = HD and a BD diameter equals to BPD Triangle Area P8 .- Area of circle of radius OM and OB diameter equals to BOF Triangle Area P9 .- Segment BF is the rectification of semi-circumference BD P10 .- Segment HP is the rectification of semi-circumference BD / 2 P11 .- Segment UM is the rectification of arc AM P12 .- Final solution of the square circle

Remark: The main theorem (1) is essential for analysis and proof of the 12 problems above.

TEOREMA DE NIEVES: SI EL ARCO COMPRENDIDO ENTRE LOS DOS LADOS IGUALES DE UN TRIANGULO ISOCELES ACUTANGULO PASA POR EL ORTOCENTRO DE DICHO TRIANGULO Y ADEMAS PASA POR LOS PUNTOS MEDIOS DE DICHOS LADOS IGUALES ENTONCES LA SUMA DE LAS DOS TANGENTES DE LOS ANGULOS OPUESTOS A LOS DOS LADOS ADYACENTES A LA BASE ES IGUAL A P ()

2.1.1 Analysis of the Main Theorem (1)

Let: PH, RD, OB = (heights) of PBD triangle

WHERE: RD = OB (Two equal heights)

And: RD

OB

PH (Intercepted in the orthocenter) (Point I)

And If: GJ

I (GJ arc intercepted point I)

WHERE: PJ = JD = PG = GB (J and G are the midpoints of PD and PB)

And: Tan <PDB = Tan <PBD (ANGLES with vertices at D & B)

WHERE: (DB = BASE)

THEN: Tan <PDB + Tan <PBD =

ANALYSIS:

TRIANGLE: POB:

Triangle: BOD

Sides: PO = 0.46708828 ... OB = 1 PB = 1.10370805 ... Angles: BPO = 64 96327305 ... OBP = 25 03672695 ... POB = 90

Sides: OD = 0.636619772 ... OB = 1 DB = 1, 185,447,061 ... Angles: BPO = 57 51836347 ... DBO = 32 48163653 DOB = 90

2.1.2 Problem to Proof: Proof that Segment OD equals to 2 /

OD = 0.636619772 ... (By hypothesis)

OB = 1 (By condition)

BOD = 90 (By condition) (perpendicular and rectangle)

OD = Tan DBO (By hypothesis) (as above)

DBO = 32 48,163,653 ... (By hypothesis) (as above)

180 - (BOD - DBO) = ODB (sum of internal angles) (By transposition and deduction)

ODB = 57 51,836,347 ... (as above)

(By Pythagoras)

(By Pythagoras)

DB = 1.185447061 ... (as above)

DHP = 90 (By condition: perpendicular rectangle)

180 = DHP - ODB - HPD (sum of internal angles)

180 - (DHP - ODB) = HPD (transposition)

DBO = 32 48,163,653 ... ( AS ABOVE)

BPD = isosceles (by symmetry HD = HB) and (PB = PD)

HPD = HPB = DBO (by deduction)

OBD - OBP = PDB (by deduction)

DPB = 2HPD = 2HPB (by deduction)

OBP = PBD - OBD = (180 - (POB - OPB)

OBP = 25 03672695 = (180 - (POB - 2HPD) PO= Tan OBP = (180 - (POB - 2HPB)

PO = 0.46708828

(By Pythagoras)

PB = 1.10370805 ... (as above)

2.1.3 RESULTS:

= 2 / = 0.636619772= RB

2 / = PB-PO = RB = OD (Condition 3)

PB - PO = / 2 (Condition 4)

2 (PB - PO) = (Condition 12)

( / 2) . (2 / ) = 1

2.2 Main Theorem 2: Every nth root of any natural number is a solution or zero of an equation (n + 1) power, therefore, all th roots are not meaningful and are constructible for being algebraic.

2.2. 1 Analysis and Proof of the Main Theorem 2

2.2.2 Analysis ax
n +1

- bx = 0

For:a = 1

Where b: Any natural number, to which you will extract the nth root.

And n = natural

If: ax

n +1

- bx = 0

Where: a = 1

For n = (any natural number)

And: b = the natural number to extract the nth root to

Then: x =

(solution or zero of the equation ax

n +1

- bx = 0)

Therefore:

(is algebraic) and (constructible)

Conclusion: Every nth root of any natural number is algebraic and therefore is constructible by

straightedge and compass.

2.2.3 General Proof:

Be: ax

n +1

- bx = 0 (an equation of (n + 1) power

And:

=x (solution or zero) (by hypothesis)

Since: ax

n +1

= bx (transposition)

Then:

(Substituing)

And as: a = 1

Then:

And:

Then:

And:

=0

2.2.4 Solution or Zero of a Fourth Power Equation

Let: x - 2x = 0 (1)

Assumption: x = x = 2x (Transposition)
4

=2

In conclusion,

It is NOT Transcendent

is Algebraic So: It is constructible And if: it is constructible Then: The duplication of the cube has solution with unmarked straightedge and compass.

2.3 Analysis, Results and Proof of the Rationality of Constant e

2.3.1 Quotient Function: a + 1 / bn e

2.3.2 Recurrent Hypergeometric Progression Be: [(an n+1) + 1] =

Where: a0 = 1

2.3.3 Development Series n=K

n=0 K! = Constant

2.3.4 A General Term of a Factorial Sequence:

(n!) = bn 2.3.5 Proof of the Rationality of Constant "e"

a + 1 / b = (e) (Theorem 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4) (By deduction)

a + 1 = b (e) (Theorem 3, 3.2, 3.3) (Transposition)

b (e) - a + 1 = 0

Then: (e) (is the root or zero of a linear equation of first power)

Where: b becomes the coefficient of the simple equation and a + 1 becomes the

independent term.

2.3.6 General Proof

K! = Constant ------------------------------------- = a + 1 / b = (e) n! Where:

[(IN [(10 [(21 [(52 [(163 [(654 [(3265 [(19576 [(137007 [(1096018 [(an . . . [(IN

. . . .

IN) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) n+1) . . .

+ + + + + + + + + + +

IN] 1] 1] 1] 1] 1] 1] 1] 1] 1] 1] . . .

= = = = = = = = = = =

IN 21 52 163 654 3265 19576 137007 1096018 9864109 . . .

/ / / / / / / / / / /

(n+1)! (0+1)! (1+1)! (3)! (4)! 120 720 5040 40320 362880 bn . . .

= = = = = = =

Q e e e e e e e e e e . . .

= = = = = = = = = = =

? 2,00000 2,50000 2,66666 2,70833 2,71666 2,71805 2,71825 2,71827 2,71828 e

IN)

K]

IN

IN

. [(

. ) . ) + +

. 1] =

. /

. = e

. = = = Q Q Q

. [(a

. 1] = a + 1 /

. B = e

3. Conclusion Once exposed these results allow us to propose them to the scientific community to reopen the three classical problems of Greek geometry, since the results obtained and presented in this article have not been considered for its topicality. 4. Acknowledgments We recognize and thanks Mr. Luis Rodriguez and Mr. Leobaldo Jaimes for their unvaluable support and the transcription and translation of this article.

5. References
1] Chambadal, L. Diccionario de Matemticas. Ediciones Grijalbo, S.A. Barcelona.1984, p.99 y 264. 2] De Viola-Prioli, A & Viola-Prioli, J. Teora de cuerpos y teora de galois. Editorial Revert S.A. Barcelona-Espaa.2006- pp. 31-38 3] Enciclopedia Labor. Tres problemas clsicos de la geometra griega. Editorial Labor. Barcelona.1961. pp. 536-7 y 788-790. 4] Lang, S. lgebra. Editorial Aguilar. Madrid. 1977, apndice 1. pp. 584-591 5] Nuez Tenorio, J. Introduccin a las ciencia. Divisin de publicaciones de la Universidad central de Venezuela. Caracas. 1975. pp. 101-102 & 161-173 6] Prez, A. La cuadratura del crculo, la duplicacin del cubo y la triseccin del ngulo. Calendario de Matemticas. Cenamec.2000 7]. Polya, G. Como plantear y resolver problemas. Editorial Trillas. Mxico.2002.pp. 67-84 8] Varios. Diccionario de matemticas. Editorial Epilesa.1979. p. 175